the

combined

assessrre

fit

of

weight

and

f

requency

oi

occur-r.encc, i)ivers

ity

indices,

as

described

try

Mathur

t,rgrr),

were

calcrrlated

for

eacrr

d,rta sr:i.

rrsing

all

identif

iable

food

cotegories.

Tlre

ful lnr:ss

inrjex

.ras

def inctJ

(l

s

ih(:

wei

gh

I

o.L_$on0ch-conlents.-(mg)._.0_Ly_j1le-rt_

by the

weighr.

of tiiaL

f

isn

(q).

Thlee

5dnlpliflg

6pe661ies

should'be

noted.

First,

coilections

made

during

June,

July,

and

August

l9i9

wcre

accirlentally

riiscarclerl;

tharef0re,

new

col

lections

were

made during

those

rnonths

in

1980.

Second,

bluegi

I

I

col

lecterj

i1

July

and

.ligtt,]99ller9-!p!*baken

Lr:orn

-blre'-d*r&-n

,nu

llter;e,

at th*jy".

The

collections

were

taten-from

il;;*ilar

Station

1.5

(see

Fig'

1.2, herein).

Third,

during

January

1979,

the,:mbiant

station

was

ice-covered

and

no collection

coulrJ

be

made

:

RI

SULTS

'l

Food

Composition

and

Contrasts

Between

Stations

Food

habi ts

-

.:

,v

il

ls

collected

f

rom heatecl

onrJ

anrbient areas

of cof f

ecn

Lake

A'

tly

di$imilar (Tables

B.l and

8.2

and Appendix

B.l).

0ifferences

in

gastropod

and llryozoan

untilization

were

nrost

prorrounced,

tne

former

being

more

predominant

in

stomachs

of

fish

frorn heaterl

dr-eds anrj

the

latter

more

predominant

at

arnbient

sites.ll'Chironornids

antl

oIher

aquatic

insecis--,,

appearert'to

be

more-prevalent

in

stomachs'frorn

ttte

ambient

locatiorr;

ttte

t

--

'

'

!

differences

in

utjlization:

apparent'ly

ref lecteti,simil'ar

clirferenCes

.in

allundance

;

of

those:specific

fcod

resources

(Section

7,

herein).

Another

distinction

,

'/

dLd_

items

of nearly

equal irnportance

at

terresLrial

arthropods,

8,3

-::.:-:.

..t.:

-.

..-

i.1;',;';;'..,.,:,':,;5

:,,',..t

between

tne

two

areas

was

the

gjeater

rel

iance

of

[luegit_t_lrgl!.lre_heated

station

,#.-:'.-..*-''e^.*_-_

on

plant

material ancj

alqae.

Food

-

both

heated

and anrbient stations

includetl:

Ulsrocrtlllgq_S!.:,

g[sl

f-i

-s.ti

egss .

Diversity

values were

calculated

to

provide

a

qualitative

assessment

of feeding

at,

heat,ed

and

ambient

locations

(Iable

8.3). Those

values

rlernonstrated

that

the

diet

of bluegills

frorn the

ambient

station

were

consistently

nore rliverse,

only

during

0ctober

artd

November l97B

were diversity

values

higher

at

the

heated

'

,")t,: '

':1:.:i.

I

j

'::-:l

''

:.:';.:::.-_'

---

:,

'!:.

-

f,

Table

8.1. tomposition

of

the

diet

of

l0B

bluegilis

collecied

fronr

tlre heated

I

'

:,

I

stittion

of

Coffeen

Lake,.0ctober

lgTB-August

lgB0.

Foort

items are

I isted

in

order

of decreasing irnportdnce

dccorrling to

lheir inrJi'x

.-...9!'signficancevalue.tqeaniotailen9lhwasl?6fr,n,ranqe90-:

154

mm.

I

.---f--

I

I n

d-eTffi

--TE?fe

nT-f r

e

q

u

e

nc

y

Food

tood

item

item

_signif

icance

__ _qeight

of

occurrence

Unidentif ied

organic

matter

Pl

ant

materi al

Terrestri

al

Artirropoda

Gastropoda

Inorganic

matter

Al

gae

Ln l ronoml oae

Mi crocrust

acean s

0ther

aquatic

insects

F i sh

eggs

Fi

sh

scales

Bryozoa

Astacidae

0l

igochaeta

55,2

33.

B

32. B

16.

B

13.0

12.3

11.7

.

7.6

,

7.5'

6.3

2.6

.

1.3

t.2

.0.09

3 5.8

I6.3

l4 .0

13.5

5.3,

6.6

2.0

1.1

1.4

2.5

0.3

,

0.3,

0.7,

*0.002

99.8

'

B5

70

77

2l

3?_

,?3

6B

5?

.1.

10

tl,)

22

l'

I

:

l-'

t:

I

l'

l=

I

I

f'

l-

b

2

4

---

Table

8.2' C<lmposition

of

the

diet

of 110

bluegi'lls

collected frorn

the

arnbicnt

.

station

of

Cof

f

een

Lake,

0ctober

l97B-August

:tgB0.

Food

i r.crns

are

listed

in

order

of cJecreasing

importance"u..orii'iq

to irleii i,:,tcx

'

.

''

,

of

.'signf

icance

value, r'lean

totat' length

was l

25

**,

,.angc

gl.

I 51 mm.

..-_,--.-----

lnoer ot

FFftEn-i----Fe

r

c e nf

Ti

e

q

u

e

nc

y

Food

item

of

occirrrence

Unidenti

f

ied

organic

rnatter

Terrestri

al

Arthropoda

Plant

material

ull r

ronoml

dae

0ther

aquatic

jnsects

Bryo

zo a

Fi

sh

eggs

i!icrorrustaceans

Al

gae

Fi

sh scales

Gastropod a

Iriorgan

i

c matter

0l

igochaeta

.

Astac

i dae

54,0

34.?

?3,8

19.6

L?..9

12. r

,

9.1

7.1

6.','4

4'.,7

3.8

2.8

3?,8

18.

B

14 .5

5.2

3.6

v.l

5.5

1.0

4.'5

1.5

1.8

1.6

B9

64

39

74

46

16

.tb,

'.

)l

.;

t'

t)

15

('

99.9

8,5

---

::.:::::::.,:.

:]:=::

i:,:='::

,::

:.

a:,:',

',.:

:

ji,::.:.

:

l

.,;.:.:,',;

:

,a,i:1,,:

',,::j::,:

::::::j:..

.

_

'i;;,'..'

',.:,,

":i-:r

'1.

.

l.=i.iil

-::

.a,:

.

'!E:

:':

.':::,.

,:'.i

,

.:,

iJ

q!--

.,-.:.:

,'::'

l-

::.

:

:.,

,:,'a'

:'

,l-

I

:

':.i

:

i,:.

t

::

,..,.a:.

:

-

l't,,

.:1:'..

::::1

Tab

le

.8.

3.

.

l.lonth

l

y

;!.

!.

.:

heatgd

j

diversity

and ambient

(D)

of the

diet. valucs

at

stations

in

Coffeen

Lake.

=

l=

-:.,1'

t-

::

:,'

l'

!:,

Date

Oivers

i ty

(0)

:-

l{eatilf--_---l[toTent

-l-

T.

T.

.:

l

I

..

l'

l'

I

]0ct.1978

,:

ttt'm,,..iito7g

Jan.

lgt'g'::::{'

Mar.1979

iilay

1979

.','.

,,

:\

t:

,

Sept,,,197:9,'.,,;,,

'

a,.

,..,...-

.

. .,,

i,:

'

,,.'June

I980

July l9B0

:

Aug. 1980

1.99

i

.93

t.tB

:

t.2B

r

,Er

',

::i,

1n.78,

,::

-r.,:

.

t:2,3

:

2.27

.

1.

95

l::'4

6

0.56

*,

I

55

2.46

t.84

2,08

2.77

2. 0B

l'

.

'.

,.:

'!;=.t,:.

i:',,..-.,',.'

:'.

I-)

:.,.!'.ii

;,,

'

t!)

,' '.

ll,t

'':'

.-:,.:1

:

,

,t.

a':,':-

:

-.

"a+-

aaa::

,a-

'.

*no

col lection,

ice covered

---

!.

l'

I

l='

,l

:

:,.

."

t

fuasona

I Var

i

dt

ions

i

n Di

et

Ourlng

llovember

and

Jantrary, util,ization

of

Lerrcstr'ial

:rrth16pe{5

try

ijluegi

I

ls

.|{as.,Very

19w at both

the

heoterl

anrl.ambienl

sLat,i0ns; in

ilre

absencr:-of ffrat

f

ood resource

the

percerlt

composi't ion

of

inicrocrustacedris

and

Jrl

dnb

indtrlr'i,: I

increased

sltarply

(Fl

g,

B.l and

Append

j

x

B'.1

).

