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i.=,:'a.,.;r:;

by

III

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llatural

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.t

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ly

l9lil

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A.

IranqLri !l i

arrrl

R.

t,ft:jtlon

Llri:nr)r*

Principal

Inve stigator.s

(trts.

i

Lance

6.

Perry

Project

Coordinafor

Volune

I

-

Text

---

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i1':frnirt,tl ionslituenl.t.

{ri.t!,}rilrii

f,

,

li++*,rnrl

i,:rr:sa

A. Schuller-.

Alq.rl

!nvesti'lationl.

lrf

tof

f

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Cout,tnt.

loop I

arrk

lr)n

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f f

r;qn

1-a1u

,

lrt

r:tiltrlrr

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. ii.t

i

t

BenLhic

Invrlstig,tlions

at Cof{{jqn

l.rlk{j,.

Gary

i-.

'r,Jat'rCn,

5teplten

{J.

Swarlerrtrr,

tnd.l.r,rl.s iJ,

f},lr.L!er,

Foorl llab i ts

o

f

tll

uegi

l

l f

rorn

:tieat.e,,

and

Arri)

i,jrrt

Areas

of

Qoffeorr

Laka. Dennis

L.

Ner*rrarr.

Focrl

llabits

of

Fir'st:,

Year

l.argemouth

Bass

f

rrrn

lleaLed

and,/\rrrbicnt'Areas

of

'Cif

fecn

l.ake,

Dennis

L . Ncr,anan and

Lance G. Per-ry,

DisLrillutional

Ecology

ancl

RelaLive

Alruntiorrce

of

Icht,hyop'lankton.

Dennis

L.

Nerrrnan

Abunrlance

of Littoral

Fish

Larvae in

Coffcen

t.ake

as' Deterrni

ncd

t)y

Li

ght

-Trapping.

l-arrce

G. nerry,

ImpingernenL

anrl Entrainment.

'[Jennis L,

Newnan.,

Species

Compositlon,

AburrcJance,

trntl

r)istribuLion

of Cof f een

Lake

F

j

shes.

Lallcc G.

Per

,.y

and

John

A.

Tranquilli.

"

.

Standing Crop

Estimates

of

Coffeen

t.ake Fjshes.

Lance

G,

Perry

and tiohn

A. Tranquill

i.

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r0

il

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Lanca

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arrd .larnr:s

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i.,l

,

Sltoal

Creek

'ilatr:r Qual

i

Ly.

(;:'.rh

i-

i

r:trr-lttrck

.

Periphylon on

Artiflcial

Substr,rles in

Sho.tl

C,.eqk.

[-drrll.l.Coutant,

,.

]

fJenthic

Invest'igations

of Shoa

I

Cregk.

Gary

t..

Warren

and

Jarnes H. fJuckl

er..

:

Effect of a Thermal

Discharge

0n

Fishes

of

-5hoal

Creek

. Lance G. Perry.

? la

J.

l*

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for

typing

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and trr

JarrcL Kenrler,y,

projr:ct

in.]ri,t{lLrr.f(.r,.Cr)ntr-..i1

Iltinois

Public

Service

Cornpany, for lrer

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tn

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incllderl

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irrvestitnLiOrrs

c,)n(Jrlct,lrl

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irr!.,,rrJi:;ciLriiri.lr

7

leilrn

rlf

bioloqists

and

cltcntisLs

in

tlte ,lrr)fls

of

w,il-cr

qrrllil.v,

clri,rni,-,ll

consLiLuent.s,

phytopl,tnkLorr,

nr-,riohyl.,rrr,

zrropldrlktorl

,

henl.rrur,

;rrrl

f

i.;ir.

Resrtlts

of lha fit";t.

yrar

jnvesliqaLions

orl eoff{-',

Lni(e arrd

Shoal

Cri:ek.r,:r.rj'

orescrlLed

in a

rep,)rt

cnt

iLled

"EnvirorrrnerrL,ll

St trdias

of

Cnf

f

er-.rr

LdkC,, wltictr

w,ls

submibl-ed by

the Il lino

js

llaLur^al llistory

Survey in

(lclotrer-

1979.

A

sccorrd

annrtal rellort

encompassed daLa

collecLed f rorn

Cotfecn

Lakc

tlrrouglr

Ju

ly

l9B0

a,rrj

I

rrdcs

a Lltr'L)e

-yLrdr

biological

analysis of

Coffeen

Lake anrl resulls

of a

one-yedr

invcsl.igation

of

Shoal Cr.eek,

its:

receivinq strcarn,

,

Ouring the

second

yedr

of

sl-trdy,

a I

-yearr:

irnpingement and

entrainment

prc.ject

and a

l

arval { ish rlisLr:illution

sLucly

were

-

aclded

bo the

sarnpling

progranr

to

assess

the irnp6sL

of

t,lrc

cool

ing

wdLer

inLake

system

on the Coffeen'Lake

f

ishery.

Reglorbs

on

Llrese

inves:tiqat.ions

ar.e

inc-lurJecl herejn. Data appendices

were

inclutJecl

wiLh

t,he

Lwo

previols

anrrual

reports,i

0n1y

data

whjclt

..:

were not

previously

subrnitLed

is

jncludad

in

t,lre

,:'

Appendix

associated with

this

final report.

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.:.

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i..irr:

i:-,

l:rr-,:lr:

i

utl li?ltL-Colorerl

9{}il5

rtCvq'l

ripr:rl

fr+,r

l.}rii.

jhrl

li+q:n,:r-=Et:t.y:'.t{lrr

riiil

l

iCSOC

i

al iOn f

OUnrJ tltgre

f

grrreCt

ljridef

fs;r:*ll,

vt.lt!-nt

iBrr

,rnrl il..{rJr'i

Crl

rtr},li

l_r'

leve!

t.r slrongly

5lcpinq lplnnds

ii:ehr-*r:hachr:r

ei

,ri.

lq6l).

:

.

{lof

fr.:en

Lak+: is

d

relativr:ly

{leep

irnporlc,trnenl in

cq,nFaris{jil L*

uther-

!!lirroi.,

i^Lrsf!'voir's.

The f,?4

ilqiitd,

lglBD)'

I irferl

sr:lee

terl

p.lrdrreL,:rs

for,

353 lliinli..

lakCS ,ind

|'Clt0rtrl/l IltaL

Cilffrtfrr

lrarl

,'|

qr'rtdttr

rnrarr

dr:1rth

(ti.i.'r

)

.inrl

;1,11jr11,rr

ilr,'llt.it

(

l/,7

,'r)

[ir.rn

95

p,trcent

nf

Llrt-, lakes

latlrlial.r]rj.

'j

rr,l

l

ikri

.r'l

sri

rra,i ,r

relative!y lriqlr

volrJrnc

dfvelopillcnt

raLio

(0,g/)

..lrl(l

nr,

rjr.Lcrlsivr:

slrorel

ir-rr.:

(7/.1

knr).

The

coal-fired Coffeen P0wer

St,rLion

cornple.t is

located;rrljacrlnL

Lrt,rrrr!

rrbtrrjns,

'ntsL

of

iLs ftrel

(lto.

6

ller,'n)

frorrr

ConsolidaLc<i

Hillsboro

Coal

eo,npanys,

undergroun(l

coal rnine. The first

of

Lwo

units

aL thc'Coffeen

Power

SLaLiorr

hegan

operation

in

1965.

UniL

I

has

a

gencrnLing

capacity

of 350

t'let;

wilr

an

rlsSociat.erl

circrtlating

water

purnp

disclrarge

0f 146,500

qpr4,

lJniL

2, which

heqarr

electric

generalion

in

1972,

provirles

595

l'le|.l

and hds,t

circulat.irrq

wat.cr

pullp

discharrle

of 253,000

gprn.

These

Lwo

units,_!$e,l

on,a

70

percent

loacl

factor,

have a maximum

heat rejection

o(4.36

.-.-.-...

BTU hr-l alnd

establ ish

<tr't rrvcrdQe

lZ"

C

ri

se in vlater

temperature

across-

n50rs.

gno

esLaDtlsh

art rtvcrdQe

lz-

,ors.

