BEFORE THE ILLINOIS POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

IN THE MATTER OF:

WA'T'ER QUALI'T'Y STANDARDS AND

EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE

CHICAGO AREA WATERWAY SYSTEM

AND THE LOWER DES PLAINES RIVER:

PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO 35 Ill.

Adm. Code Parts 301, 302, 303 and 304

R08-9

(Rulemaking

- Water)

PRE-FILED TESTIMONY OF CHARLES P. GERBA

My name is Charles P. Gerba. I earned a Bachelor of Science degree from Arizona State

University in 1969, and a Ph.D. from the University of Miami, Florida in 1973. Both of my

degrees are in Microbiology.

I was a postdoctoral research

follow and Assistant Professor of

Environmental Virology at Baylor College of Medicine in the Department of Virology and

Epidemiology from 1973 through 1981. I am currently Professor of Environmental Microbiology

in the Departments of Microbiology and Immunology; Soil, Water, and Environmental Science;

and Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the University of Arizona in Tucson, Arizona. I have

authored more than 500 articles including several books in environmental microbiology and

pollution science. I actively conduct research on the development of new disinfectants, new

methods for the detection of enteric pathogens in the environment, occurrence and fate of

pathogens in the environment, fate of pathogens during wastewater reuse and land application of

biosolids, microbiology of domestic environments and microbial risk assessment.

For the last three years, I have participated in the District's Microbial Risk Assessment

(MRA) Study as a member of the Geosyntec Team Senior Advisory Committee. In that role, I

have worked closely with the project team providing direction and peer review in all aspects of

the MRA Study, which evaluated the human health impacts of disinfection versus non

disinfection at the District's three largest water reclamation plants all of which discharge into the

---

Chicago Area Waterway System (CAWS). In addition, at the onset of the study 1 provided on-

site training to the District personnel on sample collection procedures.

The MRA study focused on microorganisms typically present in the feces of humans and

other warm-blooded animals as indicators of fecal pollution. including the following

indicators

and pathogens:

o

Lnteric viruses: i) total culturable viruses, (ii) viable adenovirus; and (iii)

norovirus

o Infectious Cryptosporidiuin and viable Giardia lanablia

n

Salmonella spp.

o I'seudomonas aerugin.osa

0 P'ecal coliforrns

o

E. coli

o

Enterococei

This list was taken to be representatives of the likely universe of disease causing

organisms and indicators that are used to assess fecal contamination. The indicators selected are

those which have been traditionally used and those recommended by the United States

Environmental Protection Agency and the World Health Organization for assessment of

recreational water quality (NRC, 2000.

Sahnonella

was also selected as it is one of the more

hardy enteric bacterial pathogens and can always be found in wastewater and would be expected

to be representative of the risks from other enteric bacterial pathogens.

Pseudornonas aerugiInoso

was selected because it can be commonly isolated from sewage and causes recreationally

associated eye, skin and ear infections (Hunter, 1997). Decal coliforms, E.

soli,

enterococei

were included in the list of organisms studied because of its use as an indicator recreational water

2

---

quality (NRC, 2004). The test did not detect pathogenic E,

coh,

Non-pathogenic forms of

E. soli

occur in much greater concentration than pathogenic forms in wastewater and their behavior

would be expected to be similar to the pathogenic strains of E.

soli

(Nwachuku and Gerba,

2008).

Cr.) ptosporidiutn

is the protozoan pathogen most commonly associated with recreational

waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States today (Dziuban et al., 2006).

Giardia

is also

associated with recreational water borne disease outbreaks (Dziuban et al., 2006). Total

culturable virus assays have been used by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency in the

Information Collection to assess risks from enteric viruses in water and will largely detect the

enteroviruses (Coxsackie, echo,), one is of the most common groups of enteric viruses found in

wastewater. Norovirus and adenovirus are the viruses most commonly associated with

recreational waterborne disease; accounting for more than 90% of all reported outbreaks of

viruses associated with recreational water. Norovirus is the most common cause of viral diarrhea

in the United States. Adenoviruses are a cause of car, nose throat and respiratory infections

associated with recreational waters. They are also the second leading cause of viral diarrhea in

children. Adenoviruses have been detected in greater concentration in wastewater than any other

enteric virus, thus they may pose the greatest risk of infection in recreational waters of any of

enteric pathogen (Gerba, 2008). Enteric viruses and the protozoan parasites were included in this

study because they have a much lower infectious dose than the bacteria (i.e. takes fewer to cause

infection) and they survive much longer in surface waters than the enteric bacteria pathogens.

I

direct the operation of the Environmental Virology Laboratory, Department of Soil,

Water and Environmental Science at the University of Arizona that performed the analysis of

adenovirus and norovirus for this study using University of Arizona Standard Operating

Procedures (SOPS). There are no U.S.EPA-approved methods for norovirus. The University of

3

---

Arizona method estimates the virus concentration

,

but does not determine or confirm viability or

infectivity

.

Thus, this method is a conservative estimate of the nunnber of infectious virus

present in the water i.e. it detects both non-infectious

(

dead) and infectious viruses

(live).

Adenoviruses are believed to be € ore common in sewage than enteroviruses

,

and have been a

cause of recreational waterborne illness (Gerba, 2007

).

There are no U.S.EPA-approved

methods for adenovirus. A University of Arizona SOP was used for the analysis of adenovirus

that includes cell culture and DNA confirmation.

'T'he occurrence and concentration of protozoan parasites, total culturable viruses,

adenoviruses and norovirus were generally equal to or lower than observed in other studies by

me and others on wastewater discharges and surface waters in general during dry weather

conditions

(

Gerba, 2008

;

Rodriquez et al., 2008; Rose et al., 1988, 1991,1996). These studies

involved both disinfected and non-disinfected treated wastewater, and streams into which they

were discharged. Some of these studies were conducted in Europe where disinfection of treated

wastewater discharges is usually not practiced

.

The concentration

of

Cryptosporidiuln

was lower

than observed in studies in which I have been involved in previously and other studies reported

in the scientific literature in which there where no known sewage discharges (Rose et al.,

1988;1991

)

This is because cattle and other animals can be greater source of

Cryptosporidizan

in

surface waters than sewage discharges

.

The

Giar

dia

was also generally lower than that observed

in several other sewage discharges from previous studies conducted by me and reported in the

literature by others

(

Rose ct al., 1996

;

Smith and Grimason

, 2003

).

These studies were

conducted in various locations across the United States. The total culturable viruses were also

lower than observed in a study of a recreational stream in Arizona conducted by my laboratory

in which bathers were the only source

(

Rose at al., 1987).

4

---

It is my expert opinion that decisions regarding the need for effluent disinfection must be

made on a site-specific basis. Disinfection is warranted in situations where direct human contact

in the in-imediate vicinity of an outfall is possible or where effluent is discharged to areas

involving; the production of human food. Disinfection is warranted in situations where its

application leads to a reduction in the risk of disease transmission. As illustrated by post-

disinfection regrowth of bacteria, relatively poor virucidal behavior, and generation of persistent

disinfection by-products (DBl's), it is not clear that wastewater disinfection always yields

improved effluent or receiving water quality.

There is a great variability in the performance and uncertainty in the efficacy of

disinfection.

There are many unanswered questions with respect to disinfection efficiency data

for microbial indicators and pathogens. The available data for the evaluation of disinfection

technologies are bench-scale or pilot-scale experiments and not full-scale operations. Therefore,

it is uncertain if disinfection designed to remove indicators can be effective in the removal of

pathogens and in the reduction of pathogen risks. In applying any disinfectant, it is important to

strike a balance between risks associated with microbial pathogens and those associated with

DBPs. DBI's are persistent chemicals, some of which have relevant toxicological characteristics.

The inventory of DBPs that have the potential to cause adverse health effects is large and highly

variable among Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) effluents. The human health effects

associated with chemical contaminants that are influenced or produced as a result of disinfection

operations tend to be chronic in nature. Therefore, the development of a risk assessment for

exposure to chemical constituents, including DBPs, is far more complex than the microbial risk

assessment, Risk assessments of wastewater disinfection should consider microbial and

chemical quality.

5

---

Respeglirlly

Submitted,

By.,

Charles P. Gerha

---

Testimony Attachments

1.

Curriculum

Vitae of Dr.

Charles Gerba.

2.

Dry and Wet Weather Risk Assess

m

ent of Human Health Impacts of Disinfection vs.

No Disinfection of the Chicago Area Waterways

System (CWA)

References

Dziuban et al. 2006. Surveillance of waterborne disease outbreaks associated with recreational

water- United States, 2003-2004. MMWR 55(SS12):1-24.

Gerba, C.

P. 2008. Virus occurrence and survival in the environmental waters. In: Human

Viruses in

Water.

A. Bosch, ed

.

pp. 91-108. Elsevier

,

Amsterdam.

Hunter

,

P. H. 1907. Waterborne

Disease

. Wiley, New York.

NRC. National Research Council. 2004. Indicators and

Waterborne Pathogens. National

Academies Press. Washington, DC.

Nwachuku, N. and C. P. Gerba. 2005. Occurrence and persistence of

Escherichia coh

0157:H7

in water. Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. 7:267-273.

Rodriquez, R. A., P. M. Gundy and C. P. Gerba. 2008. Comparison of BGM and PLC/PRC/5 cell

lines for total culturable viral assay of treated sewage. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74:2583-2587.

Rose, J.B., R.L. Mullinax, S.N, Singh, M.V. Yates, and C. P. Gerba. 1987.

Occurrence of

rotaviruses and enteroviruses in recreational waters of Oak Creek, Arizona. Water Research

21:1375-1381.

Rose, J.B., C.P. Gerba and W. Jakubowski. 1991. Survey of potable water supplies for

Cryptosporidiuln

and

Giardia.

Environ. Sci. Technol. 25:1393-1400.

Rose, J. B., L. J

.

Dickson, S. R. Farrah and R. P. Carnahan

.

1996.Rcrnoval of pathogenic and

indicator

rnicrooganisrns

by full-scale water

reclamation

facility.

Water Res. 30:2785-2797.

Smith, I-1.

V. and A. M. Grimason. 2003. Giardia and Cryptosporidiurn. In: The Handbook of

Water and Wastewater Microbiology. D. Mara and N. Horan. Pp. 695-756.Elaevier, London.

6

---

Attac

h

ment

1

---

CURRICULUM VITAE

of

CHARLL

+'

S PETER GERBA

EDUCA'T'ION AND DEGREES

Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona

B. S., Microbiology

University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida

Ph.D., Microbiology

POSITIONS

Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Virology and Epidemiology,

Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030

Assistant Professor of Environmental Virology, Department of

Virology and Epidemiology, Baylor College of Medicine,

Houston, Texas 77030

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Environmental

Health, University of Texas School of

Public Health, Houston, Texas 77030

Associate Professor and Professor, Department of Nutrition

and Food Science and University Department

of Microbiology and Immunology, University

of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721

Professor, Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science

The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona

Phone (602) 621-6906

Adjunct Professor, Department of Nutritional Sciences

The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona

Adjunct Professor, Department of Microbiology

and lmnnunology, The University of Arizona,

Tucson, Arizona

Adjunct Professor

,

Department of

Epidemiology

and Biostatistics,

The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona

1

June 1969

January 1973

1973

1976-1983

1981-1990

1990-

1990-

1993-2005

2000-

---

HONORS

Beta Beta Beta (biology scholastic honorary)

Epsilon Tau Lanrrbda (adult scholastic honorary:

University of Miami)

1969-1972

National Institutes of Health Postdoctoral

Traineeship

1973

Member, American Academy of Microbiology

1993

Waksman Lectureship Fellow, American Society for Microbiology

2005-2007

Listed in Who's Who in Technology Today, 1984, 1986, 1989, eds.

Listed in International Who's Who in American Education, 1992-1993, 1995, 1996-1997, eds.

Listed in Who's Who in the West, 1987-present

Listed in Who's Who in Emerging Leaders in America, 1989-1990, 1991-1992, eds.

Listed in Who's Who in the World, 1989-1995-present

Listed in American Men & Women of Science, 18th edition, 1992-1993, 1996-1997-present

Listed in Who's Who in Science and Engineering, 1992-1993, 1996-1997, eds.

Listed in Who's Who in America, 1994 - present

Listed in Who's Who in Medicine and Healthcare, 1997-1998-present

AWARDS

Outstanding Research Scientist Award,

College of Agriculture;, The University of Arizona

Environmental Science and Engineering Fellow,

American Association for the Advancement of Science

Tribute of Appreciation, Criteria and Standards

Division, Office of Drinking Water, U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency

Service Award for Public Health, Pima County

Health Department

Outstanding Tear Research Award, College of Agriculture,

The University of Arizona

Co-Recipient of Mckee Award (for outstanding contribution to groundwater protection),

Water Environmental Federation

Recipient of the A.P. Black Research Award for outstanding contributions

to

Water Science, American Water Works Association

I lonorary Lifetime Membership Award for dedicated service to the water treatn-rent

industry,

Water- Quality Association

Award of Excellence in Environmental Health for outstanding and innovative

research program, The National Association of Country and City Health Officials

Selected as one of the 21 most influential people in the water industry in the 21" century

by Water- Technology Magazine

Best Paper Published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association,

Water Resources Division

Best Paper Published in the Journal of the American Water Works Association.

Water Science and Research Division

Shah Distinguished Lectureship in Risk Assessment, Stanford University

1984

1984

1984

1984

1992

1996

1997

1998

2000

2002

2005

2005

2

---

Quentin Mces Research Award for outstanding research in applied water science

Arizona Water Pollution Control Association

2007

PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

American Society for Microbiology

American Association for the Advancement of Science

Sigma Xi

International Water Association

American Water Works Association

Society for Applied Microbiology

Society for Risk Analysis

International Association for Food Protection

ELECTED POSITIONS IN PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Chairman-elect and Chairman, Applied and Environmental Division

of the American Society for Microbiology

1982-1984

President-elect and President, Arizona Branch

of the American Society for Microbiology

1983-1984

Councilor, Arizona Branch of the American Society

for Microbiology

1985-1986

Chairman-elect and Chairman, Applied and Environmental Division

of the American Society for Microbiology

1986-1988

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERSHIPS

Applied and Environmental Microbiology

1979-1985

CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Control

1984-

Journal of Food Protection

1984-1990

Journal of Industrial Microbiology

1986-1989

Journal of Applied Microbiology

2000-2005

Letters in Applied Microbiology

2000-2005

Regional Editor - Journal of Water and Health

2002-

Reviews in Environmental Toxicology and Contamination

2006-

PROFESSIONALLY RELATED PUBLIC SERVICE

Member - U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Work-

shop on "Protocol Development: Criteria and

Standards for Potable Reuse and Feasible Alterna-

tives", Committee on Groundwater Criteria

Member - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Work-

shop on "Monitoring for Viruses in the Environment"

Member - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Work-

shop on "Microbial Contaminants in Drinking Water's

Member - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Work-

shop on "Land Application of Municipal Wastewater

and Sludge", Denver

1980

1980

1981

1983

3

---

Member - University Technical Advisory Committee to

the Pima County Board of Health

1982-1984

Member - Demonstration Recharge Advisory Committee,

Tucson Water, City of Tucson

1984-1987

Member - Technical Advisory Board to the Pima

County Water Hyacinth Wastewater Treatment Project

1984

Member - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,

Office of Drinking Water, Workshop on Revised

Drinking Water Regulations

1985

Member - Task Force for Microbiological Water

Purifier Guide Standards and "Nesting, Office of

Drinking Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Member - Pima County Board of Health

1986-1992

Member- - Grant Review Panel, Office of Research and

Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

1986-1988

Member - Drinking Water Committee, Science Advisory

Board, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Member -Task Group on Copper/Silver Ion Generators,

National Sanitation Foundation

1989-1991

Member -Technical Advisory Committee,

Soil Aquifer Treatment Facility,

Santa Ana Watershed Project Authority

1990-1992

Member Ad Hoc - FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel,

Antimicrobial Test Methodology,

Office of Pesticides, U.S.

1991-1997

Member - Task Group on Drinking Water Treatment Units

for Bacteriostatic Testing and Cyst Reduction,

National Sanitation Foundation

1991

Member - "Workshop on Drinking Water and Health in the Year 2000",

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and American Water Works

Research Foundation

1991

Member - "Workshop on Virology for the Water Supply in the Nineties",

National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, The Netherlands

1991

Member - "Expert Panel on Hazards of Municipal Solid Waste Recycling,"

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

1991-1992

Member - "Workshop of Research Needs in Drinking; Water Microbiology", American Water Works

Foundation

1992

Member - "Workshop on the Methodology for Deriving National Water Ambient Water Quality Criteria

for the Protection of Human Health", U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,

Office of Science and `Nechnology

1992

Member - "Blue Ribbon Panel on Research needs for Ultraviolet Disinfection", State of California,

Dept, of Health Services

1993

Member - "Blue Ribbon Panel on Assessment and Acceptability of Risk", State of Calif., Dept. of Health

Services.

1993

Member - Workshop on "Research Needs in Microbial Risk Assessment", National Institute of

Public Health and Environmental Protection, The Netherlands

1992

Chairman - Microbiology Working Group "Workshop for Revision of National Guidelines for

Deriving Human Health Criteria for Surface Water", U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

1992

Member - Technical Advisory Committee, Water Campus Wastewater Reuse Project,

4

---

City of Scottsdale

1992-1994

Member - Science Advisory Board, Committee on Drinking Water and Committee on Research Strategies,

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

1994-1999

Member - Working Group on Microbial Risk Assessment, International Life Science Institute and

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

1995-

Member - Project Advisory Committee, UV Disinfection of Groundwater, American Water Works

Research Foundation

1994-1996

Member - Project Advisory Committee

National Survey of Viruses in Groundwater,

American Water Works Association

Research Foundation

1995-1999

Member - Working Group on Microbial Risk

Assessment. International Life

Science Institute, and the United States

Environmental Protection Agency

1996-2000

Member - Workshop on Managing Microbial

Risks of Potable Water in Space NASA

1997

Member - Workshop on New Microbial Indicators for

Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

1998

Member - Workshop on Water and Food Pathogen

Risk Assessment, U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency, and the International

Life Science Institute

1999

Member - Workshop on Groundwater

Indicator Evaluation, U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency

1999

Member - Early Warning Monitoring to Detect

Hazardous Events in Water Supply Systems

U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency, Dept, of Defense

1999

Member - Susceptibility and Microbial Risk Assessment

Workshop G.W. University and the

Environmental Protection Agency

1999

Member - Mars Sample Handling Workshop, NASA

2000

Member- Research Needs for On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems Workshop,

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency

2001

Member - Recreational Water Quality Standards for Tropical Waters Workshop,

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency

2001

Member-- Research Needs for Biosolids and Animal Wastes, U.S. Department of Agriculture and

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency

2001

Member --Workshop on Indicators for Pathogens in Wastewater, Biosolids and Stornlwater,

Water Environment Research Foundation

2003

Member - Expert Panel to Review Centers for Disease Control

5

---

Environmental Microbiology Program

Member -- Selecting Criteria for the Candidate Contaminate List,

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency

SERVICE TO THE PROFESSION

Rapporteur - International Conference on Viruses

in Water, Mexico City

Vice-Chairman - Workshop on "Viral Pollution in the

Environment", Fourth International Congress for

Virology, The Hague, Netherlands

Member - American Society for Testing Material,

subsection committee on standard methods for

detecting virus on solids and soils

Member - American Society for Testing Material,

subsection committee on standard methods for

detecting viruses in fresh and marine waters

Subcommittee on Virological Methods,

"Examination of Seawater and Shellfish", pub-

lished by the American Public Health Association

Chairman - Workshop on "Ecology of Viruses in

Water", Second International Syrnposiurn on Micro-

bial Ecology, University of Warwick, England

Session Chairman - "Distribution and Development of

Pathogens", Second International Symposium on

Microbial Ecology, University of Warwick, England

Session Chairman - International Conference on Viruses

and Wastewater Treatn-tent, University of Surrey,

England

Co-Chairman - Workshop on "Environmental Aspects of

Viral Hepatitis Transmission", International

Symposium on Viral Hepatitis, New York

Member - Session Committee, Institute of Food

Technologists

Member - Committee on Environmental Microbiology,

American Society for Microbiology

Member - Microbial Problems in Drinking Water

Committee, American Water Works Association

Co-Chairman - Round Table - Bate of Genetically

Engineered Organisms in the Environment,

American Society for Microbiology, Las Vegas

Senior Delegate - U.S. Committee of the Inter-

national Association for Water Pollution

2005

2006

1974

1978

1980

1982

1981-I983

6

---

Control and Research for the American Society

for Microbiology

1985-1991

Member - Planning Committee for Symposium on

"Microbial Aspects of Surface Water Quality",

Water Pollution Control Federation.