In spring,

(t'tarch

ancl

Ha'y) f

i

s'h,

eggs

became

the

principal

foocl

item

at both the

heaterJ

and

a,nbient staLions,

Fish

eggs

appearerl

...

in

the

diet in

l,larch

at

the heated

stat

ion trut

were

not

founrj

until'May

at

the

ambient

station.

Bryozoa

became a

predoroinarrt

food

itern.

beginning

in l4ay

anrl

became

increasingly

irnportanL

througlrout.June

and

July

aL

the

ambient

station

(Appenrlix

B.l

).

0uring

the

surnmer

months

(June,

July,

August)

ternperatures

at

the

heated

station

(Appendix

3.3,

herein)

cfLen exceeded

the

upper

avoidance

temperature

(33'C)

of

bluegi

I

|

(Beitinger

anrl t4agnuson

1979).

During this

time gastropocls

became

the

predorninant

food itern

of

bluegills

front

the

heated

statjon,

but

werc

rnuch

less

irnportant

at. the

arnbienL

station.

Principal

food

items

at

the

ambient

station

tluring

the sumner monLhs

were

chironomids

and bryozoans.

During

August,

utilization

of

gaslropo6s,

chironomjds

antl bryozoans

all

decreased

sharply

anrl

were

rep)aced

by

terrestrial

arthropods

and

plant

material

at both

stations

(Appenrlix

B.l

).

In t[e

auLumrr

(Septernber

and 0ctober),

the

cliet

was sirnilar

to tlrat

frrtrnd in

Auqust,

as

terrestrial

arthropods

and

plant

material

were

the

predorninant

food

items.

l{owever,

gastropods

and

bryozoans

were

nearly

absent from

the

diet

rlurirr3

a ut

urnn

Feeding Intensity

tmpty stornachs

were

uncorrnron

jn

tiis

study'as

.|.0

and 4.5

percent,

of ilre

stomachs

from

the

heated

and ambjent

stations,

respectively,

werc empty.

To

^

j

.:

.

i''

further

investigate

differential

feeding

rates

at the

two

stations,

a fullness

index

was determined

for

each

specimen and

rnonthly

means

were Lestecl

using

an

Approximate t-test

(Parker

1979).

Stomachg

o_f

bluegi

I I

frorn

the

heatect stat

ion

rygls!-riu

jl-

r-q3IlLvJ

l

1Q,9-il-rer

e-

-!ee

g

9

J

19

]_gllt

:gtf

i

l

g-

tttI,(@'-ru1

l,

tical difference

between

stations

for

the

other

s.ix months,

.-#;.

_

:

.{!:

.

j

8.7

---

50

I

I

t

I

I

I

I

t

I

I

I

t

t

I

I

I

,tl

h

40,

t..

..

(l!)'

,.,,

|lr,-

3'

""

'

3()

l.

.=

2',',,;;

E'

irr'::

:

::

4

.',,

t20

OCT

NOV

J

AN

..IIA.R

iIAY

Seasonal

f

luctuationa.-in

util izatiort

of selectecl:nra

jor

food

i

tenrs

;

(especial

ly

depiCting,charrqes

rlur'inq:

lrintert

jnre

coni,i

tionii,

;i

-

bluegil]sfromthcheatedareaofCoffeenLake.

'

"

,'..-

8.8

'

'.:..::.":t.,,

;

::::.:-:.,:

.

.:.'-

',.-,

l)

.

1',

,

':

a:.:::

,.

r'

:

'

:

'

,.;,:..=......

::lrir.r-ti:'

't',.t:

.

tt,,..

,

'.

.:

:

1

'-

I

Fig.

8.1

.

---

, t-.::

1::::.:

0

l

Scuss

IOri

l."

::

.,

i.-

'

',:,,;:',':

,t:-''

'1

"

-

,.i:t,i,

.'

'l

l'

'

,r;:..

.a,

.:t

'''

'

,

1",

,tlJuegi lls

f rorn

lloth heated

anrt

amb

jent

are0$

of ilof

f

eerr Lakr: cons,;rncrJ

substant

i

al

quant

i t

ies of terrestr

i al

artlrropods

.

lkrwever,

that

cloes

not

necessari

ly

imply that

bluegi l

l s

wera

uLi l i

zing

tlrat resour'ce because

autochthonous

foods

were

scarce.

Sevnral factors

may

lrave

contributed to the

extensive

use

of terrestrial

arthropods

as food

by bltregill.

First,

overhanqing

forest

vegetatjon

domlnates

t'he

Coffeen

Lake shoreline

antl thus

provirles

an

interface

between

aquatic

and

terrestrial

ecosysterns. Second,

the feerJing

Sehavior

and morphological

adaptations

of bluegil

ls

(Keas!

ancl

irlebb

1966)

augrnent

that fishrs

potentjal

for

capturing

those types

of

prey.

Third,

ilre

,opportunistic

nature by

which

the bluegill

feerls

suggests

that the'rnost

aburrrjant

and

accessible

food resources.,are

readi

ly

exploifed. For

instarice,

bluegi l ls

examined

in this

study

f

rom the Septemller

col lections

contairred

enornrous

quantities

of aphids,

almost

to the

exclusiorr

of all

other food iterns.

Food

habits

of

bluegills

from

Lake Sarrgclrris

(Sule

et al,

lg|l), d

cooling lake

.

''.

in

nearby

Christian and

Sangamon

counties,

differed from

that

of bluegills

examined

in

this

stucly.

tlluegills fronr

Lake Sangchris

relied

morc

heavily

upon

tnicrocrustaceans, cltironomids,

and other

aquatic arthropods

bluegi

lls,

wirereas

bluegills

frorn

Coffeen

Lake exhibited

a muclr

greater preferencc

for

terrestrial

arthropods.

In

addition, gastropods,

bryozoans,

and fish

eggs, al

1

important

j

::','components

of

the

diet of

Coffeen

Lake bluegills;:w€r€

not found

in stomaclrs

of

,:

,,.

bluegil I

from fike Sangchris. 'Bryozoans

have been

consiclered

to be

of

l

itile

.

',:'.

relative importance

in

the

djet of

freshwater

fishes;

however',

Applegate

(lgiB)

t',

.":

founti thern to

be

a

predominant

sumrner food

item"of biueqi

lls

in: Bul

I Slroals

Reservoir.

-:,

,:Differential

feecling

intensity'of

bluegills

has

heen

investigaterl

in

a cursory

manner

in

other

cooling

lakes.

Sarker

(1977)

and Sule

et al.

(igSl)

found

that

locations as

opposed

to

ambient

locations. That

same

trend

held true for

this

investigation: Both

Sarker

(Ig77)

and

Sule

et

al.

(l9Bl

)

suggested

that

bluegills'in

heated

waters

fed

more

frequently

because

of

higher

dlgestive

and

r'

'

metabolic

'

rates. However,

medn

Fullness

Indices calculated

for

this

study

werc

:--",

:'-"-'"'

t'r:'::!::::vIl'":"_^""1"."",-.-'--lquuu

I

vr

",!

---

signif

icanily

trigher

(p<0,0b)

at

the

heated

s[,]Li0n

for

only

two

of

eiqhr

csl

lect iqn

dates.

As

reporte<l

in

Sect

ion 7

(herein)

bexthic

f

oort

resou

.at

*g!is1

i,

rn addition,

tr,u'*uj#ffi#;;'fr|ui;f;:jt;fftl'l-

!l:

:l-:'

cormunity,

oligochaetes,

v{as

rarely

utilized

as food

by

bluegills.

Thus,

bluegills

from

the

heated

station

necessarily

shifterJ

to

ottrer^

rooo.eso,.rrces,

some

of

which

have

been

reported

to

be

of

limited

value,

i.e.,

alqae (Kjtctrell

and

l'lindell

1970).

Beitinger

and

Fitzpatrick

(19t9)

stated

that

blueg,t,r,u

rratural

populations

are

often

food

limited

and fish

under

such

corrstraints

can

".reduce

maintenance

metabolic

costs by

seeking

lower.'water

ternperatures.

qi

\

However,

in

Coffeen

Lake,

intra-

anrl

interspecific

conrpetitiorr

vrrlPcLrLlvll

for

lul

food

I

an<j

/

space

is

probably

so

severe

that

many

fish

were

unable

to

occupy

preferrerl

\-lenrperature

reg irnes

.

Mrr]

t'i

p

l

e f acjoE_!S!ilqJ!9_t9j-sl1g-f_!_U_p_r

olg[ly

ry.'tr@'.

(r".il'

iu]],.,^.'i'^

Cof

feen

Lake.

However,

two

of

tr,e

rnotEl;poffarit

f

actors

l,imit

inq

ilre grt.rwth

anrl

affecting

the

body

concrition

of

coffeen

Lake

brue(ilrs

were

olg_rjjx_gon

quarrt

i tv

oi'thi

Iai

r

v

r"3!ullg

ur._g]ij_tgg

r_a$_"q|ill,uiffffil

I

I

I

'1.

l,

I

,.

li

T

T

I

'l

'.,',,

r'.