The

therrnal

effluent

leaves

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

T

T

I

I

l-

t

I

T

.r,he

g-enetating

f

acility

via a

0.9-km-long

discharge

canal

and'enters.Cof

feerr

l-ake by

flowing

over

a hot darn.

The discharge

t,lrcn

tollols

a

clockrvise

paLtern

:

-:

",

:

:

'.alon,

a

6.6-km cooling loop.

151s,'-provides

324 ha of

c0oling

area

(73'per.cen1

,'

l

:

'

,:

t,

,.of

th9.,l.gkp surface)

and

produces

a

total

'lake

loacling

raLe

of

0.86

Mer.t

r"ro-1

i

CTLI'E

^

:,:

,,,i

t

',

'

fr|

'

:jr:

:.

.:.::

t.

",',

':

,t,

l'

l'

-,,

l=

---

l,'.,-,,,

-':.'

!..,.,,:

..;.:,':

,,';:

,,.

::

':|

j.

l''-

....

.

:

I

.:.

T

,l-''

'

,1,''"t-',"'

i,-

,l

,";.

Tallle

l,l, Physical

tharacteristics

of

Cr:f

feen

Lake

1,,'

l'-

Surface

areal

llean

dept

h:

l,lax

i

mum

depth

;

ShoreI ine

Iength:

Storaqe

capaclty:

l,latershed

dra i nage:

Bottom

slope rndex

Shorel

i ne developrnent

i

nrJex

0rainage

area/lake

capaciLy ratio

Annual

loss in

capaci

ty:

Volume

develormerrt

index

446 ha

5.7

m

l't

,7

n

71. I

km

2,7? x

107

rn3

.4,q5

x

l03'ha

.3206

:

10,6

,6

.05

percent'

,97

l.:

I.:

I:

1,,

-..

i

',

l'.,',r,',

I:"

:'

;

r

I.:

I

:i

r..-

1,..'',

;:'

l

^r.\)

[r'

\J

"::t:i..

..

.

.::

,

aaa

:.:

,:.

::;:::.',

_t'

1.3

---

I

I

t

I

',1

I

I

T

I

I

I

t

I

I

ti::_:

:

z:

=,

::!

:

a::r'

:':,,

a:a

.

a::i

i!:':

='':':

aa:'

::.'

-,'a

:::

\-.

-:::.

':

.:..

:?::

l:.

aa

:::-.

i:'

='

,:.:

::

l::,,

:i:l

:-:

:

:.

:

:r,'

6ross

electrical'output

of ilre

Coff

een

6eneratiqq

.rt

ii.i{.tn i{n!;

luite

tdr.iaiilr:

(Fig.

l,l)

as

is

typical

0f rnost

c0dl-f irerj

units.

[\rr'i4r3

thr] nrrrtht

iyf

;igrr'ri,

May,

November

and

0ecclnber

of

l9/9

and i980,

oulprit-

itis reiliic{.j(1

hrc

t,rsrl

,ri

scheduled

maintenance,tnd

repair

work

at thc

power-

planl.

Sirrc.c

the

enset cf

this

studyr

max{rnum

stimrner

and

wirtter

rt isclrarr;e

Lemper-,tl.rrr'f:s,

oij(t1,lre11

at

the

enrJof'nu.*'Xingzone';:ii'1:',..io?6'crrC5PeCLive]y,

Several

Inodif

ications

of

:ilastewaler'

treatment

f

aciliLies

aL the

pow,..:t.

sLaticn

were

conlDleted

after

this

environmental

study

began.

lnclurJed

were

isolation

of

aslt

disposal

prntts

frorn

the

lake

basin

{completerJ

in

Auqusl

lgTg),

consLr.ucLion

of a

settlirrg

basin for

coal

pile

run-off

(conrpleLed

in

February

l97g),

ancl

construction

of,an

equalization

tank

for

rnixing

of

brine

anrt

rlernineralizer

wasLe

products

(Fig..l.2).

These facilities

served

to l)

pievent

ash

pon<1

effluents

fro'n

entering

the

lake,

2)

prevenb

coal

pile

frartictrlates

f1616

1-'1lg1.inq

ilrtr

lake,

and

i) buffer

brine

and

demineral:izer

wastes

(a

soldtio,r

of brinp

sttlfuric

acirJ,

and

s0diun hyrtt'oxicla)

from

pll

extremes

prior

Lo relrlt'tsr,

inlr:

tht

lake,

Fottr rnajor

satnpl

ing

stations

were

estdbi

ished t.o represent

arc.1s

(-)xposcrl

to

various

therrnal

regimes

and

were

sampled

by

all invesLigators.

Stdtion

I

was

Iocatecl

irr the

thermal

clischarge

aril,

Station

2 was

established

near

the

midpoint

of

the

cooling

loop,'station

3

was

situatecl

norlh

of the

intake

hay

as

a

thermal

transition

area,

and

Station

4

(which

was

partially

isolated

frcrn

lhe

rest

of the

Iake

by a raiIroacl

causeway)

was

regardcrl

as

ilre

ambient

area.

Approxirnate

djstances from

the

thermal

outfalI

to

stations

i

throuqh

4,

respectiveiy,

were

0.8, 4.0,

6.9,

and

8.4

Km.

In

aclditiorr,

ancillary

staLjons

for

certain

aspects

of the

strtdy were

located

near the

inLake

ancl

rtisclarge

structures,

at two

other

interrnediate

points

witlrin

tlre

cooling

loop,

ancl

at

thc

north

end

of

the

lake

where McDavid Rranch

enters

the lake

llasin

(Figure

l.Z),

I

I

I

I

a.a.

-1,

.|,.4

---

:-'

,,

-:.

t:.

I

1.

{J

^

tp

v)

Uqr

c)d

F1

Qt.

r-t

L:

fiq)

at

0r

")

c)

.i

qJ

ti

t

ol)

i

,a.;:,.

I

,r.1,.

I

.l

I

I

I

.

I

I

t,'

I

-

I

,.

!

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

---

I.

fum Infloxing

Strearn

t

t

I

I

I

t

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

Coffeen

Loke

I

too

looo

M.t. r

I

11"--..-.:

N

t

tt..

\

L,

=

Moior Sompling

Srorion

Last

Arm

'

Inflowing

Stre;un

Slag

,

Pnnrl

Yhormo

I

Outflow3

3i,l;t""'

:r

loperation

2op;udi;,t

3operation

ceased Feb.,

Degan I.eD.,

..

ceased

Aug.,

1979

r979.

i

t979

Sanrpl

ing

s ta

tions

on Co f f een

I,ake.

]:

::t.

.

::.4'.,

.:

,l

.

llr

,1..

v

F:"gure

1;2

''.t

'

'

[_J:

Ancillory Sompling

Srorion

---

--

::I

f:

,I

:-

:I

::

.

LITIRAIURTCIII.O

Central

Coffeen

Illinoia

Power

Public

Station

Service

Urtits

Company,

r

iriJ"i,

197l.

'iuoniifoo'to

Thermal

Denronstralon

f0r

ure

iiitnoii

poiiurion

Control

Board, Ma-v

1927.

.

Fehrenbach€f1.,1.

?.r-!r

0,

l.latker,

anrl ll,

L,

l.tascher.

1967. sails

of

Illinois.

':'Unlversityof

'47

pp

Illinois

Agricultural

,[xper.i'neni

Srution.

grii.ti"

ji;','-'

Il

linois,Environmental

Protection

Agency,

l97Ba.

AssessrnenL

and

Cl assification

of

Illinois

Lakes,

Vorume

I.

208 witer

Quat

iry

raan.gur.nf-pi;;;i;s

p;;;;:;,n

,

,!tafr

!gpirrt.

state

of

Il linois,

tnvironmentai

proriirion

ngency,

Spr

i ngf

iel

d,

I

I

I

ino.is

.

Il

I

inois

of

Il

Environmental

linois

Lakes,

Protectiorr

v0lume

l

l.

Agrncy,

"zgg.Hater

l97Bb.

Qualiiy

Assessment

i,lanagement

anrl

planning

Cl assification

frogral.Staff

Report.

state

or

ir

t inois,-E;;ii6nmentit

prorection

Agescy,

Springfield,

Ill inois.