1988-1989

Co-Chairman - Organizing Committee of the

2nd International Symposium on Contamination

of the Environment by Viruses and Methods of

Control. Vienna, Austria

1987-1989

Chairman - Enteric Virus Committee, Joint Editorial Board,

17th edition supplement and 18th edition, Standard Methods

for the Examination of Water and Wastewater

1989-1997

Member - Project Advisory Committee, National Groundwater Virus Survey, American Water Works

Research Foundation

1991-2000

Member - Research Committee, American Water Works Association

1992-1994

Member- - Workshop on "Microbial and Disinfection By-products Research Needs",

American Water Works Research Foundation

1993

Member - International Scientific Committee,

"Assessing and Managing Health Risks

from Drinking Water Contamination:

Approaches and Application".

1993-199

Member - Organizing Committee, "Second

International Symposium on

Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse"

1993-1995

Member - Organizing Committee "Global Issues

in

Microbiological Water Quality for

the next Century". Sponsored by

UNESCO, U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency, and the American

Academy for Microbiology

1994-1995

Member - American Soc. for Microbiology delegate.

United States National Committee of the

International

Water Quality Association (now International Water Association.)

1992-1999

Member - Public and Scientific Committee of the

American Soc. Microbiology

1996-2006

Member- Organizing committee for Workshop on Acceptable Microbial Risks in Water,

American Academy for Microbiology

2006

Member -- Workshop on Select Criteria for Drinking Water Candidate Contaminate List,

Office of Water, United States Environmental Protection Agency

2006

Member --- Scientific Review of the Proposed Risk Assessment Bulletin from the Office of

Management and Budget, National Research Council

2006

7

---

DOCTORAL DISSERTATION

Gerba, C.P. 1973. Investigations into the effects of particulate matter on the survival of a virus in seawater,

University of Miami.

PUBLICATIONS

BOOKS

Gerba, C.P., and S.M. Goyal (eds.). 1982.

Methods in Environ.nienial Virology.

Marcel-Dekker, Inc., NY.

Bitton, G., and C.P. Gerba (eds.). 1984.

Groundwater Pollution Microbiology.

John Wiley and Sons, NY.

Goya], S.M., C.P. Gerba, and G.

Bitton.

1987.

11hage Ecology.

John Wiley and Sons, N.Y.

Pepper, I.L., C.P. Gerba, and J.W. Brendecke. 1995.

Environmental Microbiology - A Laboratory Manual.

Academic Press, NY.

Pepper, I.L., C.P. Gerba, M.L. Brusseau, and J.F. Brendecke (eds). 1996.

Pollution

Science.

Academic Press,

San Diego, CA.

Haas, C.N., J.B. Rose, and C.P. Gerba. 1999.

Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessinent.

John Wiley, NY.

Maier, R.M., I.L. Pepper and C.P. Gerba. 2000.

Environmental Microbiology.

Academic Press, NY.

Pepper, I.L., C.P. Gerba, and J.W. Brendecke. 2004.

Environmental Microbiology - A Laboratory Manual.

Second Edition. Academic Press, San Diego.

Pepper, 1. L., C. P. Gerba and M. L. Brusseau. 2006.

Environmental and Pollution Science,

Second Edition.

Academic Press, San Diego.

PEER REVIEWED JOURNAL ARTICLES

Gerba, C.P., and G.E. Schaiberger. 1973. Biscayne Bay: bacteriological data interpretation. Flor. Sci. 36:104-

109

Gerba, C.P., and G.E. Schaiberger. 1975. Effect of particulates on the survival of virus in seawater. J. Water

Pollut. Contr. Fed. 47:93-103.

Gerba, C.P., and G.E. Schaiberger. 1975. Aggregation as a factor in loss of viral titer in seawater.

Water Res.

9:567-571.

8

---

Gerba, C.P., C. Wallis, and J.L. Mclnick. 1975. Microbial hazards of household toilets. Droplet production

and the fate of residual organisms. Appl. Microbiol. 30:229-237.

Gerba, C.P., C. Wallis, and J.L. Melnick. 1975. The fate of wastewater bacteria and viruses in soil. Jr. Irrig.

Drain. Div. ASCE 101:157-174.

Gerba, C.P., M.D. Sobsey, C. Wallis, and J.L. Melnick. 1975. Factors influencing the adsorption of poliovirus

onto activated carbon in wastewater. Environ. Sci. Technol. 9:727-731.

Gerba, C.P., C. Wallis, and J.L. Melnick. 1975. Viruses

in water: the problem, some solutions

. Environ. Sci.

Technol. 9:1122-1126.

Farrah, SA., C.P. Gerba, C. Wallis, and J.L. Melnick. 1976. Concentration

of viruses

from large volumes of

tap water

using pleated inembrane filters

. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 31:221-226.

Gilbert, R.G., R.C. Rice, H. I3ouwer, C.P. Gerba, C. Wallis, and J.L. Melnick. 1976. Wastewater renovation

and reuse: virus removal by soil filtration. Science 192:10041005.

Gerba, C.P., and J.S. McLeod. 1976. Effect

of sediments on the survival

of

Escher

ichia cola

in marine waters.

Appl. Environ.

Microbiol

. 32:114-120.

Gilbert, R.G., C.P. Gerba, R.C. Rice, H. I3ouwcr, C. Wallis, and J.L. Melnick. 1976. Virus and bacteria

removal from wastewater by land treatment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 32:333-338.

Farrah

, S.R., S.M. Goyal, C.P. Gerba, C. Wallis, and P.T.I3. Shaffer. 1976. Characteristics of humic acid and

organic compounds

concentrated

from tapwater

using the Aquella

virus concentrator

. Water

Res. 10

:897-901.

Payment, P., C.P. Gerba, C. Wallis, and J.L. Melnick. 1976. Methods for concentrating viruses from large

volumes of estuarine water on pleated membrane filters. Water Res. 10:893-896.

Lance, J.C., C.P. Gerba, and J.L. Melnick. 1976. Virus movement in soil columns flooded with secondary

sewage effluent. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 32:520-526.

Lance, J.C., and C.P. Gerba. 1977. Nitrogen,

phosphate and virus removal from sewage water during land

filtration. frog. Water Technol. 9:157-166,

Farrah, S.R., C.P. Gerba, S.M. Goyal, C. Wallis, and J.L. Melnick. 1977. Regeneration of pleated filters used

to concentrate enteroviruses from large volumes of tap water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33:308-311.

Gerba, C.P., C. Wallis, and J.L. Melnick. 1977. Disinfection of wastewater by photodynamic oxidation. J.

Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. 49:575-583.

9

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Hobbs, M.F., C.P. Gerba, C. Wallis, J.L.

Melnick, and J.S. Lennon

.

1977. Photodynamic inactivation of

infectious agents

. J. Environ. Eng. Div. ASCE 103:459-472.

Sobsey, M.D., C.P. Gerba, C. Wallis, and J.L. Melnick. 1977. Concentration of enteroviruses

from large

volumes of turbid estuary water. Can. J. Microbiol. 23:770-778.

Farrah, S.R., S.M. Goya], C.P. Gerba, C. Wallis, and J.F. Melnick. 1977. Concentration of enteroviruses from

estuarine water.

Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 33:1192-1196.

Gerba, C.P., S.M. Goya], E.M. Smith, and J.L. Melnick. 1977. Distribution of viral and bacterial pathogens in

a coastal canal community.

Marine Pollut. Bull. 8:279-282.

Gerba, C.P., E.M. Smith, and J.L. Melnick. 1977. Development of a quantitative method for detecting

enteroviruses in estuarine sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 34:158-163.

Goyal, S.M., C.P. Gerba, and J.L. Melnick. 1977. Occurrence and distribution of bacterial indicators and

pathogens in canal communities along the Texas coast. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 34:139-149.

Gerba, C.P., C. Wallis, and J.L. Melnick. 1977. Application

of photodynarrrie oxidation to the disinfection of

tapwater

,

sea-water and sewage contaminated with poliovirus

.

Photochem.

Photobiol. 26

:499-504.

Stagg, C.H., and C.P. Gerba. 1977. Cyanophage as an indicator of animal viruses in wastewater. (Discussion).

J.

Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. 49:1915-1916.

Melnick, J.L., C.P. Gerba, and C. Wallis. 1977. Viruses in water: an increasing awareness of the problem and

approaches to its solution. J, Viestnik AMN, USSR (J. Acad. Med. Sci., USSR) 6:70-75, (In Russian).

Farrah, SK, S.M. Goya], C.P. Gerba, R.H. Conklin, C. Wallis, J.L. Melnick, and H.L. Dupont. 1978. A simple

method for concentration of enteroviruses and rotaviruses from cell culture harvests using; membrane filters.

Intervirology 9:56-59.

Gerba, C.P., S.R. Farrah, S.M. Goyal, C. Wallis, and J.L. Melnick. 1978. Concentration of enteroviruses from

large volumes of tap water, treated sewage and seawater. Appl. Environ. Microbial. 35:540-548.

Farrah, S.R., S.M. Goyal, C.P. Gerba, R.14, Conklin, and E.M. Smith. 1978. Comparison between adsorption

of poliovirus and rotavirus by aluminum hydroxide and activated sludge flocs. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.

35:360-363.

Farrah, S.R., S.M. Goya], C.P. Gerba, C.Waliis, and J.L. Melnick. 1978. Concentration of poliovirus from

tapwater onto mcmbrane filters with aluminum chloride at ambient pH levels. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.

35:624-626.

10

---

Smith, E.M., C.P. Gerba, and J.L. Melnick. 1978. Role of

sediment in the persistence

of enteroviruses in the

estuarine

environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 35:685-689.

Stagg, C.H., C. Wallis, C.H. Ward, and C.P. Gerba. 1978. Chlorination of solids-associated colipllages. Prog.

Water,rechnol. 10:381-387.

Goyal, S.M., C.P. Gerba, and J.L. Melnick. 1978. Prevalence of human enteric virus in coastal canal

communities. J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. 50:2247-2256.

Farrah, S.R., S.M. Goyal, C.P. Gerba, V.K. Mahajan, C. Wallis, and J.L. Melnick. 1978. Concentration of

humic acid from tap water. Water Res. 12:303-306.

Hurst, C., S.R. Farrah, C.P. Gerba, and J.L. Melnick. 1978. Development of quantitative methods for the

detection of enteroviruses in sewage sludges during activation and following land disposal. Appl. Environ.

Microbiol. 36:81-89.

Gerba, C.P., and J.C. Lance. 1978. Poliovirus removal from primary and secondary sewage by soil filtration.

Appl. Envlron. Microbiol. 36:247-251.

Edmond, T.D., G.E. Schaiberger, and C.P. Gerba. 1978. Detection of enteroviruses near deep marine sewage

outfalls.

Marine Pollut. Bull. 9:246-249.

Gerba, GP., C.H. Stagg, and M.G. Abadic. 1978. Characterization of sewage solid-associated viruses and

behavior in natural waters. Water Res. 12:805-812.

Gerba

,

C.P., and S.M. Goya

].

1978.

Detection and occurrence of enteric viruses in shellfish

:

a review

.

J. Food

Protect. 41

:743-754.

Melnick J.L., C.P. Gerba, and C. Wallis. 1978. Viruses in water. Bull. Wld. HIth. Org. 56:499-508

Gerba, C.P., and C.H. Stagg. 1979.

Protection of viruses

during disinfection by adsorption

to particulate

matter.

(

Discussion

).

J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. 51:414-416.

Goya], S.M., C.P. Gerba, and J.L. Melnick. 1979. R+ bacteria in estuarine sediments. Marine Pollut. Bull.

10:25-27.

Goyal, S.M., C.P. Gerba, and J.L. Melnick. 1979. Transferable drug resistance in bacteria of coastal canal

water and sediment.

Water Res. 13:349-356.

Wallis, C., J.L. Melnick, and C.P. Gerba. 1979. Concentration of viruses from water by membrane

chromatography. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 33:413-437.

11

---

Goya], S.M., C.P. Gerba, and J.L. Melnick. 1979. Duman enteroviruses in oysters and their overlying waters.

Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37:572-581.

Hurst, CT, and C.P. Gerba. 1979

. Development of a quantitative

method for

the detection of enteroviruses in

soil.

Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 37:626-632.

Estes, M.K., D.Y. Graham, E.M. Smith, and C.P. Gerba. 1979. Rotavirus stability and inactivation. J. Gen.

Virol. 43:443-409.

Smith, E.M., M.K. Estes, D.Y. Graham, and C.P. Gerba. 1979. A plaque assay for the simian rotavirus SA11.

J. Gen. Virol. 43:513-519.

Gerba, C.P., R.A.F. Dixon, F.E. Farber, C. Wallis, and J.L. Melnick. 1979. Photodynamic inactivation of fish

pathogens. Develop. Indust. Microbiol. 20:647-651.

LaBelle, R.L., and C.P. Gerba. 1979. Influence of pH, salinity and organic matter on the adsorption of enteric

viruses to estuarine sediment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 38:93-101.

Marouk, Y., S.M. Goyal, and C.P. Gerba. 1979. Prevalence, of cnteroviruses in ground water of Israel.

Ground Water 17:487-491.

Goyal, S.M., and C.P. Gerba. 1979. Comparative adsorption ofhun-ran enteroviruses, simian rotavirus and

selected bacteriophages to soils. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 38:241-247.

Melnick, J.L., and C.P. Gerba. 1979

.

Is the water safe to drink? J. Infect

. Dis. 139:736-737.

Gerba, C.P., S.M. Goyal, R.L. LaBelle, 1. Cech, and G.F. Bogdan. 1979. Failure of indicator bacteria to reflect

the occurrence of enteroviruses in marine water. Am. J. Purl. Hlth. 69:1116-1119.

Estes, M.K., D.Y. Graham, C.P. Gerba, and E.M. Smith. 1979. Simian rotavirus SAI I replication in cell

cultures. J. Virol. 31:810-815.

Melnick, J.L., and C.P. Gerba. 1980. The ecology of enteroviruses in natural waters. CRC Crit. Rev. Environ.

Contr. 10:65-93.

Gerba, C.P., S.M. Goyal, C.J. Hurst, and R.L. LaBelle. 1980. Type and strain dependence of enterovirus

adsorption to activated sludge, soils and estuarine sediments.

Water Res. 14:1197-1198.

Lance, J.C., and C.P. Gerba. 1980. Poliovirus movement during high rate land filtration of sewage water. J.

Environ. Qual. 9:31-34.

Hurst, CT, and C.P. Gerba. 1980. Stability of simian rotavirus in fresh and estuarine water. Appl. Environ.

Microbiol. 39:1-5.

12

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Goya],

S.M., K.S. Zerda

, and C.P.

Gerba. 1980

.

Concentration of coliphages from large volumes of water and

wastewater

.

Appl. Environ

.

Microbiol

.

39:85-91.

Goya], S.M., H. Hanssen, and C.P. Gerba. 1980. Simple method for the concentration of influenza virus from

allantoic fluid on microporous filters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 39:500-504.

Goyal, S.M., C.P. Gerba, and J.C. Lance. 1980. Movement of endotoxin through soil columns. Appl. Environ.

Microbiol. 39:544-547,

LaBelle, R.L., C.P. Gerba, S.M. Goyal, J.L. Melnick, I. Ce:ch, and G.F. Bogdan. Relationships between

environmental factors, bacterial indicators and the occurrence of enteric viruses in estuarine sediments. Appl.

Environ. Microbiol. 39:588-596.

Wang, D.S., J.C. Lance, and C.P. Gerba. 1980. Evaluation of various soil water samples for virological

sampling.

Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 39:662-664.

LaBelle, R.L., and C.P. Gerba. 1980. Influence of estuarine sediment on virus survival under field conditions.

Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 39:749-755.

Marzouk, Y., S.M. Goyal, and C.P. Gerba. 1980. Relationship of viruses and indicator bacteria in water and

wastewater of Israel.

Water- Res. 14:1585-1590.

Gerba, C.P., S.M. Goyal, 1. Cech, and G.F. Bogdan. 1980. Bacterial indicators and environmental factors as

related to contamination of oysters by enteroviruses. J. Food Protect. 43:99-101.

Goyal, S.M., K.S. Zerda, and C.P. Gerba. 1980. Concentration of bacteriophage lysates by filter

chromatography. J. Virol. Methods. 1:79-85.

Gerba, C.P., K.C. Hou, R.A. Babineau, and J.V. Fiore. 1980. Pyrogen control by depth filtration. Pliarmaeeut.

Technol. 4:83-89.

Hurst, C.J., C.P. Gerba, J.C. Lance, and R.C. Rice. 1980. Survival of enteroviruses in rapid-infiltration basins

during the land application of wastewater. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 40:192-200.

Liew, P., and C.P. Gerba. 1980. Thermostabilization of enteroviruses by estuarine sediment. Appl. Environ.

Microbiol. 40:305-308.

Hou, K., C.P. Gerba, S.M. Goya], and K.S. Zerda. 1980. Capture of latex beads, bacteria, endotoxin and

viruses by charge-modified filters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 40:892-896.

Goya], S.M., and C.P. Gerba. 1980. Simple method for concentration of bacteria from large volumes of tap

water.

Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 40:912-916.

13

---

Hurst, C.J., C.P. Gerba, and 1. Cech. 1980. Effects of environmental variables and soil characteristics oil virus

survival in soil.

Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 40:1067-1079.

Keswick, B.H., and C.P. Gerba. 1980. Viruses in groundwater. Environ. Sci. 'Fechnol. 14:1290-1297.

Melnick, J.L., and C.P. Gerba. 1980. Viruses in Water and Soil. Public Health Reviews 9:185-213.

Keswick, B.H., C.P. Gerba, and S.M. Goyal. 1981. Occurrence of enteroviruses in community swimming

pools.

Amer. J. Public Health 71:1026-1030.

Gerba, C.P., S.M. Goyal, I. Cech, and G.F. Bogdan. 1981. Quantitative assess€nent of the adsorptive behavior

of viruses to soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 15:940-944.

Hejkal, T.W., and C.P. Gerba. 1981. Uptake and survival of enteric viruses in the blue crab,

Caffinectes

sapidus.

Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41:207-211.

Wang, D.S., C.P. Gerba, and J.C. Lance. 1981. Effect of soil permeability on virus removal through soil

columns. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 42:83-88.

Goyal, S.M., and C.P. Gerba. 1982. Occurrence of endotoxins in groundwater during the land application of

wastewater. J. Environ. Sci, and Hlth. A17:187-196.

Keswick, B.H., C.P. Gerba, S.L. Secor, and 1. Cech. 1982. Survival of enteric viruses and indicator bacteria in

groundwater. J. Environ. Sci. and Hlth., A17:903-912.

LaBelle, R.L., and C.P. Gerba. 1982. Investigations into the protective effect of estuarine sediment on virus

survival.

Water Res. 16:469-478.

Schaiberger, G.E., T.D. Edmond, and C.P. Gerba. 1982. Distribution of enteroviruses in sediments contiguous

with a deep marine sewage outfall.

Water. Res. 16:1425-1428.

Melnick, J.L., and C.P. Gerba. 1982. Viruses in surface and drinking water. Environ. Interntl. 7:3-7.