1..

l.

I.

'l'

'lo

B.l0

---

Applegate,

R.L.

"-

sunfish

in

::-:.

B€itinger,.

T,L

,

... correl

ates

,:

Beitingerr'

,T.L.,

SarKerr.A;1,

,,''.

,

heated

'.:, Trans

-

'

1977, Feedi,ng

ecalogy

of

reserv0irs

in Texas.

I I I.

Am.' Fish.

Soc,: 106:595-50].

LITERATURE

CITTO

,l978.

The

use

of

a

bryozoan,

Fredericella

sulLarra, As

foil,J

lry

Bull

Shoals

Reservoir.

Prog.

FTifi*3[T[l__

---]-_.,

and

L:C.

Fitzpatnick,

1979,

Physiological anrj

ecoloqical

of

preferr.ed

temperature

in fish.

Arrcr.

Zool,

l9:3lg-jZg.

I

selection

of bluegiIl,

Lepornis

macrochirus.

108:378-382.

--

-

Bennett,

.0,H.,.and

J.f{.

Gibbons,

19v2. Foorl

of largemouth bass

(Micropterus

,.r

salnioides)

from

a South

Carolina reservoir

receiving

heated

effTu-fiTl

.

,

Trin-anT:lffier.

Fi

sh.

Soc.

I

0l : 650-654.

Ei-shamy,

F...M.

,1978.

Dynamics

of feecJing

and

growth

of bluegill

(Leporni

s

60:ll3-124.

Graham,

T'.P.

1974,

chronic

malnutrition

in

four species

of sunfish' in

a

'

thermally

loaded impoundntent.

ln Thermal

tcoldqy.

J.f.l.

Gibbons

and R.R.

,.

Sharitz

(eds.)

AEC

Syrnposium

seFTes.

Augusta,

ei.

pp.

t5l-15i.

fea59,

A.,

and D, I'lebb.

1966.

l,louth

and body form relative

to feeding

ecology

,.'

''in

the

f

ish fauna

of

a

srnall:lake,

Lake

0pinicon,

0ntario.

J. Fiih. Res,.-

Bd.

Can.23:.l845-.|873.

:'Kitchell,.J..F.,

and J.T.

tlinclell.

1970.

Nutritional

v.rlue

of algae

to

blueqill

Matltur,

D. 1g77. Foorl

habits

and

competitive

'relat.ionships

of

the

band{'in

shiner in

Halawakee

Creek, Alabama.

Anr. t4id

l. Natur.

97:89-.l00.

:Parker?

l'.E..12-!g,..

Introduc!ory

statistics

for

biology.

The Institute

of .

:

Plology's

Studies

in

Biology

No- 43.'

University

Pirk

Press,

Baltirnore..

122

pp.

sarker,

A.L.

1975.

Feeding

ecology

of

the bluegill,

Lepomis

macrochirus

(Rafinesque)

in

two

heated reservoirs

of

Texas. TT.-Tize

oT'TheTTsh

and

:

patterns

of feeding.

Bangl

adesh J. Zool

.

3:

I

-l

0.

and,J.J.

Magnuson.

1979.

6rowth

rates

and

temperature

Irans. Arn. Fish.

Soc.

the,bluegil

1,

Lepomis

mocrochjrus

in:two

T'ime

of clay anrf

patTerns

oTTefrTnq.

Sule,

:,

":'

:1,1..

.

14.J.

,

J.f'1.

ftkt{urney,

and

D.R. Half icld.

lg8l . Food

habi

ts

of some

common

fishes from

heated

and

ambient

areas of

Lake Sangchris.

In R.tl.

Lanimore

and.J,.A.

Tr'anquil'li:(eds.) The Lake sangchris

Study:

casFhistory

of an

Illinois cooling lake-

Bull.'Ill.

Nat,.

Hist.:Supv.

32(4):(in

press).

B.l

'r

---

1),

Tranrquill!,

,].A.,

J.l,l. t'kt{urney

and

R,

Kocher.

lgl9.

Gr-owlh,

rnovernents

anrJ

population-estimates

for

fishes

from

Lake

Sangclrris

tiereimincrJ

by

taqqing

s.tudies.

In

Evaluation

of

a cooling

lake fisliery,

vol.

tll, lll:

t{ai.

-

list.

5urvey

final

report

to []ectric

Power llesearch

Institute,

Paio

Aito,

cA.

:

::

,

l{inde'I,1,

J.T.. 1971.

.Food

analysis

and rate

of diqestion.

pa.qes

zts-zz6

in

:

.'

,'

l{.E.

ltiter!,

Ricker.

,2nd

editlon.

(qq.

)

ilethods

IBP

llandbook

for

assessment

No.

3,

of

Blackwell

f

ish

production

Scr.

Publications,

in

f

resh

-

0xford

l:,,

f.,

1,.

!.

-.

i'.

I'

..a

I

l',.

Ir.

l

!tt'

l:.,

-'.'

:

l',,,'

.,

t.,

I.

r'.

T

j

l,

:a'

j

,t...a

:,

!

:

1,.

B.I 2

---

ili

tl'

5[C I

I0f{ 9

FOOD

I{AI}ITS

OF

FIRST

YEAR

IAROII'IOUIII

BA5S FROI4

IITATIO

ANO

AI4BIENT

AREAS

OT

COFFEEN LAKT

_

by

0ennis

L. Newnan

and

Lance

G.

perry

ABSTRACT

Stomachs

of

90

young-of-the-year

largemouth

bass,

collected month'ly

frorn

June

through

September

in

Coffeen

Lake,

were

examined

for

foo<l

content. First year

bass

were

primarily

insectivorous

during"the

month

of

June

but

transference

to

piscivory

was

cornpleted

by

July.

The rJata

suggested

that

a

piscivorcrus

diet

cornmenced

at

about

70

mm for

most indivicluals

ancl Oorosoma

sp.

were

preferred

over

other

species

as

prey.

Specimens

collected

from

the

heated

area

in

September

had

apparently

only

consurned

insects,

whereas those

colJected

from

ambient

locations

on that

date

exhibited

a

more

typical

piscivorous

diet. Food

competition

between

first-year

bass

and bluegills

is

probably

negliqible

in.

Coffeen

Lake

since

piscivory

becones

the

prertominant

feeding

strategy

early

in

life

for

bass

while

bluegills

retain

an insectivorous

habit

throughout

life.

'I,'

:

: .:

il

i,:

L,

"'

:i-'.

'

:

i-.

-1:I.l

l,,

tt,

rl'

l1-

il

il.;I

;:..:r

.

[il

i,:::''

:

i:::,:

.,''

rl'

:'.r. r:

'.

tt'

i,l'

---

t

I

I

I

I

I

t

I

I

Ihe

suitability

of

an

aquatic

habitat

for

survival

and

growth

of fishcs

is

'largely

rlependent

upon t.he

quantity

and

accessability

of

srritable

foorl iterns.

This'dependencyismostpronouncer!duringperiodsoftransitiontocXogenoUs

feeding,

and, for piscivorous

species,

rluring

ilre

trarrsition

frorn

the

!nsectivorous

to the

piscivorous

feedlng

mode.

Growth

of largemouth

bass

in

,

Coffeen

Lake is

known to

be

quite

rapid

once

a length

of 200 mm

is reache6

(sect

ion

'15,

herejn),

but

the growth

rate,

and

thus

feeding

success,

of smaller

individuals

was uncertain.

A

high

density

of

srnall

sunfishes

(Leoomis

son.) in

c9 fi931

lak

g,

i

n-c

l

u du.e__r

*Gi,ireg_biwe

r_i'-ll

"

:

y q*

*;

"

i r.t.

"rd;

;;

t

i

;;

@1

e s

rn

a

v e

x

e

r

! J

omg

qgls-U

gl:r_t :

-q

u-s1oy!!10-f-l_r;

h.e

s

ut-i]ij]Lg*!!ut-.9:9!I.o.

Since

young

lar"gemouth

bass

and bluegiIls

cornmonly

inhabit

shallot{,

near-shore

Iittoral

areas,

ari investigation

was

conrluctetJ

to

ident'ify

anrl

quanf

ify

food

'items

ut

jl

ized by

bass

rluring

6eir f

irst

year

of

'

life

and

to

compare

their

feeding

habits

with

those

of bluegills

in

Coffeen

Lake.

.

I,IATERIALS

AND METHODS

Ten

to twelve young-of-the-year

largemouth

bass

were

collected

from

heated

and

ambient

areas

of

Coffeen

Lake

(Section

13,'heiBrin)

by

electroshock.ing

at rnont5ly

interval

s

from

,June

through

September.

r,'Al

I

col lecting

et'f orts

were

conclucted

at

mid-day.

specirnens

were

placed

on ice in

the

field,

weighed,

measured,

and

stored,,,in

1Ofl

formal

in

urtti

I anal

yzerl.