Il

linois

Natural

History

Suryey,

1glg,

[nvironrnental

Studies

of

Coffeen

Lake.

'First

Iext;

Annuat

Vol.

I

I,

Report

Appendices

to

centrat

Illinois

public

Service

ccn[int;

1l;;.'';;"'

Lopinot,

DepartnentofConservation,Springlietd,.IIljnois..}l9pp;

A.-

c..

l?79., r,lontgornery

county

surface

water

resou.css'.

Iilinois

Schweqman,

'J.^E..

19i3.

Comprehensive plan

for

the

Il

I inois

l,lature

preserv,ls

System,

Part

2.

Tlte

Natural

Divisions

of Illinois.

lllino'is

Natu;e

.'-

Preser"ves

Conmi

ss ion.

32

pp

.l

;l

I

ll

,l

aa

.'

I

I

..

ti:.-

.:

:.:.'

:.

::-;.:,

:.'

):"

1:

:

,.

t

.

.t

:

..:

i.i.

a

::

'

.

,':':

'':

'

,:::

"'

.:l,

:.

::rr

.

,.-:

ii.'..

'

,..:t=

.,:...-

.-:

Ii ,.

l'':

..'

---

:

5Ecil0lf

?

,

:

I

TlttRi4AL

--

--

I'tApptHG

"

0F

C0rrttfi L&ri[

a

:

:

Sarah

t.iehr-Storck

ABSTRAC

I

.

''

Thermal

mappino

was

conductert,q'larlerly

at

Cof

feen

Lrke

dtlring

the

period

f rom

september

l9/B through

Sepiemoer 1979,

and

semi-drflrrdlly during

the two

fol

lowing

years.

Little variation

was

found in

surfdce ternperotures melsurerj

{lcross

transects

located at known

rJistances

from

the discharge.

The only

rnajcr

exception

occurred in

l'larch

l9B0 and

February

lg8l when the thernal

plume

stayed,

close

to

the

east bank north

of

the

darn f

or a

rlistance

of

l.0

to L5 ki lomer-ers.

'\++:5'1-:1l#-+:-*+E4

The

dischargc'

arm

of

the

'!rke

usual

ly had

dif

ferent

vert

ical

ternperature

distributions.

:4u1t.r

!.[rgn

!he-1g$-*of-.-tne

lake,

with

a distincI

change occurring

in

Lhe

vicinity

of t\q!U.

.'r*-

lhe

rJischarge

arm

of

the

iake'-ien,ieA

ts

itay

tfiFrmilly-

stratifieC'at'a

depth

of

about

tro

meters,

with

much

warnrer

water in the

top

layer.

In

the

vicinity

of the

,.''

clarn,

greater

rrixing

and

larqer

water

v0lume

c-qused a distinct decrease in

surf ac6-watei

ternperaturas.

rrJater

temperatures in

the

---*

cooling loop diti not

vary

greatly

between

the

dam

an<J

the

intake

canal

cove.

A

distinct decrease in

temperature

occurred

at the railroad

causeway!

inJlcating-

that

water temperatutes

north

of

the 19!lroarl

causeway

were

not

6ffs61ed oy

the

--'

-'-----:.-------'--

'--''..=.

thermal

discharqe

!o

the

sarlg_extent

as

_w_a-t*er ,t,empgratures

souilr

of the

l4q:91g..

Vertica'l

temperattre

distributions

did not

correspond

to

normal

,.

stratification

patterns.

thermal

discharges

prerented

winter

stratification,

and

ice formation

except for the

area north

of the railroarl

causeway.

Both

winter

temperatures and summer hypolimnetic.temperatures

were

hiqhcr

than

norrnal in

the

iower

region

of

the

lake,

possibly

allowing

greater,bacterial

activity

anrt

thus

'

greater

rates

of

cyclinq

of

nutrients

and other mlnerals.

!n the sLtmftre!"

neii)

,

the dam,

rather than

the

normal

situatlon

of

two

isotheimal layers

of

water

ttt

separated

by

a

therrnocline',

ihere were three isotherrnal

layers

separated fry

tw{

\

.

.:...

thermocl

:.:.

ines.:

j

The

to_p,.layerr.r:eq.g,]:ted,frq-nr

,

;.

,..:,,t

tt

'-

warr,ri'water

fr:bm the'discharge

arnr

/

.:

.

t/

stayingonthesurfacer.ttherthaImjxing...

,:

l,,t

l,i

:!

'.

:

Ctl

---

I

I

I

rli

!\';lrj

il{In00tJcr

tOti

blater

temperature

is

an

irnportant

p0rdmeter

af f

r:ctin,J

l,rke.,

bcr.,rusrr

i

i

infltlences

not

only their

phyrical

characterisLics,

but rt\0

!.h4ir

r.ricmical lnrl

biological

choracteristics.

Becarrse

differenr.

i:larit

and

lni{ral

species

have

dif ferent

temperature

tolerance

I imits

anrl

Itrnperdture

optima, tcmperdl(rrc

citrl

af

fect

'the

biota

directly

by l imiting

tlre

rJistribulion

of species

or

by

dctermininq

the

species

composition

of

cofimunities.

Temperalure

also affec.ts

tlte rete

of

biological

activities,

and lhus

dlfects factor^s

srtch

as

growth,

deconipositiort,

oxygen

consunption

and

evolution, anrl

nutrient

and other

nrinrlral

cycl ing thaf

delermine

the

biological

clraracteristics

of

a lake.

Also,

becausq

of

the relatianstrip

betwer:n

water

ternperature

arrd r!ensity,

tenperature

distribution

deterrniles.

circulation

poiiurnr,

anrl thrrt

o^yn*n

levr,ls, in

parts

of

the

lake

whicn

rneli

restrict

anirnal

l,ife

anrl alter bacteriol

,ictivity,

:.;

:

.,:

-TItt;rcfo5e,'a

tltorough

understanding

of

teinpera',lure

dist.r'ibut,iorr

is

essenlial lo

assessinq

the impact.

of tlterrnal

ef

f luents

on

the

cherrrical

a*d

bioloqical

clraracteristics

of

a lake.

'

','

r1

,,.

",11

,.

',,.,,

,.

'

Cof

f een

Lake woulrl be

cxpected to

have

tI

i

f

ferent

tempr.'rature

patlr:rns

iltan

nost

lakes

in this

geographical

area because

ib

is

a

cooling

lake

which

cir.culates

I

arge

quant

i t ies

of water and receives

a' heaLetl

cffl uent.

Temperalur.e

distribtrtions

were

alstl

affectetl

by

climatological

events

anrt by

t)ower

plant

generation (Fiq.

l.l).

The

purpose

of

this

study

is

to

provirJe

backgrounrl

information

cn

annual ternperature

patterns

in

Coffeen

Lake so ihat the

chemical

;:j,:H:l;:r'

,".

can'be

interpreted in

the

conlexr

of rheir

rhermal

I

t

t

I

I

l

:::

-

i:,

:,::j-:

I

I

t

I

I

I

T

I

I

T

?-,2

---

::)!:-

'.:

.':-

-i.

I:rj

l,t'

,.3..

l,:..,

I.

l--t-

-a.-:,:

j,-..-

1,..

I,r:,

I,,,

:

i-i:::,:-

..t

;,r,1.:,

..

:,1:

t,.:

I:

I

,,:':

I"

--

,

I

I

lr,

'i

t'''

'-r.,

r.,

r...

-1',

glr:-:-:

I::

r.lAr[R

lA[S

AND r4tTr10i]S

Ihq

ther,mal

plume

wis

$easured

at:

qilarterly

intcrvals

dur^ing

the

f

irst

.r,ear

of

sampl'in13,

and at

semi -dnnual

interval

s

durinq

thc

secr.lnrt

,tnd

thirrl

years.

.Vertjibtit'proflles Here

measrrred

at

l-meter

depth

intervals

along

transects at

known

ttlstances

from the thermal

discharge,

Tt'o

to five

vertical

profiles

were

measure..J:

along

eachr

traniect,

depending

on

the

length of that transect.