Hcjkal, T.W., C.P. Gerba and V.C. Rao. 1982. Reduction of cytotoxicity in virus concentrates from

environmental samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43:731-733.

Smith, EN., and C.P. Gerba. 1982. Development of a method for the detection of human rotavirus in water

and sewage. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43:1440-1450.

Ilejkal, T.W., B.H. Keswick, R.L. LaBelle, C.P. Gerba, Y. Sanchez, G. Dreesman, B. Halkin, and J.L. Melnick.

1982. Viruses in a community water supply associated with an outbreak of gastroenteritis and infectious

hepatitis. J. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 74:318-321.

14

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Keswick, B.H., D.S. Wang, and C.P. Gerba. 1982. The use of n-ieroorganisms as groundwater tracers: a

review.

Ground Water 20:142-149.

Lance, J.C., C.P. Gerba, and D.S. Wang. 1982. Comparative

movement

of different

enteroviruses in soil

columns. J. Inviron. Qual. 11:347-351.

Singh, S.N., and C.P. Gerba. 1983. Concentration of coliphage from water and sewage with charge-modified

filter aid. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45:232-237.

I-lejkal, T.W., C.P. Gerba, S. Henderson, and M. Freeze. 1983. Bacteriological, virological and chemical

evaluation of a wastewater-aquaculture system. Water Res. 17:1749-1755.

Singh, S.N., J.B. Rose, and C.P. Gerba. 1983. Concentration of viruses from tap water and sewage with a

charge-modified filter aid. J. Virol. Methods 6:329-336.

Gerba, C.P. 1983. Virus

survival and transport in groundwater

.

Develop. Indust

.

Microbiol

. 24:247-251.

Gerba, C.P. 1983. Virus fate in groundwater. Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest.

13:111-114.

Yates, MN., and C.P. Gerba. 1983. Virus survival in groundwater. Hydrology and Water Resources in

Arizona and the Southwest. 13:115-120.

Bitton, G., and C.P. Gerba. 1983. Microbiologies des eaux souterraines: son interet daps la protection des

resources in cau. (Groundwater microbiology: role in the protection of groundwater resources.) Revue

Francaise des Sciences de L'eau (in French), 2:321-329.

Goyal, S.M., and C.P. Gerba, 1983. VIRDLI, method for detection ofrotavirus from seawater. J. Virol.

Methods 7:279-285.

Farber, F.1., S.E. Gradwhol, P.B. Sanford, M.J. Tobin, K. Vilec, and C.P. Gerba. 1983. Bacteriophage

concentration from water by filter chromatography. J. Virol. Methods 7:297-304.

Gerba, C.P., G.E. Janauer, and M. Costello. 1984. Removal of poliovirus and rotavirus from tapwater by a

quaternary ammonium resin.

Water Res. 18:17-19.

Goyal, S.M., B.H. Keswick, and C.P. Gerba. 1984. Viruses in groundwater and soil beneath sewage irrigated

cropland. Water Res. 18:299-302.

Deetz, T.R., E.M. Smith, S.M. Goyai, C.P. Gerba, J.J. Vollet, L. Tsai, H.L. DuPont, and B.H. Keswick. 1984.

Occurrence of rota- and enteroviruses in drinking; and environmental water in a developing nation.

Water Res.

18:567-571.

15

---

Gerba, C.P., B.H. Keswick, H.L. DuPont, and H.A. Fields. 1984. Isolation of rotavirus and hepatitis A virus

from drinking; water. In:

Enteric Viruses in Watei-.

Monographs in Virology, (J.L. Melnrek, ed.) Vol. 15, pp.

119-125, S. Karger, Basel, Switzerland.

Lance, J.C., and C.P. Gerba. 1984. Virus movement in soil during saturated and unsaturated flow. Appl.

Environ. Microbiol. 47:335-337.

Lance, J.C., and C.P. Gerba. 1984. Effect of ionic composition of suspending solution on virus adsorption by a

soil column. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 47:484-488.

Hejkal, T.

W., E.M. Smith, and

C.P. Gerba. 1984.

Seasonal occurrence of rotavirus in sewage

. Appl. Environ.

Microbiol

. 47-.588-590.

Rose, J.B., S.N. Singh, C.P. Gerba, and L.M. Kelly. 1984. Comparison of mieroporous filters for concentration

of viruses from wastewater. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 47:989-992.

Keswick, B,H., C.P. Gerba, FI.L. DuPont, and J.B. Rose. 1984. Detection of enteric viruses in treated drinking

water.

Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 47:1290-1294.

Gerba, C.P. 1984. Applied and theoretical aspects of virus adsorption to surfaces. Adv. Appl. Microbiol.

30:133-168.

Yates, M.V., and C.P. Gerba. 1984. Factors controlling the survival of virus in groundwater.

Water Sci.

Technol. 17:681-687.

Toranzos, G.A., C.P. Gerba, and

H. Hanssen

.

1984, Simple rnethod for concentration

of viruses from large

volumes of water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 48:431-432.

Zerda, K.S., and C.P. Gerba. 1984.

Agarose isoelectrofocusing of intact virions

.

J. Virol. Methods. 9:1-6.

Mohrbacher, C.V., R. DeLeon, G.A. Toranzos, R.L. Mullinax, and C.P. Gerba. 1984. Microbial contamination

of groundwater in the P in etop- Lakeside Area of Northern Arizona. Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona

and the Southwest. 14:157-164.

Stetzenbach, L.D., M.V. Yates, C.P. Gerba, and N.A. Sinclair. 1984. 'l'1}e growth and survival of "naturally-

occurring" bacteria in well water. Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest. 14:165-174.

DeLeon, R., S.N. Singh, J.B. Rose, R.L. Mullinax, and C.P. Gerba. 1984, Virus removal by rapid sand

filtration, Tucson Water Reuse Project. Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest. 14:175-

183.

16

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Gerba, C.P., J,B, Rose, and S.N. Singh. 1985. Waterborne gastroenteritis and viral hepatitis. CRC Crit. Rev.

Environ. Control. 15:213-236.

Zerda, K.S., C.P. Gerba, K.C. Hou, and S.M. Goyal. 1985. Adsorption of viruses to charge-modified silica.

Appl.

Environ. Microbiol. 49J1-95.

Yates, M.V., C.P. Gerba, and L.M. Kelley. 1985. Virus

persistence

in groundwater. Appl. Environ, Microbiol.

49:778-781.

Badawy, A.S., C.P. Gerba, and L.M. Kelley. 1985. Development of a method for recovery of rotavirus from

vegetables. J. Food Protect. 48:261-264.

Wang, D.S., C.P. Gerba, J.C. Lance, and S.M. Goya]. 1985. Comparative removal of enteric bacteria and

poliovirus by sandy soils. J. Environ. Sci. Hlth. A20:617-624.

Keswick, B11., C.P. Gerba, J.B. Rose, and G.A. Toranzos. 1985. Detection of rotavirus in treated drinking

water. Water Sci. Technol. 17:1-6.

Gerba, C.P., and K. Hou. 1985. Endotoxin removal by charge-modified filters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.

50:1375-1377.

Badawy, A.S., C.P. Gerba, and L.M. Kelley. 1985. Survival of rotavirus SA-l I on vegetables. Food

Microbiol. 2:199-205.

Rose, J.B., C.P. Gerba, S.N. Singh, G.A. Toranzos, and B. Keswick. 1986. Isolating viruses from finished

water, J. American Water Works Assoc. 78:56-61.

Singh, S

.

N., M. Bassous

, C.P. Gerba

, and L.M. Kelley

.

1986. Use of dyes and proteins as indicators of virus

adsorption to soils

.

Water Research

20:267-272.

DeLeon,

R., S.N. Singh

,

J.B. Rose, R.L. Mullinax

,

C.E. Musial, S

.

M. Kutz, N.A. Sinclair

, and C.P.

Gerba.

1986.

Microorganism removal from wastewater by rapid mixed media filtration.

Water Research 20:583-587.

Toranzos, G.A., C.P. Gerba, M. Zapata, and F. Cardona. 1986. Presence de virus enteriques dans des eaux de

consommation a Cochabamba (Bolivie) (in I;rench). Sciences et Techniques do L'Eau,.2:91-93.

Yates, M.V., S.R. Yates, A.W. Warwick, and C.P. Gerba. 1986. Use of geostatisties to predict virus decay

rates for determination of septic tank setback distances. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52:479-483.

Grondin, J., and C.P. Gerba. 1986. Virus dispersion in a coarse porous medium. Hydrology and Water

Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 16:11-15.

17

---

Gerba, C.P. 1986. Microbial

contamiriatioil ofgroundwater

by landfills:

risk assessment

. Hydrology and

Water

Resources

in Arizona

and the Southwest

16:21-29.

Rose, J.B., G.S. Sun, B.C. Weimer, R.S. Silverman, C.P. Gerba, and N.A. Sinclair. 1986. Microbial quality of

gray water for reuse. Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 16:71-83.

Foster, K.E., M.M. Karpiscak, K.J. DeCook, R. Brittain, C.P. Gerba, M.C. Parton, and R.L. Rawles. 1986.

Residential water conservation: progress report for Casa del Agua. Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona

and the Southwest 16:105-118.

Toranzos, G.A., H. Hanssen, and C.P. Gerba. 1986. Occurrence of enteroviruses and rotaviruses in drinking;

water in Colombia.

Water Sci. Techn. 18:109-114.

Rose, J.B., A. Cifrino, M.S. Madore, C.P. Gerba, C.R. Sterling, and M.J. Arrowood. 1986. Detection of

C,yptosporidiunz

from wastewater and fresh water environments.

Water Sci. Techn. 18:233-239.

DeLeon, R., H.A. Payne, and C.P. Gerba. 1986. Development of a method for poliovirus detection in

freshwater clans. Food Microbiol. 3:345-349.

Rose, J.B., R.L. Mullinax, S.N. Singh, M.V. Yates, and C. P. Gerba. 1987. Occurrence of rotaviruses and

enteroviruses in recreational waters of Oak Creek, Arizona.

Water Research 21:1375-1381.

Thurman, R.B., and C.P. Gerba. 1987. Protecting groundwater from viral contamination by soil modification.

Environ. Sci. Health A22:369-388-

Yates, M.V., S.R. Yates, J. Wagner, and C.P. Gerba. 1987. Modeling virus survival and transport in the

subsurface. J. Contain. Hydrol. 1:329-345.

Musial, C.E., M.J. Arrowood, C.R. Sterling, and C.P. Gerba. 1987. Detection of

Cr yptoaporidiwn

in water

using polypropylene cartridge filters.

Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:687-692.

Madore, M.S., J.B. Rose, C.P. Gerba, M.J. Arrowood, and C.R. Sterling;. 1.987. Occurrence of

Cjyptosporidium

oocysts in sewage effluents and select surface waters. J. Parasitol. 74:702-705.

Gerba, C,P., K. Hou, and M.D. Sobsey. 1988. Microbial removal and inactivation from water by filters

containing magnesium peroxide. J. Environ. Sci. Hlth. A23:41-58.

Thurman, R.B., A.B. Margolin, J.P. Rockow, G.E. Janauer, M.J. Costello, and C.P. Gerba. 1988.

Characterization of the interaction between viruses and a solid polymeric contact disinfectant. J. Environ. Sci.

Illth.

A23:405-423.

Hou, K., T. Webster, and C.P. Gerba. 1988. Microporous filters with oxidizing power for iron and manganese

removal from water. J. Environ. Sci. Hlth. A23:483-496.

18

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Messina, M.C., H.A. Ahmad, J.A. Marchello, C.P. Gerba, and M.W. Paquette. 1988. The effect of liquid

smoke on

Listeria rnonocytogenes.

J.

Food Protect. 51:629-631.

Thurman, R.B., and C.P. Gerba.

1988.

Molecular mechanisms of viral inactivation by water disinfectants.

Adv. Applied

Microbiol

., 33:75-105.

Gerba, C.P. 1988. Viral disease

transmission

by seafoods. Food Technology 42:99-103.

Thurman, R.B., and C.P. Gerba. 1988. Characterization of the effect of aluminum metal on poliovirus. J.

Indust.

Microbiol. 3:33-38.

Gerba, C.P., and S.M. Goyal. 1988. Enteric virus: risk assessment of ocean disposal of sewage sludge.

Water

Sci. Technol. 20:25-31.

Rose, J.I3. H. Darbin, and C.P. Gerba. 1988. Correlations of the protozoa,

Cyptosporidiurn

and

Giardia,

with

water quality variables in a watershed.

Water Sci. Technol. 20:271-276.

Kutz, S.M., and C.P. Gerba. 1988. Comparison of virus survival in freshwater sources.

Water Sci. Technol.

20:467-471.

Richardson, K.J., A.B. Margolin, and C.P. Gerba. 1988. A novel method for liberating viral nucleic acid for

assay of water samples with cDNA probes. J. Virological Methods 22:13-21.

DeLeon, R., J.E. Naranjo, J.I3. Rose, and C.P. Gerba. 1988. Occurrence of enteric viruses and parasites in

reclaimed wastewater used for irrigation in Arizona. Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the

Southwest. 18:79-83.

Toranzos, G.A., C.P. Gerba, and H. Hanssen. 1988. Enteric viruses and coliphages in Latin America. "Toxicity

Assessment, 3:491-510.

Gerba, C.P,, A.B. Margolin, and B.E. Trumper. 1988. Enterovirus detection in water with gene probes. Zent.

gesamte Hyg. 34:518-519.

Fradkin, L., C.P. Gerba, S.M. Goyal, P. Scarpino, R.J.F. Bruins, and J.F. Stara. 1989. The potential public

health impacts of common pathogens in municipal wastewater sludge. J. Environ. Health 51:148-152.

Yahya, M.T., L.K. Landeen, S.M. Kutz,

and C.P

.

Gerba. 1989. Swimming pool disinfection

:

an evaluation of

the efficacy of copper/silver

ions. J. Environ

. Hlth. 51:282-285.

Toranzos, G.A., and C.P. Gerba. 1989. An improved method for concentration of rotaviruses from large

volumes of water. J. Virological Methods 24:131-140.

19

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Rose, J.B., R. DeLeon, and C.P. Gerba. 1989.

Giardia

and virus monitoring of sewage effluent in the State of

Arizona. Water Sci. Technol. 21:43-47.

Gerba, C.P., A.B. Margolin, and M.J. Hewlett. 1989. Application of gene probes to virus detection in water.

Water Sci. Technol. 21:147-154.

Landeen, L.K., M.T. Yahya, S.M. Kutz, and C.P. Gerba. 1989. Microbiological evaluation of copper/silver

disinfection units for use in swimming pools.

Water Sci. Technol. 21:267-270.

Bales, R.C., C.P. Gerba, G.H. Grondin, and S. L. Jensen. 1989. Bacteriophage transport in sandy soil and

fractured turf:

Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:2061-2067.

Landeen, L.K., M.T. Yahya, and C.P. Gerba. 1989. Efficacy of copper/silver and reduced levels of free

chloride on the inactivation of

Legionella pneumophila.

Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:3045-3050.

Rose, J.13., L.K. Landeen, K,R. Riley, and C.P. Gerba. 1989. Evaluation of immunofluorescence for detection

of

Cryj.Jtosporidium

and

Giardia

from environmental samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:3189-3196.

Yahya, M.T., L.K. Landeen, N. R. 1~orshoefel, K. Kujawa, and C.P. Gerba. 1990. Evaluation of potassium

permanganate for inactivation of bacteriophage MS-2 in water systems. J. Environ. Sci. Hlth. A25:81-100.

Soares, A.C., K.L. Josephson, LL. Pepper, and C.P. Gerba. 1989. Occurrence of enteroviruses and

Giardia

cysts in land disposed sewage sludge. Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 19:31-36

Naranjo, J.E., A. Rice, R. DeLeon

, J.B. Rose, and

C.P. Gerba.

1989. Monitoring

for viruses in reclaimed water.

Hydrology and Water

Resources in Arizona and the Southwest

19:37-42.

Goyal, S.M., D. Amundson, R.A. Robinson, and C.P. Gerba. 1989. Viruses and drug resistant bacteria in

groundwater of Southeastern Minnesota. J. Minn. Acad. Sci. 55:58-62.

Thurman, R.B., and C.P. Gerba. 1989. The molecular mechanisms of copper and silver in disinfection of

bacteria and viruses. CRC Critical Reviews in Environ. Contr. 18:295-315.

Yates, M.V., L.D. Stetzenbach, C.P. Gerba, and N.A. Sinclair. 1990. The effect of indigenous bacteria on virus

survival in ground water. J. Environ. Sci. Hlth. A25:81-100.

Badawy, A.S., J.B. Rose, and C.P. Gerba. 1990. Comparative survival of enteric viruses and coliphage on

sewage irrigated grass. J. Environ. Sci. Health, A25:937-952.

Yahya, M.T., L.K. Landeen, and C.P. Gerba. 1990. Inactivation of

Legionella pneunmphila

by potassium

perizlanganate.

Environ. Technol. 11:657-662.

20

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Powelson, D.K., J.R. Sin3pson, and C.P. Gerba. 1990. Virus

transport and

survival

in saturated and unsaturated

flow through

soil columns

.

J. Environ. Qual. 19:396-401.

Bloch, A.B., S

.

L. Strainer

,

J.D. Smith, I-I.S. Margolis, H.A. Fields, T.W. McKinley, C.P. Gerba

,

J.E.

Maynard,

and R.K. Sikes

.

1990. Recovery of Hepatitis A virus from a water supply responsible for a common source

outbreak of Hepatitis

A. Amer.

J. Public Hlth. 80:428-430.

Bull, R.J., C.P. Gerba, and R.R. Trussell. 1990. Evaluation of health risks associated with disinfection. CRC,

Crit. Rev. Environ. Contr. 20:77-113.

Yahya, M.T., L.K. Landeen, M.E. Messina, S.M. Kutz, R. Schulze, and C.P. Gcrba. 1990. Disinfection of

bacteria in water systems using electrolytically generated copper/silver and reduced levels of free chlorine.

Canad. J. Microbiol. 36:109-116.

Rose, J.B., and C.P. Gerba. 1991. Use of risk assessment for development of microbial standards.

Water Sci.

Technol. 24:29-34.

Gerba, C.P., D.K. Powelson, M.T. Yahya, L.G. Wilson, and G.L. Amy. 1991. Fate of viruses in treated sewage

effluent during soil aquifer treatment designed for wastewater reclamation and reuse.

Water Sci. Technol.

24:95-102.

Margolin, A.B., M.J. Hewlett, and C.P. Gerba. 1991. The

application

of poliovirus cDNA probe for the

detection

of enteroviruses in water.

Water Sci. Technol. 24:277-280.

DeLeon, R., and C.P. Gerba. 1991. Detection of rotaviruses in water by gene probes.

Water Sci. Technol,

24:281-284.

Karpiscak, M.M., R.G. Brittain, C.P. Gerba, and I,' -E. Foster. 1991. Demonstrating residential water

conservation in the Sonoran desert: Casa de] Aqua and Desert House.

Water Sci. Technol. 24:323-330.

Rose

, J.B., and C.P. Gerba. 1991. Assessing

potential health risks from

viruses and

parasites

in reclaimed

water in Arizona and Florida.

Water Sei. Technol. 23:2091-2098.

Hurst, C.J., S.A. Schuab, M.D. Sobsey, S.R. Farrah, C.P. Gerba, J.B. Rose, S.M. Goyal, E.P. Larkin, R.

Sullivan, J.T. Tierney, R.T. O'Brien, R.S. Safferrnan, M.E. Morris, F.M. Wellings, A.L. Lewis, G. Berg, P.W.

Britton, and J.A. Winter. 1991. Multilaboratory evaluation of methods for detecting enteric viruses in soils.

Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:395-401.

Abbaszadegan, M., C.P. Gerba, and J.B. Rose. 1991. Detection of

Giar dia

cysts with a cDNA probe and

applications to water samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:927-931.