Stomach

contents

were

removed

ancl

:

we-ighed

to

the

nearest

0.1

mg

while

still

moist

anct

sortecl into:categories

under

a dissecting

st,greomicroscope.

Percent

frequency

of

occurrence

and

Ou..u^,

-

'weight

.('nlindel

l''

anrl

Bowen l978)

were

calculated

for

each

f

ood

category.

lr{TRo0ucT

tOil

I

I

t

l,

l.

.

l

T

i

I

I

l,

9.2

---

Rtsrtl'is

^fit)

0

lcf

il5s

t4rt

collected

in

greater

numbers than Otrrosorna

larvae in Coffeen

Lake

and

t.lrey

were

Stornich

contents

of 90

young-of

-the -ycar

largem+utl:

tr.r:.E were

cxarninerl.

Princ'ipa.l

food items

included

f

ish

(Lepomis

spp. arrrl

{hr-osornrr

5!t.

},

aquatic

'

anthropods

(prirnari

ly clrirortomirls

and zygopterons),

anrl tcrrestr

iol

artlrroporis.

The

diet,of

f irst.yeat

bass ln

Coffeen't-ake

shifted

f

ro,n nricrocrustaceaos

anr!

aquatic

arthropods

to'an

almost

t0tal

reliance'on

fish

as bass

jncreased

in

length.

Younf I

argemouth bass

appar'ent'ly

prref

errerl'&lgrqng

sp,

rather

than

Lepomis spp,

as

prey

as evidenced:hy

an

ovqrai'-1,

greater

frequerrcy

of

occturrencs

and greater

percentage

weight

of

the forrner.

tlowever, Lepomis

spp.

larvae were

:found

to

be

more concentr'ated

in

near-shore

areas

(Section

1C, here'in),,

,l

,

:suggesting

a

greater

availability:as prey.

No'netheless, it

appears'that-yortng

'

bass

in

Coffeen Lake

avoided

Lepor[is spp, and

selectecl Oorosqrla

as tlre

principal

prey-f

ish.

In'Jcrst Point'Reservoir,

Alabarna,

young

lar^gemout.h bass,also

avoicled

.tiluegills,

but as'

length

of bass increased bluegills were

consurncd with,nc

'

se]ectionoravoic|arrce(Iimmonset.a|..l9B0;..:

First

year.bass

from

the

June col lectjon were

primari

ly insectivorous.

Stofirssit5

from the

ambient station contained

chironomids,

other

aquatic

arthropocls,

arid

rnicrocrustaceans

(Table

9.

1

).

The

riiet

of

bass

f

rorn lrerted'

areas

was

s

l

ight

ly

rnore

diverse and

one fish

had

begun

to

proy

on

fish.

St.ornach contents

of

,bluegi,'ll'col'lected

during

June

revealed

only

a slight

overlap

in foorl

items

.between,,the

two species.

,

Bl.uegi

I I

f

rorn the

!_e*Aled :te!t-o11_Q-o_115!1ned

ndLly

:

.

.:

;

**-i---._----.*::-"'-*--

.u.€

terrestrial-artlugplds-

_+4-:JL---'

and

qastropods,

wh'ile

_-:--...:..1,11-

blueqi

il f

rom

amb'icnt areas

f

ed

F,.lrg.'rIj9l-!rrggqlL$g-sJti'ong'jsj].(sectiona,r.u'*lni:-_-**=^=

By the fime'the

July,sarnple of

young

bassrwas

collecterj,

the

transfer

to

piscivo,l.y

was

ccmplete.

[xcept for two

specirnens,

f

ish

were found

in

every,

'

.lstomach

..

,which

contained

food

(Table

9.2).

Fislr

cornpr''isecl

97

and

gB

percent

of

,,the.'tota'l

we-ight"of

food

items'at

heated and ambient

stations, respectively.

It

,,appeared

that the

piscivorous'diet

commenced at approxirnately

TOrrm total

Iengtlr

"-'in'Coffeen

Lake

and that f

ish

immecliately

becarne

the rlominant

food

r".sour.el,

'

.-

Largemouth

bass from Lake Sangchris began:,consuming

f istr

at

B0

mrn lola.l

,'length

,

i

!::'

a1

.

.a_

9.3

---

'll

i

but insects

remajned,the principal

foorl item

unril

l4onm total lcnr.;ilr

{.sule

et

a1. l9B0).

In

Pickwick

Reservoir,

Iennessee,

first

year^

largernouth

bass

hoqan

preylng

::

upon'f

ish

at

20-39nm

('larden

anc

tlubert

lgB0), but

thc

shi

f

I

r.r:

piscivof!

e{ds,:ilrore

grodual

in that

lake

than iL was

in

coffeerr

l_akti.

The djet

of

young

bass

col'lected in

August

was

essentially unchinged frorn lhal

of

July; Dorosoma

sp.

ard unidentified

fish

comprised the

bulk

cf the

diet

(Table

9.3).

Ihe food

of

bass

from

the Septembr'r

collection cJiffered

slightly

frorn

previorts

nonths. however'.

0orosoma

and

unidentified

fislr

renrained the

preclomi

nant

f ood i tems

at the

amb

ient s

l,at

ion, but

yoirng

l:ass

f ront

the heaIed

stat"ion cons,rinred

no f ish

and fed

primari

ly

upon.terrestrial

arthropodsr

(Taole

t.+): Such

an int.erruption

ir't

piscivorous

feeding

is rlnusual

as

evidenced

by

other investigations

{r-opova

1957, Timrnons

et',al

l9B0) and

rna.T,have

been

a

.

temporary

and. localized

occurrence in

Coffeen.Lake.

t*cnetheless,

the

tirning of

the

interruP_LlgI

suggests that

the

sustained

.-

high

-.i..

..

summertime

water ternperatures

I

t

I

I

t

t

I

I

I

I

iL-!g:-[g{!"d.-efgg-g-l-Etq.]_*s--ryrsy*l-q.ye.!-nLr"ugnlgd

prey-f

ish distrinir-ti9!.gn,l

abundanceeither'directlyJ.l.u9g9un-alai9:n.qg.qt.tIg_tr!'g!t..tsgp..qLq-t*vI9l,.'aI

.-..--.#-_

ilai@tly

through

&.,.-'*r.*.--.*

a lacl< of

suf f

i,cient cover

*--*1**^---*-al

"or

f

orage

it_gqs.

A relatively

low

condition

of

young

bass

froni

heated

aieas

was found in

fal) samples

(Section

15,

herein)

anrl

probably

reflects

the limiterl

prey-fish

availability

at

thaL

ti,ne

and

location.

Althouqh

young.bass

Jnd bluegills

typically

cougreoate

in

littoral

areas rlurinq

the

grorving

sedson

(Keast

and |^lebb

1966,

Section

13, herein),

fooo

cornpetition

between

the two

species is apparently

negf

igihle

in

Coffeen Lake because

of the

early,transfer

to

piscivory

among bass

while

bluegills:retain'a

prirnari

!y

insectivorous feeding

strategy throughorrt

I ife

(Section

B,

herein).

ln

t

:.,

t'

I

I

1,.,

I,.

.,.::'

I:ir';

l"t

li'.'

lj:,,.

i.','.'

,,.t'..,-t:

1:-,'.',,

;,

'

iil

'-1..,,'1

.

|.;:

:_;;..'.,;.,

i

.

...::

,aa

:l:?;,'a

:'

:,-:a

::.

/.

,a.:,.:.:a:'

:-:

i1i.,f',..,.-',

'''

'

,d:.

'

,

r.

!:.,:1"::':

""

:

-

't',!1,.,',tt;',

,

:,

'

Y,*ij",-rt'i

addition, the

rrqid

growth

rate of

I,irlt

yealla1t

(Section

15,

herein)

ipp_l_iel*

tlatjggdfng*dynamics

are

not critical

f actorrs I

imit.ing

the

success

of the

popUl

ation.

.)'

li

9.4

---

Table

Food

of

young-of-the-year

I

argemouth

bas*,

ambient

dreas

of

Coffeen

Loker June 1980.

given

in

parentheses.

l',lean

TL'

=

4&nm

and

ambient,

respect

lve

ly.

from

heated

and

Sample

size

is

3&nrn for heated

and

Food

Item

Heated

{

1

2)

Fei-cbnT*frequfncf

-

-

-'

t'

of

occur"rence

:

btt

.

Anbient

(l

I

)

Pe-rc-enl

]iequ-ericv-

'

t

of occurrence

iJt.

^+;+:#*.-

l{

i

crocrust

aceans

t-,

Ch i ronomi

dae

0ther

Aquat

ic

Arthropods

Terrestr

i al

Arthropods

Plant

material

Fish

..

Lepomis

spp.

:

Unidentified

organiC,matter

58

75

4?