Three

boats

Here

used

when

possible

to

complete

medsurements

over

the

entire

lake

in

as little

time

as possible,

Temperatures

werc medsurer,

with

YSI

r{odel

57

d i

sso I ved

oxygen and YS

I

l'lode

I

33

S-C-T

meters

.

i)rofiles

of temperature and

dissolved

0xygen

were

measured twice

per

rnonth

at

l<neter

rlepth intervals from

mid-lake locations

at

Stations

i, 1.5, 2, 2.5,3

anrl

4

(F'ig,

'1.2).

These

measurements

were

taken

with

a YSI

tlodel

57

dissolved

oxygen meter.

.:

'.'

,

Therrnal mapping data

col

lected,during

al I

three

years

of

,...

in Appendices to dnnual report.s

(Liehr

l9i9;

Liehr-Storck

lgBl

).

Ternperature

anrl dissolved

oxygen

profi

le data

are

,

Appendices to these'reports

..I.

TEMPERATURE DII-FERENCTSACROSS IRAf{STCTS

ln

general,

very 1 ittle variation in

temperature

occurred

linking one

side of

the

lake

with

the

other.

There were

1,1.,.'

I

ake, however,

where

sorne dif ferences were observed.

tlris

ttudy

can be found

1980;

Li ehr-Storck

also

listed

in

across t

rarlsects

two

locations

irr the

In

the'main

arm

of

the

lake,

temperatures

were substantially

higher

along-the

east bank on

the

dates of 4

lllarch

'1930

and

16

February

l9t]1 .

The

clif

ference

in

surface

temperatures

between the.east

and west hanks

just

north

of the,dam

was

6.7,'C

'oir;

4

tlarch

lgB0land

5.4?C on

l6

February:

l9Bl

. Temperatures

remainert

,-.1

a,,:::,-.:..

:..::::.':t'r.:

2.3

---

dif

ferent

for,,

a.

distance

of

1.0

to-

1.5

kilornetr:rs.

i,linds

were

f

airly

stronq on

both

of

these

sampling clays

at

alrout

l0implr f

rorn

thr:

touth anr, sou1rrwcst,

llowever,

strong

iinrJs f rom the

'soutlr

and

soublrwest were

also

presenL

orr:olher

days that

thermal

rnapping

qreasurements

were taken,

and

thesr,

large

lempcrature

rtlfferences

were'

n0t

observerj.

A

much

less

pt'onounced

difference.,in

temperaturc

across a

lakcwide

Lransect

occurred

just

north of

the rai

lroad

causeway.

Tcmperatures

were

sl

ightly

higher

in

the

middle'of

the

transect'on

z0

November

l978

and l6 February 1981.

Slightly

higher temperatures

were

observed

on

thc

east sicle

of the

transect

on

B Augttst

l979,and

22

August

1980,

0peninqs

(culverts)

are locate<J in

ilre middle

and on the

east

side

of the

railroacl

causeway,

and these temperature

variaIions

may be the

result

of

water movement

through

these

culverts.

Again,

wind rtaLa

were inconclusive

as

a causative

agent,

since this

phenomenon

ylas

not always

observetl

under

s imi I ar

wi nd

cond

i

t i

ons

. If w,iter

exchange

was

occurr i,rg

ilrrouqh

the

culverts,

hoi{ever,

it

was

either

at

a

very

slow rate,

0F rnixing

was r-apid

ly

occurring,

as temperature

clifferences

were difficult

to

detect.

TEI.IPIiRATURE

DIFFERENCES

|.lITH DISTANCE

FROM

DISCI{ARGE

Since temperatures

were

fairly

uniform

across transects,

mean

ternperatures

at

0,

2,5,

l0

and l5

meter

depth

intervals

were

calculaterl

Lo

observe

seasonal

patterns

of distributjon

of waste

heat

with

depth

and

rlislance

from

the

di scharge.:

,

femperature di

stribution

i

n

the

summer

season

was notably

di fferent

fromtherntaldistributionjnthewinterseason.i

Thermal

mappings

comp'letect

on l2'september

1978,

B

August

1979,

ancl

22

August

l9B0 indicated that temperature

djstributions

were

simi lar

during

the

hottest

times

of

the

year (Fig.

2.1).

Thermal

stratification

(a

barrier

to rnixing

as

defined

on

paqe

2.8) occurred at,a deptlr

of about

two

meters

in the

area

of the

lake

between the

discharge

and

the.dam.

Stratification

at nine

to ten

meters

occurred

at

locations in the lake that

were at least

ten

meters

deep. The

temperature in

the top

two

meters

of

the

water

column decreasecl gradually

thrbughout the lelgth

of the discharge arm.

A

more

drarnatic

decrease

in

2.4

T

I

I

I

I

t

I

I

I

I

I

I

:l

.l

'l

'

::.:t;

t

l

---

25

eo

t!

o

F

(D

E

trl

o

I

L,l

F

c

ul

ul

G|

DlSTAllcE

FRoM

DIS0HARGE

(

xu

)

SURFTC€

2

r€rEFS

3

ETERS

IO

I'€TEFEI

It

TETERS

Lake

in

relation

to

:

I2

September 1978,

,

ol

F

:Ct

F-

6

^

(t

I-'

f

I

o

lrJ

E

f,

F

c

(L

lrl

l!

>

F.

q,

o

O)

F

o

ct

)

3

N

o,

Figure

l

,''''

Temperature

di.strlbutlon

in Coffeen

depth and dlstance from discharge on

8

August 1979, and 22 August 1980.

2.5

---

ffi'''-

ffi.-''

kl:

:

F''

H:,

Fir

lTli:

FJ

ffi:';.

si:.,

li:,

#t'

Fi,.

k;..

f;:

Fi.''.'

b:t:::

:: :

::>t.-r

:'

fi:::;:::: *

i.li:

.,,

f:-i''.:'.:,

F:'::1:

..:

[i:'ir'

-

'

ili

i,.':.:

.'''

,:

Ii:1,

'

..

'F1r;1;1',,.,'

tj):.:: .

.

.

"il:'i.,,1,

ff:.::l

' :

-l.';:,,-'''

!':-::,

:

:;:..:.,-'

;iir.

'

.1

i'li-

i;:r;:,;:

,

i!,:'.",t.,,

fti,,,:-

i1.:.

.

''",

.

f..'.'-

'

';:.1;,;.,:'.

,

l.lt,:.::,"

'

"?i.,,

lilo',:,:;;,'

+1.,-,

;j-,,':.:

J

rr"

:

')

i',tt,''-

:i:l:.:

:.':'

:'

;{j::::::i.

' :

'i7'):tt:.-

6l:;r:l;..,.

!i

l

7:;::'.:.

'

ii'"

';:,

!i::

t.

'.'-

.l

It::

'

i,

'-:

*-i*.

''l

i:::::

"

:'

i:i;'.: ,

temperature

occurred

at the

darn (except

on

Z?

Augrlst

l9B0

when

planL

gener,rtion

was

reduced)

followed

by

only

slight decreases

in

water

ternperalure

nlong

llic

retnaining

length

of Ltte

cool

ing loop.

Tenrperatrrres

dccreasert

nore rapidly

in

the'area

of the

lake

rreyoird

the

intake

cove,

arlrl then

a rapid:dc,cline

occurrcd

at,the

rai

lr:oarJ

causeway.

t.later,

temperatures

al f

ive

anrl

Len

rnelcr

rjeoLhs

did

not,change

fiuch along

the

coolinq

loop

or heyond

to the railrcart

cduseway.

The

winter

therrnal

'nappings

also

showed

simi

lar

temperatur.e

distriLru.r.ions

(Fig.

?-.2).

Data

frorn

B

March

I979

were

not included

liecause

the

l)ower

plant

was n0l

operatinq

on that date.

Thermal

stratificalion

occrrrred

at a

Cepth

of

one,to

two'meters

in the

area

of the

Iake between

the

rJischarge

antJ

the

:

spilluray,

with temperatu,res

in the

top two

meters

aqain

decreasing

qr.ariual)y

with increasinq

distance

from

the

discharge point.

A-." the

spil

lway,

.lrowever,

a

very

rapid.'temperatttre

drop

occurred.