Powelson, D.K., J.R. Simpson, and C.P. Gerba. 1991. Effects of organic

matter

on virus transport in

unsaturated flow. Appl. Environ. Microbial. 57:2192-2196.

21

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Pillai, S.D., K.L. Josephson, R.L. Bailey, C.P. Gerba, and I.L. Pepper. 1991. Rapid method for processing soil

samples for polymerase chain reaction amplification of specific gene sequences. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.

57:2283-2286.

Rose, J.B., C.P. Gerba and W. Jakubowski. 1991. Survey of potable water supplies for

Cryptosporidiunn

and

Giard a.

Environ. Sci. Technol. 25:1393-1400.

Bales, R.C., S.R. Hinkle, T.W. Kroeger, K. Stocking, and C. P. Gerba. 1991. Bacteriopllage adsorption during

transport through porous media: chemical perturbations and reversibility. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25:2088-2095.

Rose, J.B., G-S. Sun, C.P. Gerba, and N.A. Sinclair. 1991. Microbial quality and persistence of enteric

pathogens in graywater from various household sources.

Water Res. 25:37-42.

Yahya, M.T., T.M. Straub, C.P. Gerba, and A.B. Margolin. 1991. Inactivation of bacteriophage MS-2 and

poliovirus in copper, galvanized and plastic domestic water pipes. International J. Environ. Health. 1:76-86.

Regli, S., J. B. Rose, C. H. Haas, and C. P. Gerba. 1991. Modeling the risk from

Giardia

and viruses in

drinking water. J. Ant. Water Works Assoc. 84:76-84.

Governal, R. A.,

w r. Yahya,

C. P. Gerba, and F. Shadman. 1991. Oligotrophic bacteria in ultra-pure water

systems: media selection and process component evaluations. J. Industrial Microbiol. 8:223-227.

Josephson, K.L., S.D. Pillai, J. Way, C.P. Gerba, and I.L. Pepper. 1991. Fecal coliforms in soil detected by

polyrnerase chain reaction and DNA-DNA hybridizations. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55:1326-1332.

Straub, T.M., I.L. Pepper, and C.P. Gerba. 1992. Persistence of viruses in desert soils amended with

anaerobically digested sewage sludge. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:636-641.

Governal, R.A., M.T. Yahya, C.P. Gerba, and F. Shadman. 1992. Comparison of assimilable organic carbon and

UV-oxidizable carbon for evaluation of ultrapure-water systems. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:724-726.

Soares,

A.C., LL. Pepper,

and C.P. Gerba

.

1992. Recovery of poliovirus from sludge-amended soils. J. Environ.

Sci. Hlth

.

A27:999-1005.

Sulfita, J.M., C.P. Gerba, R.K. Ham, A.C. Palrnisano, W.L. Rathje, and J.A, Robinson. 1992. The world's

largest landfill:

multidisciplinary investigation. Environ. Sci. "Technol. 26:1486-1495.

Yahya, M.T., T. M. Straub, and C.P. Gerba. 1992. Inactivation of coliphage MS-2 and poliovirus by copper,

silver, and chlorine. Can. J. Microbiol. 38:430-435.

Yahya, M. T., J.M. Cassells, T.M. Straub, and C.P. Gerba. 1992. Reduction of microbial aerosols by automatic

toilet bowl cleaners. J. Environ. 1-11th., 55:32.

22

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Rusin, P. A., N. A. Sinclair, C. P. Gerba, and M. Gershman. 1992. Application of phage typing to the

identification of sources of groundwater contamination. J. Contaminant I-Iyd. 11:173-188.

Sobsey, M. D., A. P. Dufour, C. P. Gerba, M. W. LeChevallier, and P. Payment. 1993. Using a conceptual

framework for assessing risks to health from microbes in drinking water. J. Ain. Water Works Assoc. 85:44-

48.305.

Governal, R. A., C. P. Gerba, and F. Shadman. 1993. Characterization of organic impurities in high-purity water

systems by AOC and TOC. Ultrapure Water April: 19-24.

Margolin, A. B., C. P. Gerba, K. J. Richardson, and J. E. Naranjo. 1993. Comparison of cell culture and a

poliovirus gene probe assay for the detection of enteroviruses in environm

ental samples

. Water Sci. Technol.

27:311-314.

lnriquez, C. E., M. Abbaszadegan, 1. L. Pepper, K. J. Richardson, A. B. Margolin, and C. 11. Gerba. 1993.

Con-iparison of poliovirus detection in water by cell culture and nucleic acid hybridization. Water Sci. Technol.

27:315-319.

Abbaszadegan, M., C. P. Gerba, M. T. Yahya, and P. Rusin. 1993. Evaluation of a microbiological water

purifier for inactivation of viruses, bacteria and

Giardia

cysts. Water Sci. Technol. 27:329-333.

Yahya, M. T., L. Galso3nies, C. P. Gerba, and R. C. Bales. 1993. Survival of bacteriophages MS-2 and PRD-I in

ground water. Water Sci. Technol. 27:409-411.

Straub, T. M., 1. L. Pepper, and C. P. Gerba. 1993. Virus survival in sewage sludge amended desert soil. Water

Sci. Technol. 27:421-424.

Naranjo, J. E., C. P. Gerba, S. M. Bradford, and J. Irwin. 1993. Virus removal by an on-site wastewater

treatment and recycling system. Water Sci. Technol. 27:441-444.

Yahya, M. T., C. B. Cluff, and C. P. Gerba. 1993. Virus removal by slow sand filtration and nano#iltration.

Water Sci. Technol. 27:445-448.

Bales, R. C., S. Li, K. M. Maguire, M. T. Yahya and C. P. Gerba. 1993. MS-2 and poliovirus transport in porous

media: hydrophobic effects and chemical perturbations. Water Resources Res. 29:957-963.

Straub, T. M., I. L. Pepper, C. P. Gerba. 1993. Hazards from pathogenic microorganisms in land disposed

sewage sludge. Rev. Environ. Contamination Toxicology. 132:55-91.

Abbaszadegan, M., M. S. Huber, C. P. Gerba, and 1. L. Pepper. 1993. Detection of enteroviruses in groundwater

by polyrnerase chain reaction. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:1318-1324.

23

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Way, J. S., K. L. Josephson, S. D. Pillai, M. Abbaszadegan, C. P. Gerba, and 1. L. Pepper. 1993. Specific

detection of

Salmonella

spp. by multiplex chain reaction. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:1473-1479.

Powelson, D. K., C. P. Gerba, and M. T. Yahya. 1993. Virus transport and removal in wastewater during aquifer

recharge.

Water Res. 27:583-590.

Lnriquez, C. E., M. Abbaszadegan, 1. L. Pepper, K. J. Richardson, and C. P. Gerba. 1993. Poliovirus detection

in water by cell culture and nucleic acid hybridization. Water Res. 27:1113-1118.

Kinoskita, T. R. G. Bales, M. T. Yahya, and C. P. Gerba. 1993. Bacteria transport in a porous medium: retention

of bacillus and

Pseudornonas

on silica surfaces. Water Res, 27:1295-1301.

McKay, L. D., J. A. Cherry, R. C. Bales, M. T. Yahya, and C. 1'. Gerba. 1993. A field example of bacteriophage

as tracers of fractured flow. Envion. Sci. Technol. 27:1075-1079.

Pepper, I.L., K.L. Josephson, R.L. Bailey, M.D. Burr, and C.P. Gerba. 1993. Survival of indicator organisms in

Sonoran desert soil amended with sewage sludge. J. Environ. Sci. Health, A28:1287-1302.

Kinoshita, T., R. C. Bales, K. M. Maguire, and C. P. Gerba. 1993. Effect of pH on bacteriophage transport

through sandy soils. J. Contaminant Hydrology 14:55-70.

DeLeon,

R., J.B. Rose

,

A. Bosch, F. Torrella, and C.P. Gerba. 1993. Detection of

Gi.ardia, Cryplosporidh.an,

and enteric viruses in surface and

tap water samples

in Spain

.

International

J.Environ. Hlth. Res., 3:121-129.

Haas, C.N., J.B. Rose, C.P. Gerba, and S. Regli. 1993. Risk assessment of virus in drinking water.

Risk

Analysis,

13:545-552.

Straub, T.M., I.L. Pepper, M. Abbaszadegan, and C.P. Gerba. 1994. A method to detect enteroviruses in

sewage sludge-amended soil using the PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60:1014-1017.

Ma, Ju-fang;

J. Naranjo, and

C.P. Gerba. 1994.

Evaluation

of MK filters for recovery

of enteroviruses from

tap water.

Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60:1974-1977.

Ma, Ju-Fang; T.M. Straub, I.L. Pepper, and C.P. Gerba. 1994. Cell culture and PCR determination of

poliovirus inactivation by disinfectants.

AppI. E nviron. MicrobioI., 60:4203-4206.

Powelson, D.K., and C.P. Gerba. 1994. Virus removal from sewage effluents drying saturated and unsaturated

flow through soil columns.

Water Res., 28:2175-2181.

Huber, S.H., C.P. Gerba

,

and M. Abbaszadegan

.

1994. Study of persistence of enteric viruses in Iandfrlled

disposable diapers. Environ

.

Sci. Technol

., 28:1767-1772.

24

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Soares, A.C., T.M. Straub, I.L. Pepper, and C.P. Gerba. 1994. Effect of anaerobic digestion on the

cnteroviruses and

Gia1°dia

cysts in sewage sludge. J. Environ. Sci. Health A29:1887:1897.

Straub, T.M., I.L. Pepper, and C.P. Gerba. 1994. Detection of naturally occurring cnteroviruses and hepatitis A

virus in undigested and anacrobically digested sludge using the polymerase chain reaction. Can. J. Microbiol.

40:884-887.

Straub, T.M., C.P. Gerba, X. Lhou, R. Price, and M.T. Yahya. 1995. Synergistic inactivation of

Escherichia

coh

and MS-2 coliphage by chlorarnine and cupric chloride.

Water Res., 24:811-818.

Enriquez, C.E., C.J. Hurst, and C.P. Gerba. 1995. Survival of the enteric adenoviruses 40 and 41 in tap, sea,

and waste water.

Water Res., 29:2548-2553.

Enriquez

, C.E., and C.P. Gerba.

1995. Concentration of enteric adenovirus

40 from

tap, sea, and waste water.

Water Res., 29:2554-2560.

Gerba, C.P., T.M. Straub, J.B. Rose, M.M. Karpiscak, K.E. Koster, and R.G. Brittain. 1995.

Water quality

study of graywater treatment systems.

Water Resources Bulletin. 31:109-116.

Straub, T.M., I.L. Pepper, and C.P. Gerba. 1995. Comparison of PCR and cell culture for detection of

cnteroviruses in sludge-amended field soils and determination of their transport.

Appl. Environ. Microbiol.,

61:2066-2068.

Bales, R.C., S. Li, K.M. Maguire, M.T. Yahya, C.P. Gerba, and R.W. Harvey. 1995. Virus and bacteria

transport in a sandy aquifer, Cape Cod, MA. Ground Water. 33:653-661.

Cassells, J.M., M.T. Yahya, C.P. Gerba, and J.B. Rose. 1995. Efficacy of a combined system of copper and

silver and free chlorine for inactivation of

Naegler°ia P-owleri

amoebas in water.

Water Sci. Tech. 31:119-122.

Straub, "I'.M., I.L. Pepper, and C.P. Gerba. 1995, Removal of PCR inhibiting substances in sewage sludge

amended soil.

Water Sci. Tech. 31:311-315.

Reynolds, K.A., C.P. Gerba, and I.L. Pepper. 1995. Detection of enteroviruses in marine waters by direct RT-

PCR and cell culture.

Water Sci. Tech. 31:323-328.

Johnson, D.C., K.A. Reynolds, C.P. Gerba, I.L. Pepper and J.B. Rose. 1995. Detection of

Giardia

and

Cryplo.517or°idium

in marine waters.

Wat. Sci. Tech. 31:439-441

Gerba, C.P., M.S. Huber, J. Naranjo, J.P. Rose, and Susan Bradford. 1995. Occurrence of enteric pathogens in

con-rposted domestic solid waste containing disposable diapers.

Waste Management and Research 13:315-324.

Rose, J.B., C.N. Haas, and C.P. Gerba. 1995. Linking microbiological criteria for foods with quantitative risk

assessment. J. Food Safety. 15:121-132.

25

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Ma, Ju-Fang, C,P. Gerba, and I.L. Pepper. 1995. Increased sensitivity of poliovirus detection in tapwater

concentrates by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. J. Virological Methods. 55:295-302.

Reynolds, K.A., C.P. Gerba, and I.L. Pepper. 1996. Detection of infectious enteroviruses by an integrated cell

culture-PCR procedure. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:1424-1427.

Haas, C.N., C.S. Crockett, J.B. Rose, C.P. Gerba, and A.M. Faris. 1996. Assessing the risk posed by oocysts in

drinking water. J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 88:131-136.

Gerba, C.P., J.B. Rose, and C.N. Haas. 1996. Sensitive populations: who is at the greatest risk? Int. J. Food

Microbiol., 30:113-123.

Karpiscak, M.M., C.P. Gerba, P.M. Watt, K.E.Foster, and J.A. Falabi. 1996. Multi-species plant systems for

wastewater quality improvements and habitat enhancement.

Wat. Sci. 'T'ech., 33:231-236.

Hinsby, K., L.D. McCay, P. Jorgensen, M. Lenczewski, and C.P. Gerba. 1996. Fracture aperture measurements

and migration of solutes, viruses, and immiscible creosote in a column of clay-till. Ground Water. 34:1065-

1075.

Meng, Q.S., and C.P. Gerba. 1996. Comparative inactivation of enteric adenovirus, polio virus, and cohphages

by ultraviolet irradiation,

Wat. Res. 30:2665-2668.

Gerba, C.P., J.B. Rose, C.N. Haas, and K.D. Crabtree. 1996.

Waterborne rotavirus: a risk assessment.

Water

Res., 30:2929-2940.

Brown, K., G. Craun, A. Dunfour, J. Eisenberg, J. Foran, C. Gauntt, C. Gerba, et al. 1996. A conceptual

framework

to assess

the risks of human disease following exposure to pathogens. Risk Analysis 16:841-848.

Abbaszadegan, M., M.S. Huber, C.P. Gerba, and LL. Pepper. 1997. Detection of

Giardica

cysts by

amplification of heat shock-induced mRNA. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 63: 324-328.

Enriquez, Carlos, E., R. Enriquez-Gordillo, D.I. Kennedy, and C.P. Gerba. 1997. Bacteriologic survey of used

cellulose sponges and cotton dishcloths from domestic kitchens. Dairy, Food Environ. Sanitation, 17:20-24.

Bales, R.C., L. Shimin, T.C. Jim Yeh, M.I. Lenczewski, and C.P. Gerba. 1997. Bacteriophage and microsphere

transport in saturated porous media: Forced-gradient experiment at Borden, Ontario.

Water Resource Research,

33:639-648.

Haas, C,H., J.B. Rose, C,.P. Gerba, and C.S. Crockett. 1997.

What predictive food microbiology can ]earn from

water microbiology. Food Technology, 51:91-94.

26

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Abbas adegan, M., M.N. Hasan, C.P. Gerba, P.F. Roessler, B.R. Wilson, R. Kuennen, and E. Van Dellen.

1997. The disinfection efficacy of a point-of-use water treatment system against bacterial, viral and protozoan

waterborne pathogens. Wat. Res., 31:574-582.

Governal, R.A., and C.P. Gerba. 1997. Persistence of MS-2 and PRD-1 bacteriophages in an ultrapure water

system. J. Industrial Microbiol. 18:297-301.

Meer, R.R., C.P. Gerba, and C.E. Enriquez. 1997. Microbial survey of office coffee cups and effectiveness of

an office cup washer for reduction of bacteria. Dairy, Food Environ. Sanitation. 17:352-355.

Naranjo, J.E., C.I. Chaidez, M. Quinonez, C.P. Gerba, J. Olson, and J. Dekko. 1997. Evaluation of portable

water purification system for the removal of enteric pathogens.

Wat. Sci. Tech. 35:55-58.

Johnson, D.C., C.E. Enriquez, I.L. Pepper, T.L. Davis, C.P. Gerba, and J.B. Rose. 1997. Survival of

Giardia,

Cryplo.slx»°idium,

poliovirus and

Salmonella

in marine waters.

Wat. Sci. Tech. 35:261-268.

Gerba, C.P., D.C. Johnson, and M.N. Hasan. 1997. Efficacy of iodine water purification tablets against

Cryptosporidium

Oocysts and

Giardia

Oocysts.

Wilderness Environ.. Medicine. 8:96-100.

Crabtree, K.D., C.P. Gerba, J.B. Rose, and C.N. Haas.

1997.

Waterborne adenovirus: A risk assessment.

Wat.

Sci. Tech. 35:1-6.

Rusin, P.A., J.B. Rose, C.N. Haas, and GP. Gerba. 1997. Risk assessment of opportunistic bacterial pathogens

in drinking; Water. Rev. Environ. Toxicol. 152:57-83.

Rusin, P.A., J.B, Rose and C.P. Gerba. 1997. Health significance of pigmented bacteria in drinking; water.

Wat. Sci. Tech. 33:21-27.

Reynolds, K.S., C.P. Gerba, and I.L. Pepper. 1997. Rapid PCR-based monitoring of infectious enteroviruses in

drinking water.

Wat. Sci. Tech. 35:423-427.

Gerba, C.P., J.E. Naranjo, and M.N. Hasan. 1997. Evaluation of a combined portable reverse osmosis and

iodine resin drinking water treatment system for control of enteric waterborne pathogens. J. Environ. Sci.

Health. 32:2337-2354.

Enriquez, C.E., Enriquez, V.E., and C.P. Gerba. 1997. Reduction of contamination in the household kitchen

environment through the use of self disinfecting sponges. Dairy, Food and Environ Sanitation. 17:550-554.

Rusin, P., P. Orosz-Coughlin, and C.P. Gerba. 1998. Reduction of faecal coliform, coliform and heterotrophic

plate count bacteria in the household kitchen and bathroom by disinfection with hypochlorite cleaners. J. Appl.

Microbiol. 85:819-828.

27

---

Reynolds, K.A., C.P. Gerba, and I.L. Pepper. 1998. Incidence of enteroviruses in Mamala Bay, Hawaii using

cell culture and direct polyrnerase chain reaction methodologies, Can. J. Microbiol. 44:598-604.

Dowd, S.E., C.P. Gerba, and I.L. Pepper. 1998. Conformation of the human-pathogenic

Mierospos°idia

Entemcytozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Vittaforma corneae

in water.

Appl. Environ. Microbiol.

64:3332-3333.

Dowd, S.E., C.P. Gerba, F.J. Enriquez, and I.L. Pepper. 1998. PCR amplification and species determination of

microsporidia in formalin fixed feces after imrnunomagnetic separation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:333-

336.

Rusin, P.A., J.B. Rose, and C.P. Gerba. 1998. Health significance of pigmented bacteria in drinking water.

Water Se. Technol. 35:21-27.

Anderson, M.A., M.H. Stewart, M.V. Yates, and C.P. Gerba.

1998.

Modeling the impact of body

-

contact

recreation on pathogen concentrations in a source drinking water reservoir

.

Water Res. 32:3293-3306.

Abbaszadegan, M., A. Emami, R. Farid, and C. Gerba. 1998. Occurrence of viruses and protozoan parasites in

surface, ground and treated water in the city of Maghhad, Iran.

Med. J. Islamic Republic of Iran. 72:41-45.

Dowd, S.E., C.P. Gerba, and I.L. Pepper. 1999. Methods for the detection of nnicrosporidian water. J.

Microbiol. Methods. 35:43-52.

Ilaas, C.N., A. Thayyar-

Madabusi, J.B. Rose, and

C.P. Gerba. 1999. Development and validation of dose-

response relationship

for Listeria nzonocytogenes

.

Quant. Microbiol

.

1:89-102.