5,0

5.7-

?4,5

0.5

,

1.9

:'

58,0

.

4,9

9l

9l

45

0

0

3?.7

37.?

28.

rt

0

0

0

1.5

0

I8

B

58

I

00.0

r

00.0

oq

---

Table

9.2. Food

of

young-of

-the-ye.rr largern+uLh

trars

t

ri;n

hea.L*rl

,lnd

,

-

lmbient

lreai

of

Cof f6en

Lake;

&ty: !g*C.

ilean

I,.

,l

tjion un,t

,,.

:

l*nt-for

heated

antl

:artlent

ar'e.rs,-!'€rpte

tivel.v.

Saorpla

sirt

i

s

gi

ven

in

parentheser,

.

I

I

t

I

Food

ltem

PerTenfTFffi&fr-----T-.

F--LJ*

Heated

(

t0)

of ocr.urrence

tlt

.

Ambieat

{

10)

€''ce;FTGqG-rZf.**Tl

of

occurrence

ft.

I

Chironomldae

l

T

Otlrer aquat i

c

arthropods

Fish

:

Lepomis

spp.

ffia

sp.

uil'TilEfr'tTf

ied

Unidentified

organlc rnatter

l

Inorgan ic

mat,ter

0

0

0

33

78

7B

t

0

ll

33

0.?

0.

fi

6

7.0

42.t

53.9

n.?

0.,8

0

40.

{

56.7

2.9

0

1l

ll

7B

li

2?

I

T

T

I

I

I

I

00,0

r00.0

:':,

T

I

I

I

t

I

T

9.6

---

-=-

=

l-"-

-'

l'-'

Iable

9.3. Food

of

young-of

-the--vcar

largeru;ilrh

l,..r5s

f

rofn hcar-r:rl

arriJ

.:

'

.

I

'

,

amblenl

i,.eai

of Coffeen

Lake],

Auqult ig$i:.

!,tean

TL

=

lgTn=

,

'.

size

ls

glven

ln

parentheses.

','

::

F--_-

Heatect

.

ill)

r.d+

Pei

c ei'f-Tr

equenc

t--

-

T'

Arrrbiont

(12)

Food

Item

of

occurrence

t{t

.

tre

0f

r

c^e

occ$rrence

nT-fFe}l

rre

@.-_* J

tJt.

2?

0

33

55

Ulhsr

aquotic

arthropods

Flsh

Oorosoma

sp.

iln'Til6nffrteo

Unidentif

ierl:

organlc

rnatter

1.0

0.?

l,

I:

='

l'

t,

0

98.0

'!

.0

l/

5S

!t

tt

85.4

33.3

:

1.0

I

00.0

100.0

l'

,'

I",

:::11:!

ttl

l,''

I:'','.

:-.),

.'.'

1."'

I,,

,:

t.;,=,,

9,7

---

,,

i

1:--'::

::

t.1t-

::r:i.'r

jl

.-

.--,tr..:

:: _

'-,i;::

:;

-

i'

-

::r,:-.a1::::

-

;:::,

'

.::=

..

-

'

;.;;',-!'j;

,

:

,"

.

=

:',

::.,,

Jab!e

9,4,

'

Food

of

young-of

-the-year

I

nrflemout4

basl

f

r-orn

heate{, dnd

:

'

.''

,

amblent

areas

of Coffeen

Lake, Septernber

!980.

lbarr

IL'.

,

,,

..i

t'

Ja8n1n

and lZ4rnrn

ftrr heatrld and.arr*rient.

areas,

re:pectively.

Sample

size ls given

1n

parentheses.

.:

:l

.

-:-;--1----:::-

Heated

Ll2J--

Antrient

(l?)-

:

Food

[tem'

'

:

rffc?ffi

of occurrence

*-"{

I,Jt.

Irercen"t-TiEiilbliT.t

of

occurrence

--7-ft.

.'.

j

Otheraqrratic

33

II.?

ZZ

0.2

dr

thropod s

.trthropods

:'

Fish

iCpoqilspp.

0

0

lt

zz.o

.,,

Unidentif

:-

ied

ll,

.3.3

0

0

,

i

organic matter

'

:,.1::'

r',

l,

t

I

I

I

I

00.0

r

00.0

I

I

'

I

I

T

I

:,1

I

I

I

,l

I

I

---

,aaa.

'

':'a

=''

.

::::

::

a.

!

LlTrfts11lPg

CIItt)

-l

.I.:

:

'!::.'

(edst:'

A.:anti

0..

t{ebh..,

1966,

l,buth.

anrt

borty f

orn

rel.rtive

to f

eer]inq t:cn}ogy

,

.intheflshfauna.9{-asrralllake,l.ake0pinicon'f}.rtario.J'Firlr'rei.

.Bd;

Can.:

23:1845-t83l.

Popova,9.

l.

l9pl.

The

prerlator-prey

relailonship

annng f

ish.

pages

lJg-376

,.11

5..

0..

Gerltingr

gd.i Tlre

biolbglca'l

basis

of

ireshwi'ter

risirlpioauction.

.B|ockwel.lScientiflcPub,|icatiois,0xford,[ng|arlr|.

Sule,

H.

J.,

J.

lrl.

trkl{urney

and

0.

R.

Half ielrJ.

lgBI.

foorJ

hahits

of so,ne

comnon

f ishes

frorn

heoted

and

ambient

areas

of Lake Sanqchris,

In

R.',,1.

!1.imo19,.,1nd

J, A.-Tranquill

i

{eds;)

The

Lake Sangchris''Srudy:

cE-se

histor'y

of an

Iliinois

coolinq

lake.

Bull.

llr'

Nat.

Hisi,

surv,

3{.'

Timmons,',T.

J.,

t{.

J.

'Shelton

and H,

D.,Davies.

1980.

0if

ferential gr'owth

of

,'

,.Soc.

larqernouth

109:176-186.

bags

in

l{est

Point

Reservoir,

Alabana-Georqia.

Tr-ins]

ivn.

fitrr.

i{arrlerr.

R.

1,,

Jr. arrrt t{.

A.

Hubert.

lgS0.

Comparative

life history

of

ycung-of-year

smal lmouth

and

largemouth

bass in

Pickwict

nesrvolr.

,1.

Te.nn

.

Ac fld.

5c i

.

,5S:

5fi-60.

:

l{inrlel

l,

J. I.

and S.

l'1.

Bowen.

l97tJ. l,'lethorJs

for

study

of

f

islr

rtiets based

on

'analysis

of stomach

contents..:ln'T.

Bagenal

(erl.)

Methods for Assessment,,

,

of

Fish

Production

in

Fresh l{atF,

pp.

Zl

g-?2(),

third

edition,

Ri'ackwel

t

,:

:-

:Ij

I

-:

I.,.

,.4

-

-

.r'-

:I

'f:

|i

_r:':-

'-:

l"

I r.,

.'

.:.a

f,-

I,',.

1.,'

,,:

t,,.

.:.'.:::':

l,'

:

:a:.

.

i:l

.].1

:i

:.

'

'

'''i'

a',

"

,

:-=

':;

:'.

:j:

.:,_:

,il

.:

::

r:

:.!-;l

-

.l

-

=:

.i

---

l-

.li'

'

+I=

i[

-'

::

.

'

:::"'

i1=

=lJ'

,

llt

'

ill

il'

'

.,

;.,

l'

.,',:,t,

:,

=

l--

',

il-

'

;..I'

i';;.

ffilj,

,',

',t'

0lSTRl

gilrioHnl

Ec0L06Y

Ati0

RFLAItvt

AtlrJrii-lAf{c[

0F

tcltll.tyopt.rir{Kiii,r

..:

:

:

,

.

0ennis

L,

lbxnarr

'.

l

ABSTRAC I

A

quantitative

ichthyoplankton

study

was

conducted

during

the

spring

and surnne.

of

l9B0' The

general

objective

was

to

determine

spatio-Lemporal

var.iations

in

relative

abundance

of

larval

fishes

in

order

to'more

thoroughly

assess

the

potential

i'npact

of entrainrhent,

During

the

course

of

the

study

89,563 larval

fishes

were

collectecJ;

four

taxonomic

groups

were

represented

-

Lepornis

spp.

(67.9X):

O,orosoma

cepedj_ell4 (31

.B{),

lo-mou:

annular-il (0,:Zg),

*

G,lgL

.'

+eto

(two

specimens).

{1.|ijfll

!ry1$en!

of

dsta

indicaled

ural

oensities

j'].9.einthei1!ake!-|qq,''!.9|'9n9.t.!.!gnj|i'can!-ly...