During

winter,

the

resl

of

the lake

was

not stratif

ied,

and

surf

ace

ternperatures

decreased

onl-y

slighily

within

Lhe

remaincler

of the

cooling

loop.

0ther

temperature

difierences

occurr.erj

at

the

intake

cove

and

at the

railroad

causeway.

!Jater

ternperaturcs

at five

and ten

meter

depths

increased

in the

reqion

of the lake

between

the

spillway

arrl the

intake

cove

as

a

result

of

more

even

winter

verLical

dist,ribuLion

of heat

thruughout

the

water column

in

areas

beyond

the

rJischarge

arnr.

ldater

t.

ternperatures

:

that

were

2 to

3"C

cooler

were

found

at the

rajlroad

-

causeway

at

'6'11

times

that

rneasurements

were taken

beyond

that'st/uctur:e

excepL

22 August

l9B0

when

the

decrease

llas

only

about

l"C.

These

data

inclicai,ecl

that

the

rnixing

of

w.ater fr"orn tlre.north,and

south sides'of

the:causelay

was

considerably

slowed,

anc

that

the

portion

of the

lake

on the

north

side

of the

causeway

was

noliceably

Iess

impacted

by

thermal

effluents from

the

power

plant

than

was

the

por:tion,.of..thelakeonthesouthside...:

THERMAL STRATIF

ICATION

.

Aphysical.qropertyofwateristhatits.densityincreaseswithc|ecr.easing

ternperatures

(to

a

ternperature

of

4'C).

Because

of

this

property,

Iakes

Seconre

stra.tif

!ed,,when

so11e

I

ayers

change temperature

,more

rapidly

than

other

layers.

ln,rcmpeiate.regiq'ns,

thi.s'phenomenon

is

a cornmon

occurrence

in most.lakes

'_l

...

I

t

I

,l

I

I

I

I

.l

I

I

.T

:

I

't,

:'

I

'1.

't

a:,

,:

"1.

2,6

---

''.

o

@

ol

!'

(J

q-r3

r::,

ct0

AO

()

,o

€

\

\

SPILLWAY

:

DISTANOE

FROM

suRt

cE

----2

fTETERS,

-'-i-r

-

'lO

IIETERS

89

IIIYAKE

RAILROAO

UJ

G

l

F

G

o-

ru6

=

Fg

c

l

e.

,@

tr.|

l!

@

30

23

t5

to

5

o

1,-r ;

..

.f'lgure

2.2.

DTscHAROE

(xu)

Temperature:distrlbutlon

:.':

.

.

in Coffeen

Lake in

relatton

to

depth"and

dLstance

f rorn dlscharge

on

/r

lrlarch''1980

and

16 February

1981.

:,';. . .

---

l,

.

ourln9

!he

surmer.

ond

winter,

A ternperature

drop

of 1.C

Der

nieler

rjr:pth

is

generdl

ly

cortsidered

to

cause

a

rjensiLy

qrarlienL

suf

f

ic'ienl

to

act

ds

o

bar.rier

to

mixing,

arrcl

will

herein

be

used

as the

rtef

iniI

ion

of

Lhe

rrn36l

qns.

Sincc

Cof

feen

Lake

is

subjected

to

temperature

jnf

luences

oilrer thr.)n

c.l

imorological

ones' i.e',

it

rcceives

---i.

--

a heated

efflrrent,

this

lake

would nof

be

expecle(t

Lo

stratify

in

t'he

same

patterns

as

other

lakes

in

tlre

same

geo!r-a0hical

area Lhat

are

subjected

to

only

climatological

influences.

Stratificaiicrn

patt.erns

were

studied

by

means

of

temperature

profiles

measured

twice

per

monLh.

Dissolved

oxygen

concentrations

were also

studied

to

help

determine

the

stability

of the

t.herrnal

strat

i

f ications

observed

Stratification

in

the

winter

norrnally,occurs

when

Lhe

water

cools lo

below

4"C.

i'Jater

at

4'C

has the greatest

density

and therefore

stays

aL

the

bottom

while

water

above

jt

continues

to

cool

until it

freezes

at

0.C.

tjn<Jer

the

ice,

biological processes

continue,

although

at

a reduced

rate,

and

oxygen

can

llccorne

depleted

since

there

is no

exchange

with the

atmosphere.

In

Coffeen

Lake,

this

type

of

stratification

rvas

observed

only

at Station

4, and

no

oxygen

depletion

was

observed

during

periods

of ice

cover.

Consistent

stralification

was

also

ob'served

in

winter

at

Station

I

at

a

aepth

of

one'tc

three

meters,

where

thermal

effluents

frorn

the

povrer

plant

caused

water at

the

surface

Lo

be

considerably

warmer than

water

at

the bottorn.

In

spite

of this

winter

st,ratification

P,*a.!tern

ilr

the

discharge

arm,

however,

dissolved

oxygen

levels

were

fairly

unifortn throughout

the

water

column.

The

water

colurnn at

the

oLher

statiorts

was

qeiteral

ly

cornp'letely

mixed

wjth'.temperatu'res

mosfly

in the

range

of

6 to

14.C.

anrl

oxygen

levels

in the

range

of B to l?.

nq/1.

The norrnal

process

of summer

stratification

begins

in the

spring

as the

ice

millts

and

the

water

warms.

l,lhen

the

temperature

reaches

4"C,

the

water

colurnn

coinpletely

,nixes

(spring

turnover).

l.larrning

c<lntinues

and the

cooler,

more

dense'water

stays:

at the

bottom

while

surface'temperatures

continue

to

rise.

A

thermo'ilihe

develops,

with

water abov'e

(epilimnion)

able to

mix

f'reely

causing

it

to

be fairly

uniform

in temperature.

The

water

below

(hypoljrnnion)

is

not

able

'

to

mix with the

upper layer,

and thus

receives

no

new

supplics

of

oxygen.

DegomRosition

of organic

material

at

the

bottom

of the

lake

consunes

oxygen,

anrl

t:1"

In

rnosE

''''

\

euEropnlc

lakes,

oxyqen

becomes

depleted.

2.8

l'

T

I

t

I

I

T

I.

t-

t

l'

,1''

.? ,

,

::

I

T

I

I

I

t

---

I

:1

I

Variatior;s

of

thls

typical

surnmer

therrnal

stratificaf

ion

pattern

were observerl

in

Coffeen

Lake.

The

water

column

at

Station

I

was

sLratified

!hroughout

the

Sunrner

at a depth

of one to

three

meters.

Iemperatures in the

uppcr layr:r of

water

were often

extremely

high

(once

reaching

43'C

in

l9B0),

because this

station

was located

close to

the

pohrer

plant

rlischarge.

r,.lhile

a thermocline

does

not

normally

appear

that close

to lhe

surface,

it

was likely caused

by

the

warm

wator

discharged

from

the

plant

tending

to

stay

at

the

surface,

Hypolimnetic

dissolved

oxygen concentrations

were

'low

(frequently

below

3

mg/l

)

but

oxyqen did

not

become depleterl.

0xygerr

in th€ lower layer

could

have been

present

as

a

result

of

unstable

stratification

orr

more likely, replacement of

the

water

caused by the

current

from the

discharge.

Station

2 was

stratified

from

May through

september

in 1929.

r,ro

stable

stratification

developed

in that

region during'1980.

At Station

2.5

there was

no con^r.inuous

stratif'cation

for extended

periods,

although thermocl ines did

appear

on occasions

in

the

summer.

Stratification ctid

not occur at a

consistent

depth'

but occurred

anywhere from three

to

eleven meters.

Oxygen depletion

occurred

at

Stations 2 anti

2.5

fro,n

June

to

September

in

1979 and from

llay to

August

in

1980,

inrljcating that

stratification,

though

unstable,

was sufficient

to

prevent

consistent

mix:ing

of the

entire

water column.

i

Station

1.5,'located

near the

dam,

was

adjacent to the

discharge

arm and was

also the

deepest

part

of the

lake.

Continuous

stratification

was observed

in

this region

from lrlay through

0ctober

of

both

1979

and 1980.

At

the

beginning

of

the

summer,

for example in l9B0

on

June

3,

the typical

seasonal

vertical

temperature

distribution

developed

(Fi

g.