Chaidez, C., P. Rusin, J. Naranjo, and C.P. Gerba. 1999. Microbiology of water vending machines. Int'l J.

Environ. HUE 9:197-206.

Governal, RA., and C.P. Gerba. 1999. Removal of MS-2 and PRD-1 bacteriophage from an ultrapure water

system. J. Industrial Microbiol. Biotechnology. 23:166-172.

Karpiscak, M.M., R.J. Freitas, C.P. Gerba, L.R. Sanchez, and E. Shamir. 1999. Management of dairy waste in

the Sonoran desert using constructed wetland technology.

Water Sci. Technol. 40:57-65.

Gerba, C.P., J.A. Thurston, J.A. Falabi, P.M. Watt, and M.M. Karpiscak. 1999. Optimization of artificial

wetland design for removal of indicator microorganisms and pathogenic protozoa.

Water Sci. Technol. 40:363-

368.

Chaidez, C., A. Candil-Ruiz, and C.P. Gerba. 1999. Microbiological survey of private water- tanks in Culiacan,

Mexico. J. Environ. Sci. 111th. A34:1967-1978.

28

---

Abbaszadegan, M., P. Stewart, C. Gerba, and M. LeChevallier. 1999. A strategy for detection of viruses in

groundwater by PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:444-449.

Gerba, C.P., and J.E. Naranjo. 2000. Microbiological water purification without the use of chemical

disinfection.

Wilderness Environ. Medicine. 11:12-16.

Dowd, S.E., C.P. Gerba, I.L. Pepper, and S.D. Pillai. 2000. Bioaerosol transport and risk assessment in relation

to the land placement of biosolids. J. Environ. Quality. 29:343-348.

Chaidez, C., A. Candil-Ruiz, and C.P. Gerba. 2000. Microbiological survey of private roof water tanks in

Culiacan, Mexico. J. Environ. Sci. Hlth. A34:1967-1978.

Blackmer, F., K.A. Reynolds, C.P. Gerba, and I.L. Pepper. 2000. Use of integrated cell culture-PCR to

evaluate the effectiveness of poliovirus inactivation by chlorine. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:2267-2268.

Cllaidez, C., and C.11. Gerba. 2000. Bacteriological analysis of cellulose sponges and loofahs in domestic

kitchens from a developing country. Dairy, Food, and Environ. Sanit. 20:834-837.

Haas, C.N., A. Thayyar-Madabusi, J

.B. Rose, and

C.P. Gerba. 2000. Development

of a dose-response

relationship

for

L'scherichia soli

0157:H7.

Int'1 J. Hood

Microbiology 56:153-159.

Gerba, C.P. 2000. Assessment of enteric pathogens shedding by bathers during recreational activity and its

impact on water duality. Quant. Microbiol. 2:55-68.

Rusin, P., and C.P. Gerba. 2001. Association of chlorination and UV irrigation to increasing antibiotic

resistance in bacteria. Rev. Environ. Contamination Toxicology. 171:1-52.

Casonova, L.M., C.P. Gerba, and M. Karpiscak. 2001. Chemical and Microbial Characterization of household

graywater. J. Environ. Sci. Hlth, Part A. A36:395-401.

Quinonez-Diaz, MT, M.M. Karpiscak, E.D. Ellman, and C.P. Gerba. 2001. Removal of pathogenic and

indicator microorganisms by a constructed wetland receiving untreated domestic wastewater. J. Environ. Sci.

111th, 36:1311-1320.

Thurston, J.A., C.P. Gerba, K.E. Foster,

and M.M. Karpiscak

. 2001. Fate of

indicator microorganisms and

Giardia

and

Cryptosporidium

in subsurface flow constructed wetlands.

Water

Res. 35:1547-1551.

Enriquez, C., N.

Neuachuku

, and C.P. Gerba.

2001. Direct exposure to animal enteric pathogens. Rev.

Environ. Hlth. 16:117-13 1.

Oron

, G., R. Armon,

R. Mandelbaum

,

Y. Manor, C. Campos, L. Gillerman, M. Salgot, C. Gerba,

1. Klein, and

C. Enriquez. 2001. Secondary

wastewater disposal for crop irrigation with minimal

risks.

Water Sci. Technol,

43:139-146.

29

---

Casanova, L.M., V. Little, R.J. Frye, and C.P. Gerba. 2001. A survey of the microbial quality of recycled

household graywater. J. Amer. Water Resources Assoc. 37: 1313-1319.

Gerba, C. P. 2001. Application of quantitative; risk

assessn-ent

for formulating hygiene policy in the domestic

setting. J. Infection 43, 92-98.

Watt, P.M., D.C. Johnson, and C.P. Gerba. 2002, Improved

method for concentration

of

Glardla,

Cryplosporidhan

and poliovirus in water. J. Environ. Sci. Hlth

. A37:321-330

Gerba, C. P., 1. L. Pepper and L. F. Whitehead. 2002. A risk assessment of emerging pathogens of concern in the

land application of biosolids. Water Sci. Technol. 46:225-230.

Rusin, P., S. Maxwell and C. P. Gerba. 2002. Coax-parative surface-to-hand and linger-to-mounth transfer

efficiency of gram positive, grail negative bacteria, and phage. J. Appl. Micobiol. 93:585-592.

Gerba, C. P., D. M. Gamos and N. Nwachuku. 2002. Comparative inactivation of enteroviruses and adenovirus

2 by UV light. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:5167-5169

IHirotani, H., J. Naranj, P. G. Moroyoqui and C. P. Gerba 2002, Demonstration of indicator microorganisms on

surface on the surface of vegetables on the market in the United States and Mexico. J. Food Sci. 67:1847-1850

Thurston-Enriquez, J. A., P. Watt, S. C. Scott, R. Enriquez, 1. L. Pepper and C. P. Gerba. 2002. Detection of

protozoan

parasites

and microsporidia in irrigation waters used for crop production. J. Food Protection 65:378-

382.

Falabi, J. A., C. P. Gerba and M. M. Karpiscak. 2002.

Giardia

and

Cryptosporidium

from waste-water by a

duckweed (Lemna gibba L.) covered pond. Letters Appl. Microbiol. 34:384-387.

Stewart, M. H., M. V. Yates, M A. Anderson, C. P. Gerba, J. B. Rose, R. De Leon and R. L, Wolfe. 2002.

Predicted public health consequences of body-contact recreation on a potable water reservoir. J Arner. Water

Workss Assoc. 94(5): 84-97.

Chaidez, C. and C. P. Gerba. 2002.

Aeromonas hydrophila

and

Pseudonson.as aeruginosa

in drinking water

from various sources: a risk assessment. Res. Adv. Water Res. 3:111-124.

Bright, K. R. C. P. Gerba and P. A. Rusin. 2002. Rapid reduction of

Staphylococcus aureus

populations on

stainless steel surfaces by zeolite ceramic coatings containing silver and zinc ions. J. Hospital Infect. 52:307-

309.

John, D. E., N. Nwachuku, I. L. Pepper, and C. P. Gerba. 2003. Development and optimization of a quantitative

cell culture infectivity assay for the microsporidium

Encephalilozoon intestinalis

and application to ultraviolet

light inactivation. J.

Microbiological Methods. 52:183-196.

30

---

Gerba, C. P., N. Nwachuku, and K. R. Riley. 2003. Disinfection resistance of waterborne pathogens on lie

United States Environmental Protection Agency's contaminant Candidate List (CCL). J. Water Supply:

Research and Techn..-Aqua. 52:81-94.

Thurston

-

Enriquez, J

.

A., C. N. Haas, J. Jacangelo

,

K. Riley, and C. P. Gerba. 2003

.

Inactivation of feline

calicivirus and adenovirus

type 40 by

UV radiation

.

Appl. Environ

.

Microbiol

.

69:577-582.

Gerba, C. P. , K. R. Riley, N. Nwachuku, H. Ryu, and M. Abbaszadegan. 2003. Removal

of Isncephalitozoon

intestinalis,

calicivirus, and coliphages by conventional drinking water treatment. J. Environ. Sci. and Hlth.

A38:1259-1268.

Abbaszadegan, M., M. LeChevallier, and C. P. Gerba. 2003. Occurrence of viruses in U.S. groundwaters. J.

Alncr. Water Works Assoc. 95:(9)107-120.

Mena, K. D., C. P. Gerba, C. N. Haas, and J. B. Rose. 2003. Risk assessnnent of waterborne coxsackievirus. J.

Amer. Water Works Assoc. 95:(7)122-132.

Thurston-Enriquez, J. A., C. N. Haas, J. Jaeamgelo, and C. P. Gerba. 2003. Chlorine inactivation of adenovirus

type 40 and feline calicivirus. Appl. Environ. Microbial. 69:3979-3985.

Nokes, R. L., C. P. Gerba and M. M. Kaipiscak. 2003. Microbial quality improvement by small scale on-site

subsurface wetland treatment. J. Environ. Sci. Health. A38:1849-1855.

Enriquez

, C., A. Alum, E.

M. Suarez-Ray

, C. Y. Choi, G. Oron

and C. P. Gerba

.

2003. Bacteriophages MS2 and

PRDI in turf grass by subsurface drip irrigation. J. Environ

.

Engr. 129:852-857.

Rusin, P. A., S. L. Maxwell, J. P. Brooks, C. P. Gerba and 1. L. Pepper. 2003. Evidence for the absence of

Staphylococcats auretts

in land applied biosolids. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37:4027-4030.

Vidales, J. A., Gerba, C. P. and M. V. Karpiscak. 2003. Virus removal

from

wastewater

in a anultispecies

subsurface-flow constructed wetland. Water Environ. Res. 75:238-245.

Gerba, C. P. and D. Kayed. 2003. Caliciviruses: a major cause of foodborne illness. J. Food Sci. 68:1136-1142.

Rusin, P, K. Bright and C. Gerba. 2003. Rapid reduction of

Legionella pneumophila

on stainless steel with

zeolite coatings containing silver and zinc ions. Letters Appl. Microbiol. 36:69-72.

Quanrud, D. M., S. M. Carroll, C. P. Gerba and R. G. Arnold. 2003. Virus removal during simulated soil-

aquifer treatment.

Water Res. 37:753-762.

Nwachuku, N. and C. P. Gerba. 2004. Health effects

of Acanthanzoeba

spp. and its potential for waterborne

transmission. Rev. Environ. Contann. Toxicology. 180:93-131.

31

---

Karim, M. R., F. D. Manshadi, M. M. Karpiscak, C. P. Gerba. 2004. The persistence and removal of enteric

pathogens in constructed wetlands. Water Res. 38:1831-1837.

Brooks, J. P., C. P. Gerba and I. L. Pepper. 2004. Biological aerosol emission fate, and transport from municipal

and animal wastes. J. Residuals Sci. Technol.1:16-28.

Tanner, B. J. and C. P. Gerba. 2004. Application of the Ct concept for determining the disinfection of

microorganisms in water. J. Swimming Pool Spa Industry 5:8-14.

Chaidez, C. and C. P. Gerba. 2004. Comparison of the rnicrobiologic quality of point-of-use (POU)-treated

water and tap water. Intl. J. Environ. Hlth. 14:253-260.

Pepper, I. L., P. Rusin, D. R. Quintanar, C. Haney, K. L. Joesphson and C. P. Gerba. 2004. Tracking the

concentration of hetertrophic plate count bacteria from the source to the consumer's tap. Intl. J. Food Microbiol.

92:389-295.

Quanrud, D. M., K. Quast, O. Conroy, M. M. Karpiscak, C. P. Gerba, K. E. Lansey, W. P. Ela and R. G. Arnold.

2004. Estrogenic activity and volume fraction of waste water origin in

monitoring

wells along the Santa Cruz

River, Arizona. Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation. 24:86-93.

Nwachuku, N. and C. 11. Gerba. 2004. Microbial

risk assessment

: don't forget the children. Curr. Opinion

Microbiol. 7:1-4.

Nwachuku, N. and C. P. Gerba. 2004. Emerging waterborne pathogens: can we kill them all? Curr. Opinion

Biotechnol. 15:175-180.

Pantoja, C. R., S. A. Navarro, J. Naranjo, D. V. Lightner and C. P. Gerba. 2004. Nonsusceptibility of primate

cells to taura syndrome virus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10:2106-2112.

Choi, C., I.

Song

,

S. Stine, J. Pimental and C. Gerba

.

2004. Role of irrigation reuse:coirnparision of subsurface

irrigation and furrow irrigation

.

Water Sci. Technol. 50

:

61-68.

Tanner, B. D., S. Kuwahara, C. P. Gerba and K. A. Reynolds. 2004. Evaluation of electrochemically generated

ozone for the disinfection of water and wastewater. Water Sci. Technol. 50:19-25.

Brooks, J. P., B. D. Tanner, K. L. Joesphson, C. P. Gerba and 1. L. Pepper. 2004. Bioaerosols from the land

application of biosolids in the desert southwest USA. Water Sci. Technol. 50:7-12.

Reynolds, K. A., P. M. Watt, S. A. Boone and C. P. Gerba. 2005. Occurrence of bacteria and biochemical

markers on public surfaces public surfaces. Intl. J. Environ. Hlth. Res. 15:225-234.

32

---

Song, I., C. Y. Choi, S. O'Shaughnessy and C. P. Gerba. 2005. Effects of temperature and moisture on

coliphage PRD-1 survival in soil. J. Food Protect. 68:2118-2122.

Haas, C. N., J. R. Marie, J. B. Rose and C. P. Gerba. Assessment of benefits from use of antimicrobial hand

products: reduction in risk from handling ground beef. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Hlth. 208:461-466.

Boone, S. A. and C. P. Gerba. 2005. The occurrence of influenza A virus on household and day care center

famites. J. Infect, 51:102-109.

Nwachuku, N. C. 13. Gerba, A. Oswald

and F. D. Mashadi

. 2005. Comparative

inactivation of adenovirus

serotypes by UV light

disinfection

.

Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5633-5636.

Thurston-Enriquez, J. A., C. N. Haas, J. Jacangelo and C. P. Gerba. 2005. Inactivation of enteric adenovirus and

feline calicivirus by ozone. Water Res. 39:3650-3666.

Stine, S.

W., 1. Song, C. Y. Choi and C. P. Gerba. 2005. Application of microbial risk assessment to the

development of standards for enteric pathogens in water used to irrigate fresh produce. J. Food Protect. 68:913-

918.

Brusseau, M. L., J. K. Oleen, J. Santanlaria, L. Cheng, P. Orosz-Coghlan, A. S. Chctoehine, W. J. Blanford, P.

Rykwalder and C. P. Gcrba. 2005. Transport of microsporidium

Tncephalitozoon intestinales

spores in sandy

loam porous media. Water Res. 39:3636-3642.

John, D. E., C. N. Haas, N. Nwachuku and C. P. Gerba.2005. Chlorine and ozone disinfection of

Lneephahlozoon intestinalis

spores.

Water Res. 39:2369-2375.

Blanford,

W. J., M. L. Brusscau, T. C. J, Ych, C. 11. Gerba and R. Harvey, 2005. Influence of water chemistry

and travel distance on bacteriophage PRD-i transport in a sandy aquifer. Water Res. 39:2345-2357.

Thurston-Enriquez, J. A., C. N. Haas, J. Jacangelo and C. P. Gerba. 2005. Inactivation of enteric adenovirus and

feline calicivirus by chlorine dioxide. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:3100-3105.

Zaleski, K. J., K. L. Josephson, C. P. Gerba and 1. L. Pepper. 2005. Potential regrowth and recolonization of

salmonellae and indicators in biosolids and biosolid-amended soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:3701-3708.

Brooks, J. P., B. D. Tanner, K. L. Josephson, C. P. Gerba, C. N. Haas and I. L. Pepper. 2005 A national study on

the residential impact of biological aerosols from the land application of biosolids. J. Appl. Microbiol. 99:310-

322.

Stine, S. W., 1. Song, C. Y. Choi and C. P. Gerba. 2005. The effect of relative humidity on preharvest survival

of bacteria] and viral pathogens on the surface of cantaloupe, lettuce, and bell peepers. J. Food Protect. 68:1352-

1358.

33

---

Gcrba, C. P. and J. E. Smith. 2005. Sources of pathogenic microorganisms and their fate during land application

of wastes. J. Environ. Qua]. 34: 42-48.

Zaleski, K. J., K. L. Josephson, C. P. Gerba and I. L. Pepper. 2005. Survival, growth and regrowth of enteric

indicator and pathogenic bacteria in biosolids, con-ipost, soil, and land applied biosolids. J. Residuals Sci.

"I echnol. 2:49-63.

Orosz-Coghlan, P. A., P. A. Rusin, M. M. Karpiscak and C. P. Gerba. 2006. Microbial source tracking of

Lscherichia soli

in a constructed wetland. Res. J. Water Environ. Assoc. 78:227-232.

Chetochine, A. S., M. L. Brusscau, C. P. Gerba and 1. L. Pepper. 2006. Leaching of phage from class B

biosolids and potential transport through soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:665-671.

Brooks, J. P., B. D. Tanner, C. P. Gerba and 1. L. Pepper. 2006. The measurement of aerosolized endotoxin

from land application of class B biosolids in southeastern Arizona. Can. J. Microbiol. 52:150-156.

Song, I., S. W. Scott, C. Y. Choi and C. P. Gerba. 2006. Comparison

of crop contamination by microorganisms

during subsurface drip and furrow irrigation

. J. Environ. Eng., 132:1243-1248.

Yepiz-Gomez, M. S., K. R. Bright and C. P. Gerba. 2006. Bacterial occurrence on tabletops and in dishcloths

used to wipe down tabletops in public restaurants and bars. Food Protect. Trends, 26:24-30

AI-Hmoud, N., S. A. O'Shaughnessy, W. Sulleiman, C. P. Gerba and C. Y. Choi.2006. Disinfection of bacterial

pathogens and indicators in biosolids in Jordan. J. Residuals Sci. Technol. 3:185-191.

Pepper, I. L., J. P. Brooks and C. P. Gerba. 2006. Pathogens in biosolids. Adv. Agronomy, 90:1-40.

Nwachuku, N. and C. 1'. Gcrba. 2006. Health risks in children. Rev. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 186:1-56.

Vidales-Contreras, C. P, Gerba, M. M. Karpoiscark, K. Acuna-Askar and C. Chaidez-Quiroz. 2006. Transport

of coliphage PRD1 in a surface flow constructed wetland. Water Environ. Res. 78:2253-2260.

Straub TM, K. H6ner zu Bentrup, P. O. Orosz-Coghlan, A. Dohnalkova, I3. K. Mayer, R. A. Bartholomew, C.

0. Valdez, C. J. Bruckner-Lea, C. P. Gerba, M. Abbaszadgen and C. A. Nickerson. 2007. In vitro cell culture

infectivity assay for human noroviruses. Enlerg Infect Dis. 13:396-403.

Jones, E. L. A. Kramer, M. Gaither and C. P. Gerba. 2007. The role; of fomite contamination during an outbreak

of norovirus on houseboats. Intl. J. Environ. Hlth. 17:1-9.

Del Campo, N. C., 1. L. Pepper and C. P. Gerba. 2007. Assessment of

Salmonella

growth in Class A biosolid

mixtures. J. Resid. Sci Technol. 4:83-88.

34

---

Boone, A. A. and C. P. Gerba. 2007. Significance of fomites in the spread of respiratory disease and enteric

viral disease. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73.1687-1696.

Brooks, J. P., S. L. Maxwell, C. Rcnsing, C. P. Gerba and 1. L. Pepper. 2007. Occurrence of antibiotic resistant

bacteria and endotoxin associated with land application of biosolids. Canad. J. Microbial. 53:616-622.

Gerba, C. P. and D. Kennedy. 2007. Enteric virus survival during; household laundering and impact of

disinfection with sodium hypochlorite. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:4425-4428.

Brooks

, J. P., C. P. Gerba and I. L. Pepper. 2007.

Diversity of aerosolized bacteria during

;

land application of

biosolids. J. Appl. Microbiol. 10:1779-1790.