?Trriltn

r-

ri-fi*den

s

i

r'i;;

.oll

e;GA;

r-;;;bn._:ni

r"*r;:

l i

ri,

r.,

o

r,

i

^

#.'_.%

il

u,"

ti,o.ru

r

t"sy.,

t[.o?.y

gg'nglgrr_llS*!_Uljle-.!grju"l

p9p9r_

g!qrion

intake

irea

was

nor

tlljl91iil!g!.*tl!egi-{-j.[PJctflf-lrgx-tpgcjss.,,

A

conctusion

or

siAn'ar\

importance'was

that

the

ambient

area'of

Coffeen

Lake

(an

drea

far

removed

f,:o,n]

the

sPP',

co'oling

Dordsoma',

water

and

intake):supporterl

pomoiis-

larvae

and

significantly

therefore

shoulrl

higher

be

densities

cons.iderua,r

of

q:pogis

*:ol.

I

)

fish

nursery

area

ne

spatil

distlib

larvaJ*fjshes

_,taf_gpjglgntly/

.ir:flfL_?f!!:

!.hermal

gradient

in*llirJgrre__as__densft.ies

of. .lany-ae._ioE-.i-q-eq

ry:iUgsx{.r::i@!3.Lge

-,,

spawn i.n

";

!r,;rr:

r;;:'

.;;@"'9.

;,ilir.

.rrl;Ga-bt"til;il;ll'.0";

rhe

initiat'..

r

ro.;;.0

began

first

at the

heatect

stations;

the

peak

spawn

occurred

at the

same

time

in

both

heated

and

ambjent

locations,

but the

duration

of

spawning

was

more

abrupL

at the

heated

stations

a;lt)

t+

:-:|

r

0.l

---

::

.+

'r

j

t

'

Assessing

the

ecological

impact

of

entrainment

losses

on

fish

communjties

hds

proven

a'difficult

task,

pri$arily.because

of

irrtrinsical

ly

Iarge

variabi lity

J,e.ar-class

strength

and

stock

recruitment

(Voigtlander'lgB0),

Sre common.

approach

has

been

to

estimate

the

numberof

adults

which

woulrJ

have resulted

from the

entraitted

'larvae

(Goodyear

lgi8). l-lowever,

it

was bel

ieved

more

important

to

investigate

the

relative

abundance

of larval

life

stages.

fhus,

comparing'tarval

rlensities

lakewide

we

Here

able to

determine

the

relative

"biological

productiv.ity"

(EpA

1979)

of

the

cool.ing

water

intake

ar-ea.

Quantitative

ichthyoplankton

surveys

have-'previously

been

employed

for

assessment

of

a number

of ecological

problems

such

as

determining

species

distributions

(Storck

et

al.

l97B),

predicting

year-class

strength

(tternpe)

1973),

predicting

entrainment

tosses

(Cloutman

ancl

Edwards

lgZi),

and

estimating

larval

fish

population

densities

in

lakes

(Forney

l9i5).

The

general

objective

of

this

study

was

to rleterrnine

spat.io-ternporal

variatisng

in

abundance

and

species

composition

of

the

larval fish

community

in

Coffeen

Lake.

Specifically,

we

attempted

to

assess

the

irnpact

of

entrainment

l0sses,

compare

ichthyoplankton

densities

in

the

intake

and

non-intake

areas,

and

to

delineate

locations

in the

lake

which

may

have

served

as

nursery

uruu..

Secondaryobjectivesweretoexaminethe.synchronyofcatchesforeach

rpopulation

to

determine

if

spawning

times

varied between

samp'ling

sites

ald

to

'

deLermine

if the

distribution

of

ichthyoplankton

was related'to

the'thermal

grad

i

ent .

ln

by

',t.

'.t:tt:,

t

'.,

,.

':'"'t-'

:,.J.,-i:.

..j-..::l

10.2

',:.

'..:::.

:ii-::--

---

'

':

:- ,r:,:

_

|

..,1

I

I

I

I

I

T

t

T

I

-I

I

I

I

I

-

I

I

I

I

I

,:

,

,

,

.,

l'l[Tll0t)s

Aftt]

MAII_!ilALS

lChthyopl-ankton

col'lections

*cre'mdde

at

-l

,-lay

inlcrvals

{!!,,rirrg

rlayl

iglrt

horrrs

from

27

l'larch

to

20 August

l9fl0.

Collection

siLes

for Lhis

investigation

rlid

not

necessarily

correspond

to

those

selecterl

as

maJor

srtmplinq

stations

for

other

Coffeen

Lake

studies

(see

Section

I, herein).

Raiher,

stations

for

ihis

investigation

grere

selected

in

order

to

sample

cliverse

habitdL

types

throughout

the

thermal

gradient

anrl as

complimentary

c0llections

to

the

cntroinment

study,

Description

of

sarnpling

sites

with respect

to

heaterl

cnd

ambient

dreas,

cteptns,

anrl

habitats

is

included

in

lable

10.l,

and

sanrpling sites

are

oepicted

irr

Fig.

.|0.r.:

Larval fishes

were

col.lected

with

paired

side-towerJ

trearn nets

as 4escribed

bv

Graser

(1977).

|.lith

thi

s'sampl

ing systern

no

rret

bridles

are

used

,anrj',the

depressor

is in the

same

vcrticol

plane

as

the

net

opening;

both

of

these

designs

are

irnportant in

reducjng

net

avoidance by

fish. The

nets

were

0,5

rn

in

rliameter'(mcsh

size

=

0.500

mrn)

and

net

length

was

2.5

rn.

Elevation

of the

horizontal

towing har,

1.75

m

above

the

water

surface,

facilitated

washing

of

the

nets,

rvlt'ich

was

completed

after

each tow.

The

cod ends

were

constructed

from

7.62 crn ctiameter

rigid

polyvinylchloride

(PVC)

p'ipe;

the

anterior

ends were

threaded,

al

lowing

the

buckets

to be

easi'ly rernoved.

General

0cean

jcs

rnodel

2030

flounteters

were

mounted

in the

mouths

of

each

net

sc

thaL

the

volurne

of

water:fi]teredwas.deterrninedaftereachtow.

t,l

llecause

Graser

(1977)

reported

a

progressive

loss of

filtration

efficiency

at

water velocities

less than

1.0

m/sec, and

Miller

(1973)

experjenced

specirnen

clamage

at

speeds

greater

than

.|.34

m/sec,

boat

speerl was

held

at l.l0 rnlsec

during

all tows.'

Consistent boat

speed'

*u,

accomp'l'ishecl

using

a

6enerai

1

,

"

0ceanics.model

2031

flotrrneter'lowered

from the

bow

in

conjunction

with

a General

0ceanics model 2035 florrneter

readout,

positioned

in

view

of the

boat

driver.

Samples h,ere:preser:ved in

101 for*u'l'in,'

returned

,to itre

:laboratory, sorted

ancl

stored

in 5i6

formalin.'

Larvae

were, iclentif

ied according

to

Hogue

et al.

,(i976):,

an-d enqmerated.

Polarized stereornicroscopy

was

uti

lizeci

for

viewing

speiimens-'

r

0.3

---

Table

l0'1,

The

depth,

duratlon,

habitat type,

antl thcrmal

char.rct.eristlc

of cactr

,11r.':,.

samp'lin9

5ite ln

Coffeen

Lake

rJuring

the spring

and

surmer'of

1g${].

Sarrnl

ing

Sltes,'

0eptlr

l'labitnt

Type

Thermal

Character

i

stics

Total

Durat ion

:.

:

a

L

v

?

A

-6

:

7

a

I

o

Surf

ace

Surface

?

met'ers

Sur

face

2 meters

Surface

5 meters

0bl

ique

(5n

&

up)

Surf ace

2

me'ters

Surf

aCe

Surface

2 meters

Surface

:

Su rf

ace

Surface

Surf.ace

Surface

9

10

1l

t?

13

14

15

I6

I7

1B

min

nii

n

min

m'in

min

;

fnl

n

rn in

min

rnin

rni n

Shal

1on,

cove

Mi d

"l

ake

Mi rt-

l ake'

'

Intake

cove

Intake

cove

Intake

cove

Intake

cove

lntake

cove

Mid-l

::

ake

|'1i

Shal

d-l

low

..

ake

cove

Mi d -l

ake

I'tid-l

ake

)nore I

r

ne

(larg€,cove)

,

'

Shal

low shorel

i ne

t'li

d-l

ake

Sh

al I ow

cove

Shal.l ow

'shore

I

i

ne;

'.

;

mdJor Irl Dutary

Heated,

disclrarge

,

Heated,

di scharge

,

lledted, cti

scharge

Transitional

,

Transitional

:i:

Transitional

,

Transitional

Trans it

iona.l

Anlr

ien t

Anh i

errt

/knb

i ent

tle'ated

'He

at

ed

.

Heated

',

:

Transitionai

,

Trans

i ti

onal

,. Transitional

/tnb i

ent

.'

arm

drrn

arm

3

min

3

min

J mln

3

min

3inin

3

min

J mln

5

min

l

3

3

J

3

J

2

?

3

3

10.4

---

the

,spri

ng

I

I

I

I

I

'.

t

I

I

t

I

l,

T

I

I

I

I

l

.