2.3), althouqh

hypoiirnnetic

temperatures

were higher than

norrnal because

spring

circulation

had occurred

at

a

temperature

much

higher than

4'C.

ft

the

dgpth where

the

temperature

began

to

decrease

rapidly, dissolved oxygen levels

also began to

decline

rapidly.

As the

summer

progressed,

however, two thermoclines

developed.

0ne thermoc'line

at

a

,

rtepth

bf

bne'to three meters,

resulted

fiorn

heated water

from the

discharge

arm

staying on

the

surface rather

than mixing. The

other occurred

at a depth

of

,

seven

to

dleven

meter:s

(Fig.

2.3).

0xygen

was f airly.urriforrn

or increased

.',slightly

with

depth

in

the

upper

layer and

becarne

depleted in

the

lowest

layer.

l,

2.9

---

.

:.:

I

:,...,.

i.l

I

.:

I.

T

'l

I

:,l

,l

t

:iJ

c

0r:

c,l

:o

:

u

.rJ

Y{

:

crJ

.

@..

.o

o\

a.6

a

:oT{

:tgF

lFl

!

:(J

!JO

E.'

5c)

O,C

,o

rJg

u

'..1

L)

.F'.{

'oB

oIith

'u

Fi

..{

U,

:(!:.c

OIJ

l.t

:O.

ACJ

i

NAJ

O!

v(0

o

d

lFi

c'

'"o

.

o0:.tr

>'

X

"l

oq

,3

,aC

O

(0!.

:{

3'.'

F-'

,l{€

o(r'

.J

,q.|

:lJrJ

,

ts,tr

O.:k

eo

o0,

m

:

c'r

':

.

tU::.

F.

J

t*

(\l

o

a

c)

R

o

I

:t

=l

i

o

st

I

t,

F.

J

(9

=':

z

,o

(fi

) Hld30

---

Be!pen.the]tw-othermoclines,oxy9enrapidlydecreas€din.concentrationwith.i

:

r,

lncredsing

depth

but

did not

become

depleted,

whereas

ternperatures in

gris

zose

were

fairly

uniform

(Fig.

?.3).

Ihese

thrce

layers

of

[he lake,

which

wert,

partltioned

by

the

thermoclines,

possibly

did

not

mix rith

oach

other during

the

entire

sumnr,

Since

the

mi<Jdle

layer

was

at

least

partially

in

the

euphotic

zoner

oxygen

was

generatecl

by

algal

photosynthesis

thus

cornpensating

for

oxygen

consumed

by

organic

decomposition

arrd

preventing

oxygen

depletion,

Oxygen in

that

-:'

layer

might

also

have

been

present

as

a

result

of

occasional

mixing

with

the

upper

iayer

if instability

occurred

from

interruptions

in

power plent

gener

at

i

on .

.t::

l

a.:,

,::.

r-

ai:i:l

:,,:.

=:

:

::tti,';*,1

',

:.aa

::

.::',.:.,:::

2.t I

---

'a"

.:i:.

,

i't.'

r

r'l

,

,

:

L

lIi

RAIIJRE C I

IIt)

.,:

a:,

.

l

'

:

,i,i

Liehr, S.

19i9.

Thermal

mappi'tg.

In: J. A.

Tranquill

i

rrnd

R,

!i.

Larino''e

(eds,).

Envlrorlrnental

s'tudies oFCoffeen Lake:

'First

Annual

Repcrt

io

:.

-.

Central

Illinois

Public'ServiCe

Company, Illinois

Natural

tlisLory

Survey.,,

Liehr-Storck,

S.

1980.

lhermal

mrpping, In:

J.

A.

Tranqui I

]

i

and

lt. ll.

Lar imore

(eds.

).

[nvironmental studies-i-f Coffeerr

Laxe:

Second

A.nnual

::,Report

to

Central

Illinois lubli: Service

Company, I'llinois

l{atural.

Histor-y

Survev.

.:

l

--

-

-!

-1,

2.,12

---

il.

1I

,:l.i

7;i:,'

,

,

,,:=.

SECI l0ll

l

,IATIR

qUALtTY

0F

COf Fff.f{ LF,K[

l'',

by

Sarah

Liehr-Storck

ABS IRA{.7

llater

quality

was

studied in

Coffeen

Lake

from

August l9/0

throrrgh

Oecernber

1980.

Total dissolvect

sol

ids

ancl

sulfate

concentrat

ions

decreased

rluring

tire

.spring

flood

of 1979, and

then

qradually

increased

to the

end of

1980. The

.

total

arnount

of dissolved

solids

arrcl

sulfate

in the

lakc

also increased

frorn

,June

1979

to

December

1980.

Perior1ic

flushing

of water frorn

tne lake was

apparently

necessary to

maintain

c0nstant su'lfate

levels,

Aiknlinity increosed

from

l9't9

Lo

19u0,

providing

additiona'l

bcnef

icial brrf

f

ering capacity

against

pll

chan9es.Turbid.itywashiqhestatthenorthenc|ofthe]akeafLerper.iotJsoi

heavy

precipitation.

lhe

railroad

causeway

with

two

small

culverts through it

served as

a

barrier,

Ftrcventing

much of thc turbirJity

entering fronr

the

l

watershed at

the

upper

end

of

the

lake from reaching tire

lower

part.

of

the lake;

Totai

phosphorus

ievels

r.Jele general

ly highest in tlre upper

end of

the I

ake.

'

',.

Inorganic

nitr'ogen

c,onccntrations increaserj

<lramat

jcally

at al

I stations in late

1979

anrl I980.

The

greatest

increases

of

inorganic

rritrogerr

occurrer'l aL

,stations

nearest

the

pohen

plant

discharge,

and

r,orrnal

seasonal

nitrogen

cycles,

:,were

disrupted.

Chlorophyl

I g concentrations

were corrsistently

highost

at

the

north

end of

the

lake.above the

railroad

causeway and lowest in the

dischargc

drm. The

conclusion

that the

north

encl of

the

lake supportecl

greater

standing

'crops

of aigae

was

consistent

with

observations of higher

pH

value

ancl

greater

'sat,uration

of dissolverl

oxygen

there.

jlf'ecf--:Ipggi

glgaqer--A.Iaof-eff.Lreqt5-qr

l_

t.

Lowconcentrationsofdissolvedoxygen

were,observecl for

extendert

perjods

in

deeper

areas of

the

lake

during sumnter

rnonths.

0xygen

was depleted for

most

of

the sunmer throughout

extensive areas.

-of:the

lake

indicating eutrophic conclitioni.

In

wirrter,

cornplete

rnixing of

.rrrost

of

the.lake beyond the

discharge arm

prevented

oxygen

depletion frorn

occurrting.

3.r

---

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

T

I

t

T

I

I

I

I

::

:-:

ra:-::::'

't:::.

j.li'.:::

'i,:::=::

:-:t::l

1:::r:.

i'::.

=:

:.;:

:

:-

::

,ir:;t:,

;

t

r..a

.

!::

'.::..

i r:a:a..'

!::-::

t-'

:!-.1:t

t:i::::

-:

-- ra:

.:-,:

:

:.:::

,ri:

.

:.

I r{tR00ucT

t0N

The

water

qual

ity

invest

igation 'rras

undertaken

with

the

purpose

of

evaitrat

in,.;

brater quality

in

Coffeen

Lake after

the installation

of

net,r

HdsLervater

treatrnenL

-'iacil,itjes'at

the

po'ler

pldnt

dnd

with

more norndl

precipitation

patLerns.

, Tlr€:

investigation

included

(l)

monitoring

wdter

qudlity

param€ters

irr

th€

lake',anrl

:

determilring

the

cause

of changes,

and

(z)

determining

hovl

temperature

,,

distribution,resulting

from

the

discharge

of

a thermal

effluent

affecterl

waler"

qual

ity.

The

investiqation

includerl

studies

of circulation

patterns

in

the

lake,

cl

irnatological

events,

and

chemical

inpur-s

to

ilre

I

ake. These

claLa

were

used

to

assess

the

relative

impacts

of climatological

events and

plant

operation

on therlake,

and to

determine

hovJ

the

temperature

distribution

affected

mineral

cyclingandeutrophication.t.Jaterqualityparametersthataffectedthebiota

are.discussed

with

particular

reference

to affect.s

on

a)gal populations.'