Silvestry-Rodriguez, N., K. R. Bright, D. R. Uhlmann, D. C. Slack and C. P. Gerba. 2007. Inactivation of

Pseudommonas aeruginosa

and

Aeromonoas hydrophila

by silver in water. J. Envion. Sci. Filth. Part

A. 42: 1579-1584.

Silvestry-Rodriguez, N., K. E. E. Sicairos-Ruelas, C. P. Gerba and K.R. Bright. 2007. Silver as a disinfectant.

Rev. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 191:23-45.

Reynolds, K A., K. D. Mena and C. P. Gerba. 2008. Risk of waterborne illness via drinking water in the United

States.

Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 192:117-158.

Sinclair, R., S. A. Boone

,

D. Greenberg

,

P. Keim, and C. P. Gerba. 2008.

Persistence

of Category A select

agents in the environment

.

Appl. Environ.

Microbiol

. 74:555-563.

Silvestry-Rodriguez, N., K. R. Bright, D. C. Slack, D. R. Uhlmann, and C. P. Gerba. 2008. Silver as a residual

disinfectant to prevent biofilm formation in water distribution systems. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 74:1639-

1641.

Kin, M., C. Y. Choi, and C. P. Gerba. 2008. Source tracking of microbial intrusion in water systems using

artificial neural networks.

Water Res., 42:1308-1314.

Karim, M. R., E. P. Glenn and C. P. Gerba. 2008. The effect of wetland vegetation on the survival of

E,scherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium.,

bacteriophage MS-2 and polio virus. J. Water Hlth. 6:167-175.

Gerba, C. P., J. E. Naranjo and E. L. Jones. 2008. Virus removal from water by a portable treatment device.

Wilderness Environ. Med., 19:45-49.

Nwachuku, N. and C. P. Gerba. 2008. Occurrence and persistence

ofEscherichia soli

0157:I-17. Rev. Environ,

Sci. Biotechnol., in press.

BOOT

{ CHAPTERS

35

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Gerba, C.P. 1972, Microorganisms

.

The Isffects

of the Discharge of Secondarily

T

reated Sewage Into The

Everglades Iscosysterns

(

N.

Chitty and C.W. Davis, eds), Sea Grant Special Bulletin, No. 6. Sea Grant

Information Services, University of Miami.

Gerba, C.P., M.D. Sobsey, C. Wallis, and J.L. Melnick. 1974. Enhancement of poliovirus adsorption in

wastewater onto activated carbon.

Virus Survival in Water and Wastewater Systems,

pp. 115-126, (J.F. Malina,

Jr. and 13.11. Sagik, eds.), Center for Research in Water Resources, Austin, TX.

Wallis, C., C.P. Gerba, and J.L. Melnick. 1976. Photodynamic inactivation of viruses and bacteria in sewage

effluents.

In: Viruses in. Water,

pp. 180-188 (G. Berg, H.L. Bodily, E.H. Lennette, J.L. Melnick and T.G.

Metcalf, eds.).

American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.

Melnick, J.L., C.P. Gerba, C. Wallis, and M.F. Hobbs. 1977. Photodynamie inactivation of virus in sewage.

In:

Virus Aspects of Applying Municipal Wastes to Land

pp. 25-36, Center for Environmental Programs,

University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

Melnick, J.L., C.P. Gerba, and S.M. Goyal. 1977. Pathogens.

In: Process Design Manual for Land Treatment

of'Municipal Wastewater,

Appendix D. Environmental Protection Agency, Technology Transfer.

Lance, J.C., and C.P. Gerba. 1978. Pretreatment requirements for land application of wastewater. In:

State of

Knowledge in Land 7reatrnent of Wastewater,

Vol. 1, pp. 293-304 (H.L. McKirn, ed.) U.S. Government

Printing Office. 700-171/123.

Gerba, C.P., and S.M. Goyal. 1978. Adsorption of selected enteroviruses to soils. In:

State of Knowledge in

Land Treatment of Wastewater,

Vol. 2, pp. 225-232 (I-I.L. McKim, ed.). U.S. Government Printing; Office;. 700-

171/123.

Gerba, C.P., E.M. Smith, G.E. Schaiberger, and T.D. Edmond. 1979. Field evaluation of methods for the

detection of enteric viruses in marine sediments. In:

Methodology.for Biomass Determinations and Microbial

Activity in Sediments

(C.D. Litchfield and P.L. Seyfied, eds.), pp. 64-67.

Gerba, C.P., S.M. Goyal, R.L. LaBelle, 1. Cecil, and G.F. Bogdan. 1980. Indicator bacteria and the occurrence

of enteroviruses in marine waters. In:

Microbiology - 1980 (D.

Schlessinger, ed.) pp. 380-381. American

Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.

Gerba, C.P., S.M. Goyal, R.L. LaBelle, I. Cech, and G.F. Bogdon. 1980. Indicator bacteria and the occurrence

of viruses in marine waters. In:

Aquatic Microbial Ecology

(R.R. Colwell and J. Foster, eds.) pp. 348-355. Sea

Grant Program, University of Maryland.

Gerba, GP., and J.C. Lance. 1980. Pathogen removal from wastewater during ground water recharge, hl:

Wastewater Reuse for Groundwater Recharge (T.

Asano and P.V. Roberts, eds.) pp. 137-144. Office of Water

Recycling, California State Water Resources Control Board.

36

---

Goyal, S.M., and C.P. Gerba. 1981. Membrane filters in virology. Ira:

Membrane Filtration Applicalions,

Techniques and Problen7s (B.

Dutka, ed.) pp. 219-251.

Marcel Dekker, NY.

Gerba, C.P., and B.H. Keswick. 1981. Survival and transport of enteric viruses in groundwater. In:

Quality of

Groundwater, (W.

Van Duijvenbooden, I'. Glasbergen and 11. Van Leyveld, eds.) pp. 511-515. Elsevier,

Amsterdam.

Gerba, C.P., and S.M. Goyal.

1981. Potential

for groundwater

contamination by algal endotoxins

.

In:

The

Water E

nvironment

: Algal Toxins and Health,

(W.W. Carmichael, ed.) pp. 303-314. Plenum Press, NY.

Gerba, C.P. 1981. Virus survival in wastewater treatment. Iii:

Viruses and Wastewater Treatn7ent

(M.R.

Goddard and M. Butler, eds.) pp. 39-48. Pergamon Press, NY.

Janauer

,

G.E., C.P. Gerba, W.C. Ghiorse,

M. Costello, and E.M. Heurich

.

1981. Insoluble

polymeric contact

disinfectants

;

an alternative approach to water disinfection

.

In:

Chen7istry

in

Water-

Reuse.

(W.V. Cooper, ed.)

pp. 501-522. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI.

Smith, E.M., and C.P. Gerba. 1982. Laboratory methods for the growth and detection of animal viruses. In:

Methods in l nvironniental Virology,

(C.P. Gerba and S.M. Goyal, eds.) pp. 15-47, Marcel-Dekker, Inc., NY.

Goyal, S.M., and C,P. Gerba. 1982. Concentration of viruses from water by membrane filters. In:

Methods in.

En.vironn7ental Virology.

(C.P. Gerba and S.M. Goya], eds.) pp. 59-116, Marcel-Dekker, Inc., NY.

Gerba, C.P. 1982. Detection of viruses in soil and aquatic sediments. In:

Methods in Environmental Virology,

(C.P. Gerba and S.M. Goyal, eds.) pp. 151-160, Marcel-Dekker, Inc., NY.

Lance, J.C., and C.P. Gerba. 1982. Virus removal with land filtration. In:

Water Reuse

(ET Middlebrooks,

ed.) pp. 641-660. Ann Arbor Sci. Pub., Ann Arbor, MI.

Gerba, C.P. 1983. Methods for recovering

viruses from the water environment

. In:

Viral Pollution of the

L'nvironrnen.t.

(G. Berg, ed.) pp. 19-35, CRC

Press, Boca

Raton, FL.

Bitton, G., and C.P. Gerba. 1984. Groundwater pollution microbiology: the emerging issue. In:

Groundvvaier

Pollution Microbiology.

(G. Bitton and C.P. Gerba, eds.) pp. 1-7, John Wiley and Sons, NY.

Gerba, C.P., and G. Bitton. 1984. Microbial pollutants: their survival and transport in groundwater. In:

Groundwater Pollution Microbiology.

(G. Bitton and C.P. Gerba, eds.) pp. 65-88. John Wiley and Sons, NY.

Gerba, C.P.

1984.

Microorganisn-is as ground water tracers. In

:

Ground

Water

Pollution Microbiology. (G.

Bitton

and C.P.

Gerba, eds

.),

pp. 225-233. John Wiley and Sons, N.Y.

Gerba, C.P. 1985. Microbiological contamination of the subsurface. In:

Groundwater Quality Research.

(C.H.

Ward, W. Giger, and P.L. McCarty, eds.) pp.

53-67.

John Wiley and Sons, NY.

37

---

Gerba, C.P.,

and

S.M. Goyal. 1985.

Pathogen

removal from

wastewater during groundwater recharge. In:

Artificial Recharge of'Groundwater.

(T. Asano, ed.) pp. 283-317, Anil Arbor

Science

,

Ann Arbor, MI.

Rose, J.B,, and C.P. Gerba. 1986. A review of viruses in treated drinking; water. Current Practices in

Environmental Science and Engineering (A. Singh and U.S. Sharma, eds.) 2:119-141.

Gerba, C.P. 1987. Transport and fate of

viruses in soils: field Studies

.

In:

Human Viruses in Sediments,

Sludges and Soils,

(V.C. Rao, ed.) pp. 141-154, CRC

Press

,

Boca Raton, FL.

Gerba, C.P. 1987. Recovering viruses from sewage, effluents and water. In:

Methods for Recovering Viruses

ftom the Anvironrnent (G.

Berg, ed.) pp. 1-23, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

Gerba, C.P. 1987. Phages as indicators of fecal pollution. In:

Phage Ecology,

pp. 197-209. (S.M. Goyal, G.

Bitton, and C.P. Gerba, eds.) John Wiley and Sons, NY.

Gerba, C.P., and C.N. Hass. 1988. Assessment of risks associated with enteric viruses in contaminated

drinking water. In:

Chemical and Biological Characterization of Sludges, Sediments, Dredge and Drilling

Muds.

(J.J. Lichtenberg, J.A. Winter, C.I. Weber, and L. Fradkin, eds.) pp. 489-494, American Society for

Testing Materials, Washington, DC.

Gerba, C.P. 1988. Methods for virus sampling and analysis of groundwater. In:

Groundwater Containinataon.

yield Methods,

(A.G. Collins and A.I. Johnson, eds). American Society for Testing Materials, Washington, DC,

pp. 343-348.

Margolin

,

A.B,, K.J.

Richardson

,

R. DeLeon,

and C.P. Gerba. 1989. Application of gene probes to the

detection of enteroviruses in groundwater. In.

Biohazards in Drinking Water

Trealnzent,

(R.A. Larson

, ed.) pp

265-270. Lewis

Publishers, Chelsea, MI.

Calabrese

,

E.J., J. Borzelleca

,

D. Brown

,

R. Bull, W.D

.

Burrows, A

.

Furst

,

C. Gerba,

S. Schaub, E. Singley, V.

Snocyink

,

R. Tardiff, and R. Trussell

.

1989.

Disinfection

. In:

health Effects of Drinking

Water I'reatnzen-t

Technologies

.

Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI.

Gerba, C.P., and J.B. Rose. 1990. Viruses in source and drinking water. In:

Drinking Water Microbiology.

(G.A. McFeters, ed.) Science Tech., Inc., Madison, WI, pp. 380-396.

DeLeon, R., and C.P. Gerba. 1990

.

Viral disease transmission by seafood

.

In:

hood Contannination fr°oin

Environmental

Sources

.

(

J.O. I-Iriagu and M.S. Simmons

,

eds.) pp

. 639-662, J.Wiley & Sons, Inc. NY.

Gerba, C.P., NIX, Yates, and S.R. Yates. 1991. Quantitation of factors controlling; viral and microbial

transport in the subsurface.

In:

Modeling the Environmental Fate of Microorgan.isins.

(C. Hurst, ed.)

AnZcrican Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, pp. 77-88.

38

---

DeFlaun, M

.F., and C.P. Gerba.

1993. Monitoring

rDNA

microorganisms and viruses in soil. In:

Soil

Microbial

Technologies

.

(

B. Metting

, ed.) Marcel Dekker, N.Y., pp. 131-150.

Gerba, C.P., and J.B. Rose. Estimating; viral disease risk from drinking water. 1993. In:

The Quantitative

Ranking of'Environrnental Problems According to Risk.

(C. R. Cothern, ed.) Lewis Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI.,

pp. 117-135.

Powelson

,

D.K., and C.P

.

Gerba. 1995. Fate and transport of microorganisms in the vadose zone,

in

handbook

of Vadose Z

one Characterization and Monitoring

(L.G. Wilson,

L.G. Everett

,

and S.J. Cullen, eds.), pp. 123-

135.

Gerba, C.P. 1996. Pathogens in the environment. In: Pollution Science. I.L. Pepper, C.P. Gerba, and M.L.

Brusseau, eds. pp. 279-299. John Wiley, NY

Gerba, C.P. 1996. Municipal waste and drinking water treatment. In: Pollution Science. I.L. Pepper, C.P.

Gerba, and M.L. Brusseau, eds. pp. 301-319. John Wiley, NY.

Gerba. C.P. 1996. Principles of Toxicology. In: Pollution Science, I.L. Pepper, C.P. Gerba, and M.L.

Brusseau, eds. pp. 323-344. John Wiley, NY.

Gerba, C.P. 1996. Risk Assessment.

In: Pollution

Science. I.L. Pepper, C.P. Gerba, and M.L. Brusseau, eds,

pp. 345-364. John Wiley, NY.

Gerba, C.P. 1996. State and Federal Laws and Regulations. In: Pollution Science. I.L. Pepper, C.P. Gerba,

and M.L. Brusseau, eds. pp. 365-369. John Wiley, NY.

Pepper,

I.L., C.P. Gerba, and

M.L. Brusseau

.

1996. Pollution in the 21

" Century. In

:

Pollution Science. 1.L.

Pepper

,

C.P. Gerba, and M.L.

Brusseau

.

pp. 371376. John Wiley, NY.

Gerba, C.P. 1996. Microbial pathogens in municipal solid waste. In: Microbiology of Solid Waste (A.C.

Pahnesano and M.A. Barley, eds), pp. 155-173. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

Pepper, I.L., T.

M. Straub, and

C.P. Gerba. 1996. Detection

of microorganisms in soils and sludges. In:

Environmental Applications of Nucleic Acid

Amplification Techniques

(G.A. Torenzo,

ed.), pp. 95-111,

Technornic Publishers, NY.

Yates, M.Y., and C.P. Gerba. 1998. Microbial considerations in wastewater reclamation and reuse. In:

Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse. T. Asano, ed. pp. 437-488. Technornic, Lancester, PA.

Gerba, GP. 2002. Enteroviruses: basic biology and disease. In: Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology,

G. Bitton, ed. pp. 1146-1156. John Wiley, NY

39

---

Karim

,

M. R. and C. P. Gerba

.

2002. Fate of viruses and protozoan parasites in aquatic sediments. In:

Encyclopedia of Environn- ental Microbiology

,

G. Bitton, ed

.

pp. 1252

-

1256. John

Wiley, NY.

Gerba, C. P. 2004.

Risk assessment and environmental regulations

.

In: Environmental Monitoring and

Remediation

, J. Artiola, 1. L.

Pepper and M. Brusseau

, eds. pp. 377-392. Academic

Press, San Diego.

Gerba, C. P. and I. L. Pepper. 2004. Microbial contaminates. In: Environmental Monitoring and Remediation, J.

Artiola, 1. L. Pepper and M. Brusseau, eds. pp. 313-333. Academic Press, Saar Diego.

Gerba, C. P., C. Rensing and C. P. Gerba. 2004. Microbiological properties and processes. In: Environmental

Monitoring and Remediation, J. Artiola, 1. L. Pepper and M. Brusseau, eds. pp. 263-280. Academic Press, San

Diego.

Mena, K. D., J. B. Rose and C. P. Gerba. 2004 Addressing microbial food safety issues quantitatively: a risk

assessment approach. In: Preharvest and Postharvest Food Safety. R. C. Beier, S. D. Pillai, T. D. Phillips and R.

L. Ziprin., eds. Blackwell. Ames IA.

Gerba, C

.

P. 2005

.

Pathogens. In

:

Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences. M. G. Anderson

,

ed. Chapter 98, pp.

981-911

Wiley, NY.

Gerba, C.

P. Survival of viruses in the marine environment

.

In:

Oceans and Health

:

Pathogens in the Marine

Environment. S. Belkin

and R. C

olwell, eds. pp

. 133-141. Springer, NY.

Gerba, C. P. 2005. Enteric viruses in biosolids. Infectious Disease Agents in Sewage Sludge and Manure, J. E.

Smith, P. D. Millner, W. Jakubowski, N. Goldstein and R. Rynk., eds. pp. 93-99. JG Press. Emmaus, PA.

Gerba, C. P. 2006. Food Virology: Past, Present and Future. In. Viruses in Foods. S. M. Goyal, Ed. pp. 1-4.

Springer, NY.

Gerba, C. P. and C. Y. Choi. 2006.

Role of irrigation in crop contamination by viruses

. In: Viruses in

Foods. S.

M. Goyal, ed, pp. 257-263.

Pepper, I. L., C. P. Gerba and M. L. Brusseau. 2006. The extent of global pollution. In: Environmental and

Pollution Science, 2"" ed. I. L. Pepper, C. P. Gerba and M. L. Brusseau, eds. pp. 3-12. Academic Press, San

Diego.

Gerba, C. 11. and I. L. Pepper. 2006. Microbial contaminants. In: Environmental and Pollution Science, 2"`1 ed. 1.

L. Pepper, C. P. Gerba and M. L. Brusseau, eds. pp. 144-169 Academic Press, San Diego.

Gerba, C. P. 2006. Toxicology. In: Environmental and Pollution Science, 2"'1 ed. 1. L. Pepper, C. P. Gerba and

M. L. Brusseau, eds. pp. 183-211. Academic Press, San Diego.

40

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Gerba, C. P. 2006. Risk Assessment. In: Environn-rental and Pollution Science, 2`1 ed. 1. L. Pepper, C. P. Gerba

and M. L. Brusseau, eds. pp. 212-232. Academic Press, San Diego.

Gerba, C. 11. and C. Straub. 2006. Environmental law and regulations. In: Environmental and Pollution Science,

211d ed. I. L. Pepper, C. P. Gerba and M. L. Brusseau, eds. pp. 233-240. Academic Press, San Diego.

Gerba, C. P. 2006. Municipal wastewater treatment. In: Environmental and Pollution Science, 2"`{ ed. 1. L.

Pepper, C. P. Gerba and M. L. Brusseau, eds. pp. 429-450. Academic Press, San Diego.

Gerba, C. P. and 1. L. Pepper. 2006. Land application of biosolids and animal wastes. In: Environmental and

Pollution Science, 2"" ed. I. L. Pepper, C. P. Gerba and M. L. Brusseau, eds. pp. 451-467. Academic Press, San

Diego.

Pepper, 1. L., C. P. Gerba and M. L. Brusseau. 2006. Epilogue: Is the future of pollution history? In:

Environmental and Pollution Science, 2"1 ed. I. L. Pepper, C. P. Gerba and M. L. Brusseau, eds. pp. 516-520.

Academic Press, San Diego.

Gerba, C. P. 2006. Hepatitis E virus. In. Waterborne Pathogens, 2"c3 ed. Pp.279-280. American Water Works

Association. Denver, CO.

Gerba, C. P.

2006. Enteroviruses and parechoviruses

. In: Waterborne Pathogens, 2`1 ed. Pp. 267-271.

American

Water Works Association. Denver, CO.