I

.l

I\

POI.JERPLAN

---

Cal;clt

rates

llere

expressed

ds

numbers

of

lorvae

ptr

l0

n3 of

watt':r.

s<lnplr,,il.

Ihose

data

werr:

subsequently

transf'orned

to

lt:garithrnr

in

ortler

Lo

achir:ve hornp-

geneity

of

variances.

Oue to

the

presence

of

zero riarues

irr

ilrc

calcrr

da[a, one

unit

was arlded

to

al'l data

before

transfor"mation"

Analysis

of

variance,

l)ullcan's

multiple

range

test

and

selected

sLation

compdrisons

rvere

performed

uslng

the

General

Linear

I'h<lels

(GtM)

procedure

of

the

Statistical

Anaiysis

System

(SAs)

(Goodnight

1979).

Two-way

analyses

of variance

were

perforned

for

each of three

genera,

lgpolrt,

0orosojE,

and

porng,(l:;

main

effects

were weeks

'rnd

stations.

For

those

analyses

the

iB sampling

stations

were

grouped

into

three

lake ternperature

zones

or areos;

llrey

were lreated,

tr,tnsiLional,

and

ambient,

as

defined

in

Table

.l0,1.

RESULTS

AND DISCIJSSION

Ichthyoplankton

sampling

began

27 March

1980 but

the first

ldrvae

were

not,col-

lectecl

until

23

April.

Larval

fishes

were taken

in

each

subsequelt

weekly:col-

lectiort

through

20 August

when

sampling

was terminated.

During

the

course

of

the

study

89,563

I

arval

fishes

were

col

lected; representinq

four

taxorrornic

groups.

Lepornjs

spp.,

which

included

four

species

(bluegil

l,

'qpeu-n

sunf

ish,

longear

sunfish,

and

orangespotted

sunfish)

anrl their

hybrids

accounted

for.

60,855

larvae

or

67.91[

of

the

total

catch.

This

represents

dn

extraordinary

nutnber

of l-epornis

larvae

when

compared

to

other

larval

fish

studies

conducted

in

central

Illinois

(Storck

et al.

1978, Bergmanrr

1981).

Gizzarrl

sharl,

Dorosoma

cepedianum,

larvae

accounted

for

28,487

specirnens

or

31.8%

of the

total

catch.

,'rJh

i

te

craoqi

e,

Pomoxi

s annul

ari

s, I arvae

were

rather

ur.rcommon,

as

on 1y

zl9

specitnens

(0.21

of

the

total

catch)

were

collected.

Lastly,

two

carp, Cyprinus

carpio,

larvae

were also

col

tected.

Sl't"g_f1l!919t:y".su.cce!!

9f

.q.ar:p

.in

coJlee!-Lake-has-b-een--reporte.d,-b0-ugi

f-,.n-rte.d.-(.Seii.ion

l5; herein),

low

cai.ches

.o-LE4I!--[aluae-lder3--expected.

Largemouth

bass

larvae

were

not

col lected

clurinq

this

study,

even

though'six

sampling

sites

were

locaterJ

in

shallow

covcs

0r near

shoreline areas

where bass

typically

congregate.

Bass

are

difficult

to

collect,

however, because

of their

diurnal

behavioral

responses (Fl

liott

1976).

'F-urtirer

ana,lyses

and

discussion

rvil I include

only the

three

most

commorrly

co.llected

'

genera,

lepomis,

Oorosoml, and

Pomoxis

r

0.6

---

:.::

t'.:,:

',

-

,

:

.

:

..1,..,

:---;:-:

Le00ml

s s0n.

-.rj-

j

'

Lepomis

spp.

larvae wcre

f

irsL captrrred

on

23

irpril

ln tlre thennally-;lLirrrid

,:portions,of

the

I

ake,

but

not

'.unti

I

'2L'liay

in

the

ambient

areas. Strrf

ace

water

.

:

'temperatures on

the ilates

of

first

capture rangecl from

21.i

to

2?.8'C.

f_eqOqls.

spp.

densities

were

ltighest

on

4

June,

when

Inean

lakewide density

equaled

}Bj,g

I

arvae/

i0

mJ. Densities

subsequently

<lecreased

unt

i

l

3{1,

July when,a second

,,smaller

peak

occurred

(Table

10.2).

Kindschi

et

al.

(19i9)

col'lected Lepomis

spp.

larvae

in

Rough River

Lake, Kentucky from

30

May

to

25

Auqust,

*itt' u

a

maximum

dens'ity

of 24.0

larvae/10

mJ

reported

on il July. Bergrnann

(l9Sl

)

r

the

rJischarge

arm

and 17

.,-June

jn

the

intake

arm

of Lake Sangchris,

Illinois.

:

i:'

'.

,significant

week,

station,

and

a

week-station

interaction

rtere revealed

by the

.

analysis

of variance for

dens

jt'ies

of

'larval

Lepomjs.

spp..

(Table

10.3).

guaes{-l

.!li

p

tji!9r-lgrt--qse0$nr&!"$at--Le-qsdsrr

sit-les-

!y*s!qu!n

t!g!-s

..1]

.:g^,UfggGLy-iifteren*t

alglfllaJ,--nean den!;-Ltje.s-increased-progress-ir-ely-ft9g

lggte_ojgJroqlig1tl_Jg:mb_jfl!-_:!3!j_s!s

(Tabie

10.3).

.'-*-...-'..--.-.+i

Since

_rhe

mean density

t

I

T

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

at the

ambient_z_one

was

much hiqher

than

that

of

the

trlls.Ltj$al

zone,

whi le

the

tempgrq"!g1e-ol*tj-gse-areas--wer4-not-qreatl-y-dissjgilar,

it

appearsJjL..-1

f actors

other than therma_l

regime

caused tlg--frrtblgrr!_-area-gt

--t}re

l.ake.

t.o_

-be

rnore

productive. .

:

a+---

'

Selected

cornpar-isons among

sanpling

stations were designed

to

yielrt

more

specific information

about.the

spatial distribuLjon

of Li:pornjs

spp, larvae in

.'

Coffeen,Lake. Data concerning larval'densities

within

the

intake

area

were

of

,'

obvious

importance'to

the

concomitant:entrainrnent

study

{Section

12, herein).

,.-.Surface

il.

tows

:

within

the

intake

cove had significantly

higher

Iarval

densities

',,,thdn'eitheq

the

2-meter

(C1)

or

the

5+neter tow

(C2) (Table

I0.4).

tutermination

of

the relative

"productivity"

(EPA

19//)

of the

intake

area

jn

',,,-terms

ol.'.larval

f

ishes

is essential.

.-,The

densi.t'y

of

Lepomis

spp. larvae

within

the

CoffeCn Lake

intake

are'a

were not:-significantly

different

frorn'the

,.a

:

t..

,4,

.'!non-intake"

stations

of

similar ther^mal

regime

(C7)

(Table

10.4).

Additionally,

densities from

the

two

intake

surface tows

were

cornpared

to

surface

tows within

iust

the

transitional

region

(CB)

and

again no

significant

I

I0.

7

---

.,|::

:i

ii

r:i

:,9

!'\

n

ft n

/r

e{

c).r-

h

c) n

.-

4

h

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d

d.l.d

d,o'.t

i

i

I

qi

r.l

d

A

fi

t

d

t

-(\.f

a

rt

rv ot

{

f., <)

f{

F

g,,o..rJ

f}

e

r-<i

r

oi*'d.t

r,ld"iJ,

o"-:

J;

;

q.

(,t

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OCtr.\C)

u\t'ON<}noJing.,

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dnidsiri

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?r.l$tt\,:

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(\ln

Fr^tN(\,

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jddci"r

<i

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icj.JdJ,

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rr,rtrrrrlrrrrdrr,

10:

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o\

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0l

5l

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N

p

?

,L

;

o

ts1

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e

o

L

o

!

J

n

c

o

o

()

o

E

o

L

D

o

i

(,

o

=

o

o

o

L

o

o

a

r/l

r-l

ol

6l

Jl

el

o

FI

E

'o:

:i

.\.1

:b

b

5

c

'o

o

+

6

,

,o

1t

c

:

:'

.o

-

o:

::

r

-(\l

''

.

O::

a,

:

",

:

o,,

.,.

:

,a

.o

'j',.,

I'

!l

.'

Ii:.

IJ

:

-

:::.

:I

-.

.

I-

r',

..,i

l,

I,

.:..]

Ii

'It.

I:

---

Table

10.3. Two-way

AN0VA

and 0uncan's

multlple rdnge

i,

,,

-

!€p9!d!tspp.

Tests

xere

performed

us'irrg

,'

,

densities

shown

are

the

anti

logs.

tett

for

density

of' larv*l

transf

ormed data,

l)ut

rrrc,lr,

:r.:

lu

l-

l-

r'r:

-..

.1.,

'I:j

t'-

I:]:

I:

l.'