",'

'l

.T

T

.

.'r.

I

-

:.:::

::.

:

.:

3,2

---

:::

l{A'i[,i

I

;115

Af{0

l.lf

Til0l,S

SAI4PL

IN6

SCIIEOIJLE

l'later

samplcs

were

coi

locted nronthly

at Staticns

l,

z, 3, anc 4

ar.

the top,

nidrJ

le,

antl b,ottom

of

'Lne

wdtu.

colri,nrl anrj

at StoLion 5,

Lhe

slag

ponrt

outf

low,

the

coal

pile

runoff,

the

c.ral

pile

runoff

seLtlinq

pond

ortfl6r1, tile

easL.lrin

inf

lowing

stream,

ancl the

west

arrn

inf

lo*ing

stream

(see

Fiq.

l,?).

Sampl

ing

.rL

the51agpondwas'discotltinuer|afteritwasa|ronr|onediliAugust1979.Ine

station

at

the coal

pile

runoff

was

changed

Lo the

settling

ltond

o,.rtf

low in

the

'ni'lrl

le

of

tha f irst

year

when

settl

rng

porrd

operation

begarr. Af

L,jr opr.:r.ttion

began,

direct runoff from

t.he

coal

pile

no

lonSer

ran into

Lhr.: lake.

SLrearns

f

lowing

into

the

east and

west

arns

of the

lake

were both

irrLerrnrltent.,

arril

ilrey

could

only

be

sampled

in

the

sprinq.

The following

pararneters

were

Ineflsured

d[

'nonLhly

irrtervals

f

rorn

AugusL lgZB

through

Decernber

1979:

turbirJity,

total

alkalinity, f

r-ee

carbon rlioxirle,

t0IA

hardrtess,

total

phosphorus,

soluble

orthophosphate!

arilnoni.l

,

nitrate,

niLrite,

total

iron,:soluble iron,

ferrous'jron,

sulfate,

sulf

itr?,

161sl

sulf irle,

dissolved

hydrogen sulfide, un-ionized

hydrogen

strlfirtc, clrlr)rirle,,tnrl

f

lrrorirje.

At

quarterly

intervals

water

samples

,,{ere

dlso analyzed

for

or

q.lnic

rriLrogen.

total

organic

carbon,

particulate

organic

carborr,

rJissolved

organic

cartron, and

clternical

oxygen

demand.

After

0ecemtrer

1979, fluoride,

sulfite, irqn forrns,

chernical oxygert demartd,

anrl

particulate

anrt

soluble

organic

carbo,r.leru,

elilninated

from

the

pararneter

I

ist.

Sulf ide forrns

were measured

only when

oxygen was depleted

in

the

hypolinnion.

Chlorophyll

g,

pheophytirr

g, and t,;tal

and

particulate

organic:carbon t{ere

measured

nronthly f rom

rlupl

icaLe

intr:oraLed

sar.nples

of

the eufiirot

ic

zonc at the f

our

iriaj0r

lake sLat

ions .rntJ

at the

i

ntake

of

tlre

power plant.

::..5

i.Il:

:'.'I,:

,.-

,.I.a

.

.,a

,l

Pr,of

i les of,,temperature,

dissolved

oxygen,

ald toLal rlissolvetl

solids

r+ere

rneasured

twice

monthly at

I<n

depth intervals

dL

Llte

four,najor

sLations

lnd

at

Stations

1.5

.:'

'and

2.5

(Fiq.

1.2). At the

s,rme tir€,

prt

wils

Inr-,(.tsi,red

at

Lhe

surf

ace,

rniddle,

and bottom

of

the

water

col

rlnn

at

those

st.aL ions.

.

1,'.:.

:.-::a:

. ,.,':.:,.,

a,

,.;.

.

.:.:--:.;.:.

3.3

---

::'

,

ti'

I

"jl":

"

'

.:.:

I

I

I

I

I

I-

I

T

I

t

I

,t,

.j.

I

I

:,

,.',,,'

I

,

'a.

I

T

.'a-='t;'a

3.4

---

:

Iahle

.l.l

I'l*thods

us{:d

to

trlnlyze

r:he;nical

par,l:r,eLers.

Parannter

l'le

thod

Turbldity

total

alkal inity

Free

carbon dioxide

lotal

phosphorus

So

I

uirl e orthoplrosphate

EDTA hardness

Anrnonia

nitrogen

I{rtrate

nrtrogen

Nitrite nitroqerr

Sul

f

ate

Chloride

Fl uor i de

Ir.on

(total

,

sol

ubl

e,

and

ferrous

)

Sulfide

'

..

(totat

and un-ionized

and dissolved

hydroqen

sul

f

ide)

urqanlc nrE,roqen

0r:ganic

carbon

(total,

r.

'

particulate,

and

<lissolved)

Chemical

oxyqen dernand

Chlorophyl

I

a,

pheophytin

a

i'aiiitek

i4odr:l

2l

nephelom,:ter

'l'

Stondard

l4etlrorJs

l4th

ed,, Lilrdtecl

to

plt

4.60

Ca

lcul ated by

method of

l'larvey

{

I960) and Park

i

1969)

Stannous

chloride

method

,

'

'

:.

SLahnouschloriderne[hod(Autoanaly.zer)

E0TA colorirnetric rnethod

,

"

l.lodj

f

ierl

phenate

nethorl

(Autoanaiyzer)

.'

Cadmirrrn rerluction

method

(AuLoanalyzer,)

0l

azoti zat ion nethod

(Autoana

lyaer)

Turbidimetric rnethod

:

Argentometric

method

,Electrode

method

on 0riorr fudel

601'nretcr

,

,

.,1

Pherranthrolinenrethocl

r

,,

Methylene

blue visual

color

matching

rnethod

Total

Kjeldahl rnetnod

(Autoanalyzer)

'

r..:.i'

.

:

'...1'

Direqt

.injection

metho<J

on 0ceanography

International

Carbon

Systern

llach

Reactor 0i

gestion

COD method

(J

j

rka

and Carter.',,1975)

St

andarcl

irlethods

---

'l

-:'

:: i

t

I

T

I

I

I

I

I

t

I

I

I

t

I

T

I

I

RI

SI,lL iS AI{O

I)

ISC{JSS

I

Of{

Data

f

rom

the

f inal

col

lection

period

of

July

l9B0 through

fucernher

l9B0

are

cotttairtcd

in

Appcndices

3.l -3.ii.

Previously

col

lecLatJ tJata

are I

isLe<l in

1979) antl

Appendices

3.1-3.'3

of

the second

annual

repori|-

(Liehr-Storck

l9B0).

.

,

:,

:

DISSOLVED

SOLIUS

Coffeen

Lake had .1

much

greatcr

concentration

of

Lotal

rJissolved

rol

itls

(TDS)

than

rJid

five

other lakes

in

this

geoqraphical

area.

the

rilcdn

concentraLiorr of

TDS in

Coffeen

Lake on l7

June

l9B0

was

853

nrgi'1

as

NaCl,

'rvhile

fivc

other^

lakes

in

the

area sampled

on

lB

June

l9B0

(Liehr-Storck

l980)

hatl

c0nce'tlrati0ns'?n

the

range

frorn

l33

to

321

mg/l as ltaCl

(table

3.2). Lake Sangclrr'is,

anoLher'

cooling lake in

central

Illinois,

ltad

a mean

TDS

concerrtration of

319

nrg/l

as

NaCl

(Iable

3.2)

(Brigharn

lg8l

).

,:

Little

variaLiort

j

in

TDS

occurrerl

arnong

stations at

rrrosL

tirnes

of

thc

ycrr

during

this study.

ln

the

spring, however,

concentrations

at Station

4, in

the upper'

enrl of

the

lake,

clropper.l consirJerab)y

relative to Lhc

other

sLaLions,

corresponding to

increased

rainfall and runoff

creating

higher

lakc

elevation

(Fig.'3,'l).

The largest

tlrop

in iOS at Station

4 occurred'il

the

spring

of 1979

when

t.he

rnost

dramatic

increas€

in

lake

elevation

occurred.