Gerba, C. P. 2006. Emerging viruses. In: Waterborne Pathogens, 2"' ed. Pp. 263-265. American Water Works

Association. Denver, CO.

Gerba, C. P. 2006. Bacteriophage as pollution indicators. In: The Bacteriophages, 2"" ed. R. Calendar, ed.

pp.695-701. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Gerba, C. P. 2007. Virus occurrence and survival in the environmental waters. In: Human Viruses in Water. A.

Bosch, ed. pp. 91-108. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Gerba, C. P. 2008. Adenoviruses. Encyclopedia of Public Health. Elsevier, NY., in press.

PROCEEDINGS

Schaiberger, G.E., C.P. Gerba, and E.G. Esterer. 1976. Survival of viruses in the marine environment. In:

Proceeclin.bs oflhe nlernational Syrnposiuni on Marine Pollution Resecirch,

pp. 97-109 (S.P. Meyers, ed.).

Center for Wetlands Resources, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.

41

---

Lance, J.C., and C.P. Gerba. 1979. Virus removal from sewage during high rate laird filtration. In:

Proceedings of the International Water° Reuse Synzposhan,

Vol. 3, pp. 2282-2297. AW WA Research

Foundation, Denver, CO.

Smith, E.M., and C.P. Gerba. 1981. Survival and detection of rotaviruses in the environment. Proc, Third Int,

Syrnp. Neonatal Diarrhea (S.D. Acres, A.J. Forman and H. Fast, Eds.) pp. 67-79. VIDO, Saskatoon,

Saskatchewan.

GoyaI, S.M., R.L. LaBelle, and C.P. Gerba. 1982. Fate and

transport of viruses in marine waters. In:

Aquaculture: Public Health, Regulatory and Management Aspects,

pp. 112-115. Sea Grant Program, Texas

A&M University, College Station, TX.

Hejkal, T.W., and C.P. Gerba. 1982. Accumulation and persistence of enteroviruses in blue crabs. In:

Aquacullure; Public Health,

Regulatory and Management Aspects,

pp. 126-133. Sea Grant Program, Texas A&M University, College

Station"I X.

Favero, M.S., and C.P. Gerba. 1982.

Environmental aspects of viral hepatitis transmission

. In:

Viral Hepatitis,

(W. Szmuness

, H.J. Alter, and J.E. Maynard, eds.) pp. 617-623. The Franklin

Press, Philadelphia.

Goyal, S.M., B.H. Keswick, and C.P. Gerba. 1982, Occurrence of viruses in groundwater and soil beneath

three land application sites. Proc. Second Int. Water Reuse Symp., pp. 2251-2260. AWWA Research

Foundation, Washington, DC,.

Keswick, B.H., and C.P. Gerba. 1982. Fate and transport of viruses during land treatment of sewage. Proc.

Second Int. Water Reuse Symp., pp. 2261-2281. AWWA Research Foundation, Denver, CO.

Gerba, C.P. 1983. Disinfection by photodynamic oxidation. In:

Progress in Chemical Disinfection. (G.

Janauer, ed.) pp. 115-119, SUNY, Binghamton, NY.

Gerba, C.P. 1984. Pathogens. In.

Utilization ofMunicipal Wastewater and Sludge on Land,

(A.L. Page, T.L.

Gleason, J.E. Smith, I.K. Iskander and L.E. Sommers, eds) pp. 147-187, University of California, Riverside,

CA.

Gerba, C.P. 1983. Virus occurrence in groundwater.

In: Microbial Health Considerations of Soil Disposal of'

Domestic Wastewaters,

pp 240-253. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH.

Gerba, C.P., Y. Marzouk, Y. Manor, E. Idelovitch, and J. Vaughn. 1985. Virus removal during land application

of waste-water: comparison of three projects. In:

Waste Reuse 111,

pp. 1518-1529. Amer. Water Works Assoc.,

Denver, CO.

Margolin, A.B., C.P. Gerba, G.E. Janauer, and M. Costello. 1985. Viral disinfection of water by quaternary

ammonium resin. In:

Wcater Reuse III,

pp. 1530-1545, Amer. Water Works Assoc., Denver, CO.

42

---

Yates, MN., and C.P. Gerba. 1985. Viruses in the subsurface: their survival and migration. In:

Progress in

Chemical Disinfection..[I,

(G. E. Janauer, ed.), pp. 125-133, SUNY, Binghamton,NY.

Singh, S.N., J.B. Rose, B. Mullinax, M.V. Yates, and C.P. Gerba. 1985. Viral contamination of recreational

waters in Oak Creek, Arizona. In:

Water Quality and Environinental Health,

pp. 29-40, Arizona Section Amer.

Water Resources Assoc., Tucson, AZ.

Gerba, C.P. 1985. Strategies for control

of viruses and

Giardia

in drinking water

.

In:

Water

Quality and

Environmental Health,

pp. 67-79, Arizona

Section

American Water

Resources Association

,

Tucson, AZ.

Rose, J.B., C.P. Gerba, and A. Badawy. 1985. Microbial problems encountered with wastewater reuse for

irrigation. Its:

Water Quality and Environmenial Health,

pp. 119-131, Arizona Section American Water

Resources Association, Tucson, AZ.

Musial, C.I

;., and C.P. Gerba.

1985.

Methods for the detection of enteric viruses in water

.

In:

Water

Quality

and Environinental Health,

pp. 133-141, Arizona Section American Water Resources Association

,

Tucson, AZ.

Thurman, R.B., and C.P. Gerba. 1985. Groundwater protection by soil modification. In:

Groundwater

Contanunation and Reelaination,

(K.D. Schmidt, ed.) pp. 105-108, American Water Resources Assoc.,

Bethesda, MD.

Yates, M.V., S.R. Yates, A.W. Warrick, and C.P. Gerba. 1985. Preventing viral contamination of drinking

water. In:

Groundwater Containination and Reclamation,

(K.D. Schmidt, ed.) hp. 117-121, An-ierican Water

Resources Assoc., Bethesda, MD.

Yates, M.V,, C.P. Gerba, and L.M. Kelley

.

1985. Factors influencing the survival of viruses in

groundwater.

In:

Ground Water Quality

Research,

pp. 72-73. University Center for

Water Research

,

Oklahoma State

University, Stillwater, OK.

Wilson, L.G., C.P. Gerba,

M.W. Bolton

,

and J.B

.

Rose. 1985. Subsurface transport of urban runoff pollutants.

hl:

Ground Water

Quality Research,

pp. 158-160. University Center for

Water

Research, Oklahoma State

University

,

Stillwater, OK.

Margolin, A.B., M.J. Hewlett, and C.P. Gerba. 1986. Use of a cDNA dot-blot hybridization technique for

detection of enteroviruses in water.

Water Quality Technology Conference Proceedings, pp. 87-95. American

Water Works Association, Denver, CO.

Rose

,

J.B., C.E. Musial

,

M.,l. Arrowood

,

C.R. Sterling

,

and C.P. Gerba. 1986

.

Development of a method for the

detection

of

Cryptosporidiuin

in drinking water

.

Water

Quality Tech.

Conference Proceedings

, pp. 117-123.

American

Water Works Association

,

Denver, CO.

43

---

Gerba, C,P., J.B. Rose, R. DeLeon, G.A, `I'oranzos, S.N. Singh, and B.H. Keswick. 1986. Isolation of rota- and

enteroviruses from three drinking water supplies. Water Quality Technology Conference Proceedings, pp. 451-

459. American Water Works Assoc., Denver, CO.

Gerba, C.P., and R. Thurman. 1986. Towards developing standard procedures for testing; microbiological water

purifiers.

Progress in Chemical Disinfection - III,

(G.E. Janauer, ed.), pp. 269-282, SUNY, Binghamton, NY.

Gerba, C.P., and C.N.

I-laas. 1986.

Risks associated with enteric viruses in drinking; water

.

Progress in

Chemical Disinfection - III,

(G.E.

Janauer

, ed.), pp. 460-468, SUNY, Binghamton, NY.

Gerba, C. P. 1986. Ecology of enteric virus survival and transport in groundwater. Its:

Perspectives in.

Microbial Ecology (F.

Megusar and M. Ganthor, eds.) pp. 422-425. Slovene Society for Microbiology,

I jubljano, Yugoslavia.

Owen, M.C.R., and C.P. Gerba. 1987. A case history of water in rural areas of Mexico. In:

Rain I'Vater°

Cistern Systems.

pp. f4-1-f4-17, faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 4002, Thailand.

Rose,

J.B., M.S. Madore

, J.L. Riggs, and C.P. Gerba. 1987.

Detection

of

Cryplosporidiurn

and

Giardia

in

environmental waters. Water

Quality Technology

Conference Proceedings

, pp. 417-424. Any. Water Works

Assoc., Portland, OR.

Gerba, C.P., A.B. Margolin, B.I. Trumper, J.B. Rose, and C.Y. Zhang. 1987. Low cost rapid methods for

enterovirus detection in water.

Water Quality Technology Conference Proceedings, pp. 1025-1041.

Water

Works Assoc., Denver, CO.

Gerba, C.P.,

A.B. Margolin

,

and J.B. Rose

.

1987. Low cost rapid methods for virus monitoring of reclaimed

wastewater

.

pp. 338-350

.

In: Analytical

Techniques and Residuals Management in Water Pollution Control,

Water Pollution Control Federation

,

Washington, DC.

Gerba, C.P., A.B. Margolin, and E.T. Trumper. 1987. Enterovirus detection in water with gene probes, pp. 55-

59. Iii:

Contamination of the Environment by Viruses and Methods of Control.

Medical Academy of Dresden,

Germany.

Margolin, A.B., M.S. Bitrick, R. DeLeon, and C.P. Gerba. 1987. Application of gene probes to poliovirus and

hepatitis A virus detection in water and shellfish.

Oceans 87,

pp. 1746-1751, Marine Technology Society.

Washington, DC.

Gerba, C.P., and S.M. Goyal. 1987. Risk Assessment of enteric virus disease transmission by shellfish

consumption.

Oceans 87.

pp. 1757-1760.

Marine Technology Society, Washington, DC.

DeLeon, R., J.E. Naranjo, J.B. Rose, and C.P. Gerba. 1988. Enterovirus,

Cryptosporidium

and

Giardia

monitoring; of wastewater reuse effluent in Arizona.

Water Reuse IV, pp. 833-846.Amer. Water Works Assoc.,

Denver, CO.

44

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Rose, J.B., M.M. Karpiscak, K.E. Foster, K.J. DeCook, C.P. Gerba, and R. Brittain. 1988. An experiment in

residential water reuse and conservation.

Water Reuse IV, pp. 1391-1398, American Water Works Assoc.,

Denver, CO.

Rose, J.B., D. Kayed, M.S. Madore, C.P. Gerba, M.J. Arrowood, C.R. Sterling, and J.L. Riggs. 1988. Methods

for the recovery of

Giardia

and

Cryptosporidium

from environmental waters and their comparative occurrence.

(P.M. Wallis and B.R. Hammond, eds.)

Advances in Giardia Research,

pp. 205-209. University of Calgary

Press, Calgary, Canada.

Rose, J.B., C.P. Gerba, A.B. Margolin. 1988. Viruses in drinking water: An overview of gene probes and their

usage for detection of viruses in water.

Water Quality Technology Conference Proceedings, pp. 9-32, American

Water Works Association, Denver, CO.

Kut, S.M., L.K. Landeen, M.T. Yahya, and C.P. Gerba. 1988. Microbiology evaluation of copper/silver

disinfection

units

.

pp. 351-368. Progress in Chemical Disinfection IV, State University of New York at

Binghamton.

Postillion

,

F.G., D.M. Esponsito

,

P.A. Rusin

, N.A. Sinclair,

and C.P. Gerba

.

1989. Bacterial fingerprinting to

trace source

of coliform

bacteria during artificial recharge

.

In:

Artificial

Recharge

of Groundwater.

(A.I.

Johnson and D.J

.

Finlayson

,

eds.) pp. 220

-

224, Amer. Soc

. Civil Eng., NY.

Yahya, M.'f., L.K. Landeen, S.M. Kut , and C.P. Gerba. 1989. Inactivation

ofT egion.ella pneuniophila by

exposure to copper/silver ions and reduced levels of free chlorine.

Microbial Aspects of Surface Water Quality,

pp. 82-95, Water Pollution Control Federation, Washington, DC.

Gerba, C.P. 1989. Virus survival and transport in ground water. Proceedings of the 6th Northwest On-site

Wastewater Treatment Short Course. University of Washington, Seattle, WA. pp. 257-270.

Yahya, M.T., and C.P. Gerba. 1990. Evaluation of potassium permanganate for inactivation of bacteriophage

MS-2 in water systems. AWWA Water Quality Tech. Conf., American Water Works Assoc. Denver, CO., pp.

139-146.

Stewart, M.H., R.L. Wolfe, K.J. Richardson, A.B. Margolin, and C.P. Gerba. 1990. Application of gene probe

technology for detection of enteric viruses by a drinking water utility. AWWA Water Quality Tech. Conf.,

American Water Works Assoc. Denver, CO., pp. 823-831.

Gerba, C.P. 1990. Health risks of viruses in water. AWWA Water Quality Tech. Coif, American Water

Works Assoc. Denver, CO., pp. 921-928.

Yahya, M.'T., 'r.M. Straub, and C.P. Gerba. 1990. Inactivation of Bacteriophage MS-2 and poliovirus in

copper, galvanized and plastic domestic water pipes. AWWA Water Quality Tcch. Conf, American Water

Works Assoc. Denver, CO. pp. 1377-1389.

45

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Gerba, C.P. 1990. Virological aspects of ground water quality.

Drinking TVater and Groundwater Protection,

pp. 241-252. National Environmental health Association, Denver CO.

Gerba, C.P., and R.C. Bales. 1990. Virus transport in the subsurface. In: Proceedings of the First International

Symposium on Microbiology of the Deep Subsurface. (C.B. Fliermans and T.C. Hazen, eds). WSRC

Publications Aiken, SC, pp. 7123.7129.

Naranjo, J.E., G. A. Toranzos, J.B. Rose, and C.P. Gerba. 1990. Occurrence of enteric viruses and protozoan

parasites in water in Panama. Second Biennial Water Quality Syn7posiunl: Microbiological Aspects. University

of Chile, Santiago, Chile, pp. 15-20.

Gerba, C.P., and C.N. Haas. 1990. Assessment of risks associated with enteric viruses in contaminated

drinking water. In:

TViener Mitteilunger

(in German) 83:39-49. Universitat fur Bodenkultur, Wien.

Powelson, D.K., D.J. Cline, M.T. Yahya, L.G. Wilson, and C.P. Gerba. 1991. Virus and bromide transport

through sandy alluvium with infiltrated treated sewage. Fifth Biennial Syrnposiurn on Artificial Recharge of

Groundwater., Tucson, AZ, pp. 49-62.

Abbaszadegan, M., C.P. Gerba, and J,B. Rose. 1991. Detection of

Giarclia

cysts by cDNA probe and

application to water samples. Proceedings of the First U.K. Symposium on Health Related Water Microbiology.

(R.

Morris, L. Alexander, P. Wyn-Jones, and J. Sellwood, eds.) University of Strath Clyde, United Kingdom,

pp. 66-75.

Pepper, LL., K.L. Josephson, R.L. Bailey, and C.P. Gerba. 1992. Detection of bacterial pathogens in water:

comparison of culturable methodology with polyrnerase chain reaction technology. Proceedings Water Quality

Technology Conference, pp, 101-112, American Water Works Association, Denver, CO.

Gerba, C.P.

1992.

Viruses in recharged wastewater

.

Proceedings of the Commission on the Arizona

Environment

.

Arizona Hydrological Society, Tucson

,

AZ, pp. 71-75.

Wilson, B.R., P.F. Roessler, E. Van Dellen, M. Abbaszadegan, and C.P. Gerba. 1993. Coliphage MS-2 as a

UV water disinfection efficacy test surrogate for bacterial and viral pathogens. AWWA Proceedings 1992

Water Quality Technology Conference, Toronto, Ontario, pp. 219-235.

Abbaszadegan, M., M.N. Hasan, R. Kuenner, B. R. Wilson, P. F. Roessler, E. Van Dellen, and C. P. Gerba.

1993. Evaluation of the disinfection efficiency of a point-of-use water treatment system on protozoan, viral , and

bacterial pathogens. AWWA Proceedings 1992 Water Quality Technology Conference, American Water Works

Association, Denver, CO., pp. 399-421.

Abbaszadcgan, M., M. S. Huber, C. P. Gerba, and 1. L. Pepper. 1993. Processing of water samples for the

detection of enteroviruses by polymerise chain reaction. AWWA Proceedings 1992 Water Quality Technology

Conference, American Water Works Association, Denver, CO., pp. 1691-1709.

46

---

Powelson, D. K. and C. P. Gerba. 1993. Comparative removal of viruses by sandy alluvium during filtration of

wastewater. Proceedings Sixth Biennial Symposium on Artificial Recharge of Groundwater, Salt River Project,

Scottsdale, AZ. pp. 87-100.

Gerba, C. P., C. E. Enriquez, and M. Abbaszadegan. 1993. Infectious disease risks to sanitary sewer personnel.

Proceedings Collection Systems Operation and Maintenance Specialty Conference, Water Environment

Federation,Washington, D.C. pp. 709-718.

Kuennen, R., R. Taylor, B., Wilson, P. Roessler, M. Abbaszadegan, and C.P. Gerba. 1993. Perforn-iance of a

point-of-use water treatment system for treating contaminated drinking water with chemicals and microbes. Ida:

Safety of'Water Disinf ction: Balancing Chemical and Microbial Risks

(G.F. Craun, ed.) pp.563-568.

International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC.

Awad, J., C.P. Gerba, and G. Magnuson. 1993. Ultraviolet disinfection for potable reuse. In:

Safety of Water

Disinfection: Balancing Chemical and Microbial Risks.

(G.F. Craun, ed.) pp. 585-589. International Life

Sciences Institute, Washington, DC.

Bradford, S.M., A.W. Bradford, and C.P. Gerba. 1993. Virus transport through saturated soils. In:

Proceedings of the Second Symposium. Wiener Mitteilungen (in English).

112:143-147.

Agricultural

University, Vienna.

Daniel, P., C.P. Gerba, and S. Leonard. 1994.

Cryptosporidium

inactivation: an assessment of methods.

Water Quality Technology Conference Proceedings. American Water Works Association, Denver, CO, pp.

233-242.

Abbaszadegan, M., M.S. Huber, I.L. Pepper, and C.P. Gerba. 1994. Detection of viable

Giardia

cysts in water

samples using polymerase chain reaction. Water Quality Technology Conference Proceedings: American

Water Works Association, Denver, CO, pp. 529-548.

Enriquez, C.E., C.P. Gerba, I.L. Pepper, and M. Abbaszadegan. 1994. Survival of human immunodeficiency

virus (HIV) in water and wastewater. Water Quality'rechnology Conference Proceedings, AWWA, Denver,

CO, pp. 859-869.

Brion, G., C.P. Gerba, and J. Silverstein. 1994. Pathogenic viruses in space: indicators and risks in closed

space environments. SAE Technical Paper Series 941387 presented at 24th International Conference on

Environmental Systems and 5th European Symposium on Space Environmental Control Systems,

Friedrichshafen, Germany, pp. I-10.

Straub, T.M., C.E. Enriquez, V. Enriquez, C.P. Gerba, I.L. Pepper, and J.B. Rose. 1994. Monitoring of

protozoan parasites in sewage biosolids and reclaimed water. In:

Pathogen Assessment and Monitoring of

Biosolids and Wastewater Effluents.

Proceedings of the Conference Seminar, Water Environment Federation,

Chicago, IL, pp. 66-74.

47

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Cartwright, P.S., and C.P. Gerba. 1995.

Worldwide microbiological concerns and treatments, Water Quality

Association, Nesile, IL. pp. 1-19.

Gerba, C.P., J.B. Rose, and C.N. Haas. Waterborne disease - who is at risk? 1995.