,,.

'''.1

_=

:

--:

I.

!..:

t:

I:

1,,'

r-...

t..

I,,'

.'.

t::

I',1.

!,,

:

l'

a:

.:'

l,',

-l

!,'

t.-,

I:t,

!.

34

s94

ANALYSIS

OF

VARIANCT

Source

[,leeks

Stat

ions

I'leek-stat

ion

i

nteract

ion

Error

,

Stat

Lon

Heated

:

Trans i

t

ional

.

Anbient'

Deqr_ees

of Freedom

Itlgan

Squaie

.7.051

18.273

:

i. I49

0.t52

1,7

2

F -v

a

l_lle

46.

3r

u9.

ggr

:

7

,54*

DUNCAN'S

MULTIPLE

RANGI

TEST*i

Mean

u. ot)

0.96

5. tl

GrouP i

nqt**

f

B

A

.*

'**

:

***

Statisfically

significant

,at

the

0.001

probabtity

level

Alpha

level

=

0.05

l'leans

with the

same

letter

are

not

significanily

different

10. 9

---

c;

4l

gt

qt

.o,D

r=

Jl'

4.i:

ao

Lt.

e_a

rf)

r

9Gr

uat

iF

.E

.J

g.c

'J

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t,

(J

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rF

c:-

tt!

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.-

>>'

|lt

rls

L],u'

.)

t)

U+,

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ie.

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ta

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rltiltr.r)f

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{\J

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r-

a\,

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6

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gr

'€(ostq("J

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g\oq?^Jv)coc)r"ii6Ft?O@!{'t.nroc'}G(r,

r\

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c4

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F-

a

cj

cj

|||l

L

CN

:QE

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(JTJL

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r,

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>FlvrrI)

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(\.re

sl

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,!n:-I .u

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+

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Y*-:!/

tlilltrttr

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<t rn

C)

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F.

(.t

oth

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lol

<rl

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srl

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16.o

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1)

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p

a./,

+

rl)

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(tt

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o\

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:=

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t4

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qa

E

(u^c'

(u(u

!(U

(l,LL

o)L

o

q,

(,

L

5

rn

o

---

differcncc

uas

founr!

(Iahle

l{i.4j.

Ihu\,

!.nd, ir:t11:r-,

11t'+.i: .,rt?gq;r;;.1ir..+=-.

n9t

-an

_ire-i

o{*l]i,J-tr

-l

-rjyal_

_denriiy.

l)if

ffrrni,,.,

lrr:{.-r

r,,r

r,!

!.

:

jf,ir

r ,fri

.1

:,:

i

thgrrnai

ertrerrrs

dere

dlso

er;;riner!

an,J

larvll

irt:i

iii.ii,

.r,

r,,

t:.:,rf

i |

:

|,,..

t1U,!.t!-q.41!'lJ

Iti-9iiel-

l.l--:t!-i.qlt.-t!:qti

.

r-'r

ap!{qr,c.;!

r.;i:

rr44rr

')

.1,,,.1,,

iii

lrn

:.rr;

i

COmpar:isun

lhrCe

{CJi

{fabie.}$.4)

Contr.i.,f.

itl)

u*..

"j;.,r,i?,:r:,.i

t1;

d,;,!ri},lii;

fii

heated

statioris

to

all

anrbicnt

stali0n,,,

whg1,,3s

I

r-{j!1l0.1(j,,i,,i

f

r;,.r-

il.tri

i:,thl,i

lii.4]

g6xlrasted

stations

withlr

h€itt:d ,rnc

,rnbi,j.ni -rre,l.;

.nr:i.:i,

rr;re

y4r.3.,r;'.,

sinilar.w.it|t,.elpec|tor,1epthandhabiL;[iaqrp!e.t.inrr|rtr:rcq'iipdri5oe,i.

!g8,ntE

5pp.

rlen.,it

ies

were

f

r.rrrnrl

t.o

be siqnif

icarif

l.y fti{Jher flc.}r

rrfi{jr+t

tq.Jn

.ji

rniC-ldke

stations

(C5!,

but

no

statirr.icai rlrf

fer*:'ri,j

H.li lct.,tritl

5ei.il':.,:n

strf

.Jr,,

and

?-meIer to*s

{C6i

takcn

f

rom

tirri

!or

rrahir,ats.

"llsrr:i

r}t

a'1.

i1:i:ti3

ail:

r'epcried'that

tr

juegi

ll rlensities

were

.,ignif

ictnily

\iqher

rrrir

sirirrc

Lh,tn

nl

rnid-lAke

stAtiOnS,

but lte fOu.rrt

tlrat hl,lCqill

derrri',ies.*rr-t

riqnif

it;nijv

high":r

irr

surf

ace tows

tharr

9,.lbsurf

ace

trwr

nL

Lni:1.

sh*liryvi)irr,

lllrirrr,

Lastly, the

t*o surf

ace

tort

fron

the.nain

br.i,jJ

r:f

t.ne.rnliio:,.lr.

lrrjl

itl

r,rirn.-

,]

an+.

I I

),'*errl

compdrpd

{C9l

ta'ihe

qrrrf

ace tow

col lcf t?rj

at

'1t

jt

iorr

lt

i

l,;cett{

naarelt

tltr.:

rq.rjor

trlbutary)

,

thr:

oedn

,len.iit.,y

wat

".ir;ni{

ir-ant'}

y

hillr,tr

.il

!_rtr

tribrrt'Ary

sl.at

irin.

fcrrsiste{rt;y

elev.rtt'd

turhi.Jily

!evillr

at

lr*

it.tLii-rri

,:ii,;,

the trillrit,try

,rray

have

CnntrlbUtq{,

trt thp rli.,pdr.Jtr}

C

llcher,

hy

rr:<Jrrt.i,},t

,re,

avoirJarir.e

tf ltrr,.te.

A onrr-wly

an,tlysi',

of

varilrtce

xit

lrerf

()rned

l.,t

drtl,:cl.

rlif f

r.,rgs1qr,',

irt

,rrtr:k

l-rr

aean

rJr:rrsitics

of

!=gqt-s-

rpp.

larvacl

within

seiecf+,J !al,c

,rrrari.

:{piii:ly'or.**'

rJerlsitiu'9

of

Lepomis-

llrvac

!{l?re

signif

rcarrLly

iJif fr:r'r:ri'r

{ith,i fi

tno

ltrlJte,J

rf-e,}

(Iable

10.5),

the

arnbiant

dreit

(Iable

t0.6),

tnr!

ilre int

rtp

arr:a

{T,ul+

}rJ.ii.

lean

l,.rrval

denrities

were hiqhert

on

4

June ;t.

,r.!i,1hrrj,:

l.lkrt

,rrt,,r<;.

iblr€-e,lr,

wit.hin the

anhient ilrea

the fiurnbsr

of l,tr'vao

found

{)n

4.J',le

}ra!

not

gtntiStical

ly

rtif

ferent f

rom

Ihat

,]htervorl

the f

o!lrr,rir..1

tro

wrlckl,

iur;r;i.r.,!-irrg.

a

prol&gE{

iglylll-ng

period.

It

,rppearcd

that

qpdwriing

was

,nuch

;ncre

,itrr'rr;rr

irl

the

-heated

and

intake

ared9, is

larval

dcnsity

on

,1

,Juns

in

tho..;c

.rr-J^ts

4,rr

signif

icantly

higher than

al I

othcr weeks.

l-ne

rJnqrL rl

f

..pawrinq

ocr-drrrlrt

edrl

ier ilt

the

heated

dreaq

tlran

in

arrfrient

lOcaIirlns.

sf]ai(nlnq

pt.rks

,]LcrJr.r-*cl

,r

this

sa$e

tifle,

hut the duraLion

and intensity

of

sp,i'rnirrq

rgli,:

rlissi,ni

i;,.

hetreen

areas. Larval

denslties

witlrln the inttke

ar.e ,t

ilatrlr

lr).7) in(!if

dr-*tJ

that

entralnment

rates

were

'

potentlally

.'

,t

hlghesL

on 4.hrnc

.

drrrt

relat{*ely

lcw

thereifter.

I

I

t

t

t

I

I

T

T

t

t

I

I

t

t

I

I

I

t0.l I

T

---

J:I

t:

fi

5

4

e

L

G

.;

!J

.i

4

Cr

.F

CJ

'F

>.;-

--

sa

4

€t

C,

{!

f}L

L$:

cll

-.

,tr/

C]l

--

pEt,

,s

,c

g+

(J

4E

*J

1.-

>!

'-E

>'

+1

r,

{u

.*c

\:

13

a):

rJc

t!

,!t

.,{g

tI

,

.,

:...1

{1l

€:1

,

rft

,

qt"

tQ

r

ft'

tl{

r}

r!|

clj

€)

ct

f)

:.

j-v)

.rrl

r\

rat

fl

Crl

trl

3l

ro

,a

.iro

.J,

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