The

concentr'ation

at

Station

4 also decreased

relative to the

other stations'in:Augrst

l9:zg rturing

a

lrerioci

of

heavy rains.

Tlte overal

,'::.

I concentration

of

Tl)S

varieit considerably during Lhis

sludy, with

a

l..g--qg.j9gg1.9-e

.q.cjurring,

in.the spring

of

1979

followed by

a

progressive'

ii-i-,t:Sgr-q,'

Since the'volume of the'.lake

also varied,

however, the

toLal

imounb

of

dissolved solids,in the lake may be

a

more

rneaningful

parameter

for

cteter:;rrining

whether dissolved sol.ids actr.ral ly

increased

or decreasr:<.|.

Us''ing .r

lakc

:

'.

elevation-volurne

'.:a,,:

:

,'

relationship

,

.:.

(Fig.

3.2;

Sargent

onrl

Lundy)

the

arnourrt

:

,

'

of

dissolVecl solids wa5-calculated

rdrrd

plotted

against tirne

(Fig.

3.3). A large

decrease was observeJ in

the

spring of 1979 when water

stored in Lhe reservoir

was

,f.l

uil

uslled

over

the

spi'llway asr,-lar.ge

amounts'of rain

and:runoff

waler,entered

.

""tl

,:'i:t:i-.1.

::

1

:.

.:-,a.

I

3.5

---

\a

\h

+J

+J

P{J

E].('

l-

l-,

F.F

aJ,

(uJ

a)o

l,

E,t-,

o-.16

-.:

o).=-

cr.=

4

o, )-

a7'

|

-l:

.t,

:}

.'lctc('lfna\r

or

o

ala

rD

ftr

g

s?@cocuGl

d'=t

9

:t

-j

{.;

t1r

.rn

:;

,

(.r'

fi)

\O

('\

.t

C-o

r\

fr)

<l

A

:C

;

fw

rn

aqg<rm

C!

tt) r

(3

fr?

'1r

:

f.\

I

(\J

fr.)

!')

('

ft

"

cD

.

@

.,Q

o

c)

cv .n

!o

sCOeC/)

a ;'n

"i

'd

ea

(v

q

n

,

o\ rn

E

,3

I

B

=

'

g

otlQ!?(oc)Nr

rD.')gR

'

tr)

'r!

rf

C.J

C\I.

€')

€.:

o\

(c'

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,(=

c\J

<f

st

a':!gto<l(11Or:

rtr:C1tD

.

rt)

c-r

q'.

co co

8.,.a

:

g

3

S

qqAorro

sl<>sl:NJ

rn

cr)

l.cl

C!

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C\l

crr

O.J

tc)

Cn

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.;

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or!

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+<rJcn

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>c

83

vl

|.

JL'

0.,

-c

JC

\

.a

(Ur

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.!

Gro

JC

rq

L

c.r

oo=o)

-J

tl'

C-

(uoc(o

F-C

(9

vl

o

L

E(^

-c

or

g

(u

slz

(uo

Its

r!

OJ

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€co

ae

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b-c

c

Qrzt

ccl

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9\J

!--

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(u

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f\O

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F-

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LF

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I,o.

+J'

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th

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(Y}

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E:F

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nCt

t,L

(u

.

L-o

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q,l

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{JC)

:-

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6

r'47

'+rL

>r6

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,:l

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ft

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(u

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.:.,

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dO\

c@

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7t'/l-

,

c(D(l)

..

: .6sz

c

qr'O=

E J.?

(r,

l)

d

F

---

'l

::

'l

I

-t

I

I

I

,l

I

I

-l

-l

'l

'l

:

'l

'l

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o

z

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ia

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O)

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F.

o,

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'.,

'$i

'-,'

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,,..:

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',"

'

'',5!

,,:r,

zl

t:

'f'

a

o

@

{b

(D

HH

tr)

u.i.i

'l

3.8

l:,::

---

r000

I

500

580

560

570

o

-tr

o

f

,tl

q,

o

3

o

c

o

,o

o

tlr

5

:;

'rl0

Sloroge

Vofume

15

20

In

Thousonds

Ol

25

Acre Feel

-

at

:'.

-

-

:.

. a--

Figure 3.2.

Relatlonship

of

,

'.t

,

surface area

1n

Report SL

1990)

lake

elevatlon

Cof

f een

l,ake.

3.9

with

storage

volume

and

(Source:

Sargent and

Luncly

---

I

It

t,'

'I'

'l"

l'

l-

:

l'

'

t.

'l'

a:

l=

.k

U

u

m

r\

_-

o\

a,

ft

q)

u

E

L

.!{

.':a

r2i

.r0

"J

-

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3.

10

---

the.lake.Frornlatesunrnet.of'l979r:nt,|ltheenr|oft|it,::,|'i,rt|y,liL||e

orklitional

water was

f lushed

f rom

the l,rke,

trntl

a

f

airly c0flstdnt

increase

in

total

dissolvecl

solids

was

otrservecl. This

iilr.rease

can

l)c:al.i.riblterJ

Lo

:i;rplLs

frorn

precipitabiort

anrl

runof

f as

well

as

f

rom

deminr:ralieer

ivastes enrl

c0al

pi

le

runof

f

porrd

ef

f

luerrts.

'

Even thouqh

t.otal

dissolverJ

solirls

concentr-ations chanqed

during

lhe sturiy,

per:iod,

the

relative

composition

of lhe

anion

components changed

on'ly

slightly

during

that

time

(Fig,

3.4), excepl

at stati0n 4

rluring

the

spring

flood

of

l?79, an.!, to

o lesser

extent,

during

the spring flood of 1980. Instead of the

carlionate-bicarbonite

anions

expected to

tre'dominant

in

trodies

r,,f

water

irr

ternperate

rregions'lHutchinson

1957)', sulf'ate was ttre rjorninant

anion.

Sulfate

concentrations

were much h:igher

in Coffeen

Lake

than in

five lakes

cf

the

suriounding area

oi

in

Lake

Sangchris

(Table

3.2).

Both the

high

conceritration

of sulfate'and

the

extreme domindnce

of

the

sulfate

anion sugcest Lhat

Coffeen

Lake contained

sulfate

concentrations that

are corisiderably

great,er

than normal.

The

increase in

sulfate

concentration

over,firne

is,illustrated

by data

collectecl

and

provided

by

the

power

plant

sjnce

.|966

(fig.

3.5).

ihe rnost

rapid

increase

occurred

cluring the

period

f

rom

.|975-1976,

wiith

a

decrease f

ollovrirrg

in

1977.

Sulfate

levels

in the

lake

generally

corresponcletl to

sulfate

levels in

the

asn

ponds

(Fig.

3.5).

These

ponds

were

taken

out of use in 1978,

,rnd apparently

sulfate levels

in the

lake

have

dropped

substantially as a result.

Sulfate

concentrations were

found to

be significantly

differenL

amontl stat,ioirs

(Station

3 vs.

4 and

Stations I

+

2 vs.

3

+

4),

rnonths,

and

sLations by

months

interaction

(faUte

l.l).

These

differences

were mostly

caused by the

large

decrease in sulf ate,concer'rtrat,ions at Slation

4

during thri

springs

of

1979

and

1980

(Tables

3.4

and

3.5).

At other tirnes

of the:year there

was

ljttle

difference among

stations

(Fig,

3.6).

Significantl.y

lower

sulfate

levels

ocaurred

in

.|979

than

in l-q8f)

(Table

3.6) ai a restrl'l

of frorn

the

spring

floorJ

.::"

of,1979.

:A

substant'ial

drop in the lakewide

sulfate means

occurred in the

spring of 1g79,

from

596

mg/l in January 1979 to 3'10

mg/l in

May i979.

Afler

thai time, however, sulfate

concentrations increaserl

steaclily

(Fi9.

3.6)

untii

.:"

they

:.,'

reached,512 mg/l in December

1980. This increase

was

acconrpaniecl

by

an

l

,ovir.al'l.decrrease

iri,

lake eleVation't(Fig.'3.''l). Therefore,"fo

cleter,rnine i6'',the

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