Water Quality Technology

Conference Proceedings (American Water Works Assoc., Denver, CO), pp. 57-71.

Straub

, T.M., C.P. Gerba, X. Zhou,

R. Price, and

M.T. Yahya.

1995. Synergistic inactivation

ofTscherichia

eoli

and MS-2

coliphagc

by chloramine

and cupric chloride

. Water Quality'rechnology Conference

Proceedings

,

American Water Works Assoc., Denver, CO. 231-249.

Quinone , M.J., P. Soto, and C.P. Gerba. 1995. Removal

of Cryptosporidiuni

oocysts and

Giardia

cysts from

wastewater by soil aquifer treatment (SAT) system. In: The Role of Recharge in Integrated Water

Management. Salt River Project, Tempe, AZ. pp. 279-287.

Swarts, M.L., S.M. Carroll, M. Quinonez, R.G. Arnold, and C.P. Gerba. 1995. Effect of wastewater quality on

virus removal by sandy soils. In: The Role of Recharge in Integrated Water Management. Salt River Project,

Tempe, AZ. pp. 289-300.

Wilson, L., G.L. Amy, C.11. Gerba, H. Gordon, B. Johnson, and J. Miller. 1995. Water quality changes during

soil aquifer treatment of tertiary effluent. Water Environ. Research, Washington, DC. 67:371-376.

West, W., P. Daniel, P. Meyerhofer, A. DeGraca, S. Leonard, and C.P. Gerba. 1995. Evaluation of

Cr-yptosporidiuni

removal through high-rate filtration. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American

Water Works Association, pp. 493-504. American Water Works Assoc., Denver, CO.

Enriquez, V., J.B. Rose, C.E. Enriquez and C.P. Gerba, 1995. Occurrence of

Cryptosporidiwn

and

Giardia

in

Secondary and tertiary wastewater effluents. In:

Protozoan Parasites and fVater,

W.B. Betts, D. Casemore, C.

Fricker, 11. Smith, and J. Watkins, eds. pp. 84-86. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge.

Crabtree, K.D., C.P. Gerba, J.B. Rose, and C.N. Haas. 1996. Risk assessment of waterborne rotavirus and

coxsackievirus. Water Quality Technology Proceedings, lap. 789-807. American Water Works Association,

Denver, CO.

Carroll, S.M., C.P. Gerba, D.M. Quanrud, and R.G. Arnold. 1996. Comparative removal of coliphagc and

poliovirus from secondary wastewater during soil aquifer treatment (SAT).

Water Reuse Conference

Proceedings, pp 1001-1005. American Water Works Association, Denver, CO.

1=alabi, J.A., C.P. Gerba, and M.M. Karpiscak. 1996. Fate of selected pathogens in a duckweed

(lemna gibba

L.) covered pond.

Water Reuse Conference Proceedings, pp 1071-1080. American Water Works Association,

Denver, CO.

48

---

Quanrud, D.M., P.L. Chipello, S. Carroll, R.G. Arnold, M.H. Conklin, L.G. Wilson, and C.P. Gerba. 1996.

Simulation of

soil aquifer treatment - Determination of reliable water quality benefits and process mechanisms.

Water Quality Technology

Proceedings

,

pp. 1143-1188. American

Water Works

Association

,

Denver, CO.

Enriquez, C.E., J. Sandoval-Garzon, and C.P. Gerba. 1996. Survival, detection, and resistance to disinfection

of enteric adenoviruses.

Water Quality Technology Proceedings, pp. 2059-2086. American Water Works

Association, Denver, CO.

Abbaszadegan, M., P. Stewart, M. LeChevallier, M. Yates, and C.P. Gerba. 1996. Occurrence of enteroviruses

in groundwater and correlation with water quality parameters.

Water Quality Technology Proceedings, pp.

2099-2114. American Water Works Association, Denver, CO.

Gerba, C.P., J.B. Rose, and C.N. Haas. 1996. Quantitative microbial risk assessment for reclaimed wastewater.

Water TECH Proceedings, pp. 254-260. Australian Water and Wastewater Association, Sidney, Australia.

Gerba, C.P., J.B. Rose, and C.N. Ilaas. 1996. Microbial risk assessment: a new tool in water quality

management. In: Preservation of Our World in the Wake of Change (ed: Y. Steinberger) ISEEQS Pub., Vol.

VIB, pp. 732-735, Jerusalem, Israel.

Gerba, C.P. 1997.

What are the current microbiological and public health issues in drinking water? In:

Examining microbes in groundwater, pp. 39-47. American Water Works Assoc., Denver, CO.

Enriquez, C.E., and C.P. Gerba. 1997. Swimming pool water disinfection with copper and silver ions. In:

Water Chemistry and Disinfection: Swimming Pools and Spas (R. Denkewicz, C.P. Gerba, and Q. Hales, Eds.),

pp. 26-30. National Spa and Pool Institute, Alexandria, VA.

Gerba, C.P., C.E. Enriquez, and C. Gerba. 1997. Virus-associated outbreaks in swimming pools. In: Water

Chemistry and Disinfection: Swimming Pools and Spas (R. Denkewicz, C.P. Gerba, and Q. Hales, Eds.), pp. 31-

45, Alexandria, VA.

Denkewicz, R., C.P. Gerba, Q. Hales. 1997. Water chemistry and disinfection: Swimming pools and spas.

National Spa and Pool Institute, Alexandria, VA.

Johnson, D.C., PY, Roessler, M.N. Hasan, and C.P. Gerba. 1997. Evaluation of the removal of pathogenic

parasites by a point-of-use water treatment system. In. International Symposium on Waterborne

Cryptosporidiuni..

(C.R. Bricker, J.L. clancy and P.A. Rochelle, eds), Newport, CA, pp. 291-295. American

Water Works Assoc., Denver, CO.

Stewart, M., M. Yates, M. Anderson, C. Gerba, R. DeLeon, and R. Wolfe. 1997. Modeling the impact of body-

contact recreation on

C;yptosporidium

levels in a drinking water reservoir. International Symposium on

Cryptosporidiuni.

pp. 137-146. C.R. Bricker, J.L. Clancy,and P.A. Rachelle, eds. American Water Works

Assoc., Denver, CO.

49

---

Fox, P., M. Nellor, R. Arnold, K. Lansey, C. Gerba, G. Amy, W. Yanko, R. Baird, M. Reinhard, and S.

Houston. 1997. Investigation of soil aquifer treatment for sustainable water reuse. 8"' Biennial Symposium oil

the Artificial. Recharge of Groundwater, Tempe, AZ. pp. 123-132.

Gerba, C.P., D.C. Johnson, and M.N. Hasan. 1997. Control of microbial contaminates by point-of-use devices:

Future needs and technologies.

WQTC 1996 Proceedings, Boston, MA. 6 pages, un-numbered. AWWA,

Denver, Co.

Rusin, P., J. Rose, C. Haas, and C. Gerba. 1997. Risk assessment of opportunistic bacteria] pathogens in

drinking; water.

WQTC 1996 Proceedings, Boston, MA. 17 pages, un-numbered. AWWA, Denver, CO.

Panelli,

M., D. Johnson, and C.P. Gerba. 1997. Detection of microsporidia in water.

WQTC 1996

Proceedings, un-numbered pages. AWWA, Denver, CO.

Gerba, C.Y., and P. Gerba. 1998. Outbreaks caused by Pseudomonas associated with whirlpool spas. In:

Chemical Dynamics within the pool and spa environment. Q. Hales and R. Denkewicz, eds. pp. 8-18. National

pool and Spa Institute, Alexandria, VA.

Stewart, M., M. Yates, M. Anderson, C. Gerba, R. DeLeon, and R. Wolfe. 1998. Modeling the impact of body-

contact recreation on

Csyptosporidhvn

levels in a drinking water reservoir. International Symposium Oil

Waterborne

Cryptosporicliurn.

pp. 137-146. American Water Works Assoc., Denver, CO.

Johnson, D.C., P.F. Roessler, M.N. Hasan, and C.P. Gerba. 1998. Evaluation of the removal of pathogenic

parasites by a point-of-use water treatment system. International Symposium on Waterborne

Cryptosporidium.

pp. 291-295. American Water Works. Assoc., Denver, CO.

Abbas edegan, M., C.P. Gerba, and M. LeChevallier. 1999. Occurrence of viruses in groundwater: A national

study. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Waterborne Pathogens. AWWA, Denver, CO.

Maas, C.N., D.D. -Andrea, J. Dmochowske, J. Jacangelo, S. Chellam, and C.P. Gerba. 1999. Inactivation of

Legionella pneuniohila

by free chlorine. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Waterborne

Pathogens.

AWWA, Denver, CO.

Haas, C.N., A. Thayyar-Madabusi, J.B. Rose, and C.P. Gerba. 1999. Formulation and validation of a dose-

response model for E.

soli

0157:H7. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Waterborne Pathogens,

AWWA, Denver, CO.

Haas, C.N., D. D=Andrea, J, Drnochowski, J. Jacangelo, S. Chollamans, C.P. Gerba. 1999. Inactivation of

Mycobacter-iinai for-tt.ttia.triz

by free chlorine. Proceedings of the 1999 Water Quality Technology Conference.

AWWA, Denver, CO.

50

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Dowd, S.E., J.A. Thurston, C.P. Gerba, and I.L. Pepper. 1999. Development of improved methods for

detection and species determination of human pathogenic microsporidia in water. Proceedings of the 1999

Water Quality Technology Conference. AWWA, Deliver, CO.

Siedel, G., C.P. Gerba, and W. Yanko. 1999. Application of molecular methods for the detection of

enteroviruses at recharge facilities. Artificial Recharge and Integrated Water Management. pp. 381-391.

Oswald, A.M., C.P. Gerba, and M.M. Karpiscak. 1999. Removal of enteric and pathogenic organisms from

wastewater by artificial wetlands. Artificial Recharge and Integrated Water Management, pp. 339-348.

Seidel, G., C. Gerba, and W. Yanko. 1999. Application

of molecular methods for

the detection of Non-CPE

enteroviruses at recharge

facilities.

Proceedings of the 12°i Annual Symposium of the Arizona Hydrological

Society.

Casanova, L., C.P. Gerba, and M. Karpiscak. 2000. Chemical and microbial characterization of household

graywater. Proceedings of the Small Drinking and Wastewater

Systems International

Symposium. NSF

International

,

Ann Arbor, MI. pp. 458-463.

Gerba, C.

P., R. Nokes, and M. Karpiscak

.

2000. Reduction of enteric organisms in small scale subsurface flow

constructed wetlands. Proceedings of the Small Drinking and Wastewater Systems International Symposium.

NSF International

, Ann Arbor,

MI.

pp. 210-216.

Alum, A., C.E. Enriqucz, G. Oron, and C.P. Gerba. 2000. Control of viral contamination of reclaimed water

irrigated vegetables by drip irrigation. Proceedings of Water Reuse 2000. Aanerican Water Works Assoc.,

Denver, CO.

Oron, G., R. Armon, R. Mandelbaum, Y. Manor, C. Campos, L. Gillerman, M. Salgot, C. Gerba, 1. Klein, and

C. Enriquez. 2000. Secondary wastewater disposal for crop irrigation with minimal risks. Proceedings of 1"

World Water Congress of the International Water Association. Book 8. Wastewater, Reclamation, Recycling

and Reuse. pp. 315-322. International Water Quality Association. London.

Oswald, A.M., C.P. Gerba, and M.M. Karpiscak. 2000. Removal of enteric microorganisms from secondary

effluent and backwash filter water by artificial wetlands. Proceedings of the I" World Water Congress of the

International Water Association. Book 8. Wastewater, Reclamation, Recycling and Reuse. pp. 142-149.

International Water Quality Association. London.

Oswald, A.M., C. Gerba,

G. Seidel

,

and Q. Hales

.

2000.

Evaluation of swimming pool filtration systems.

Research

in Pool and

Spa Water Chemistry. J. Q. H

ales, ed. pp. 18

-

23.

National Spa and Pool Institute.

Alexandria, VA.

Watt, P.M., D.I. Kennedy, J. Naranjo, J. Sandoval, and C.P. Gerba. 2000. A comparison of the disinfectant

capabilities of various spa products. Research in Pool and Spa Water Chemistry. J. Q. Hales, ed. pp. 71-76.

National Spa and Pool Institute. Alexandria, VA.

51

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Gerba, C.P. 2000, Chlorine disinfection of on-site systems. pp. 93-101. Proceedings 10°i Northwest On-Site

Wastewater Treatment Short Course and Equipment Exhibition. University of Washington, Seattle.

Gerba, C.P. 2001. Approaches and needs for the development of guidelines and standards for pathogenic

inicroorganisms in biosolids. Proceedings of the Specialized Conference on Sludge Management: Regulation,

Treatment, Utilisation and Disposal. International Water Association. London, UK. pp. 1-8.

Gerba, C.P., I.L. Pepper, and L.F. Whitehead. 2001. A risk assessment of emerging pathogens of concern in the

land application of biosolids. Proceedings of the Specialized Conference on Sludge Management: Regulation,

Treatment, Utilization and Disposal. Intemational Water Association. London, UK. pp. 457-470.

Gerba, C. P., S. Stine, C. Chaidez and I. L. Pepper. 2002. Estimation of total weekly intake of hetertrophic

bacteria in the United States. Bacteria in Drinking Water. pp. 301-304. NSF International. Ann Arbor, MI. pp.

301-304.

Gerba, C. 1'. and K. D. Mena. 2007. Risk assessment of waterborne adenovirr€ses. Proceedings of the First

International Conference on Ozone/UV Light Disinfection. UV Association.

TRADE

,

JOURNALS, POPULAR

MAGAZINES,

OTHER

Gerba, C.P., and J.F. McNabb. 1981. Microbial aspects of groundwater pollution. ASM News 47:326-329.

Gerba, C.P., K.C. Hou, and R.A.

Babincau

.

1981. Pyrogen Control by Charge-Modified Filters.

Pharn'aceutical Ingr., May-July. (2 pages).

Gerba, C.P. 1984. Viruses and the Environment (Book Review), ASM News 50:569.

Gerba, C.P., J.B. Rose, G.A. Torencos, S.N. Singh, L.M. Kelley, B. Keswick, and H.L. DuPont. 1985. Virus

removal during conventional drinking water treatment. EPA Health Effects Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH. pp. I -

4.

Gerba, C. P. 1986. Development of a qualitative pathogen risk assessment methodology for municipal sludge

landfilling.

EPA Office of Water Regulations Standards Document, Environmental Protection Agency,

Washington, DC.

Gerba, C.P., J.B. Rose, R. DeLeon, and S.N. Singh. 1986. Virus analysis of source and treated drinking water

in Puerto Rico. In:

Puerto Rico Pathogenic Organisms Survey Report,

pp. 25-56. Commonwealth of Puerto

Rico.

52

---

Schaub, S.A., and C.P. Gerba. 1988. Guide standard and protocol for testing microbiological water purifiers.

Proceedings of symposium on point-of-use water purifiers. pp. 37-42. U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency,

Cincinnati, OH.

Naranjo, J., R. DeLeon, C.P. Gerba, and J.B. Rose. 1989. Monitoring for viruses and parasites in reclairned

water. The Bench Sheet 11:8-10.

Gerba, C.P. 1991. Preface. In:

Virologie des Milieux Ilydriques, (L.

Schwartzbrod, ed.). TEC & DOC -

Lavoisier, Paris.

Gerba, C.P. 1993. Meeting

customer needs

for health.

Soap and Detergent Association Seventh

Symposium,

"Detergents

-

in Depth

, '92", pp. 31-34.

Rose, J. B., C. N. Haas, and C. P. Gerba. 1993. Waterborne pathogens: assessing the risks. Hlth Environ. Digest

7:1-3.

Gerba, C.P, 1993. Microorganisms in water: significance and control. In:

IValer Quality Association Quick

Course I7zforrnalion 't'ext,

pp. 5-12. Water Quality Association, Lisle, IL.

Rose, J.B., C.H. Haas, and C.P. Gerba. 1994. Micro-bias for the public good. Today's Life Science. May

1994, pp. 20-24.

Grohn-iann, G.D., G.J. Logan, P.T. Cox, and C.P. Gerba. 1994. Viruses: the hidden hazard. Today's Life

Sciences, pp. 32-35.

Gerba, C.P. 1995.

The Information Collection Rule. Water Conditioning and Purification

. 36:94-96.

Gerba, C.P., and P.M. Watt. 1997.

Who needs these end-of-faucet anti-microbial purifiers and why?

Water

Conditioning and Purification. 39:70-73.

Johnson, D.C., and C.P. Gerba. 1997. Microsporidia, the next

Cryptosporidiuni?

Water Conditioning and

Purification, 39:116-119.

Gerba, C.P., and J.E. Naranjo. 1997. Point-of-use water treatment devices.

Making sure they do their job.

Water Conditioning and Purification, 39:84-86.

Gerba, C.P. 1999.

Ensuring

safety.

Why the industry needs

to standardize residential pool and spa sanitization

equipment

.

Aqua. 24:75-78.

Janse, A. and C. P. Gerba. 2005. The Germ Freaks' Guide to Outwitting Colds and Flus. Health

Communications, Inc. Deerfield Beach, FL.

Gerba, C. P. 2005. Anti-bacterial Mania. Consumers Digest. 7 pages.

53

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Karpiscak, M. M., C. P. Gerba, R. Marrero-Oritir and K. R. Riley. 2006. Evaluating water quality. Individual

and small systems in Arizona. Southwest Hydrology. 5(5): 26-27.

PATENTS

Enhanced Disinfection of Microorganisms in Water, Issued 1993.

GRANT FUNDING

Effect of particulate matter on the survival of viruses in seawater, Research Corporation, Recipient, 1972.

Quantitative estuarine and shellfish virus enumeration, NOAA Scagrant, Dept, of Commerce, through

Institutional Grant to Texas A&M University, Co-Investigator, 1974.

New and improved methods for quantitative detection of enteric viruses in potable, reclaimed and natural

waters, Environmental Protection Agency, Co-Investigator, 1974-1979, $420,000.

Photodynamic inactivation of infectious agents in wastewater, IiMC Corporation, Central Engineering

Laboratories, Santa Clara, CA, Co-Investigator, 1974-1975, $ 100,000.

Virus removal from wastewater by land treatment, USDA, ARS, U.S. Water Conservation Laboratory Contract,

Phoenix, AZ, Co-Investigator, 1974-1975.

The role of sediments in the distribution and survival of enteric viruses in the estuarine environment, NOAA

Sea Grant, Dept. of Commerce, through Institutional Grant to Texas A&M University, Associate Project Leader,

1976-1979, $90,000.

Virus analysis of drinking water in Mexico, Eco-Ingenicra, Mexico, Principal Investigator, 1980, $2,800.

Movement and fate of viruses and organic pollutants in ground water during the land treatment of wastewater,

Environmental Protection Agency, Principal Investigator, 1977-1980, $481,372.

Hepatitis A and gastroenteritis viruses in water and shellfish, National Institutes of I-lealth, Principal

Investigator, 1978-1981, $178,514.

Research in applied and environmental virology, AMF/CUNO, Meriden, CI', Principal Investigator, 1980-1982,

$340,000.

Development of management strategies for the assessment and control of viral pollution of coastal waters,

NOAA, Long Term Pollution Effects Program, Dept. of Commerce, Principal Investigator, 1980-1981, $71,522.

54

---

Utilization

of silver and bighead carp

for water

quality improvement

:

virological and bacterial aspects,

Environmental Protection

Agency (

Subcontract from Arkansas

Nish & Wildlife),

Principal Investigator, 1980,

$26,000.

Virus studies of the subsurface,

Environmental Protection

Agency through

Institutional Grant from Rice

University,

Principal Investigator

, 1980-1981, $51,000.

Development of standard methods for the detection of enteric viruses in raw and treated potable water,

Environmental Protection Agency, Co-Investigator, 1980-1981, $71,000.

Services

to screen halogens

for viricidal

properties

,

U.S. Dept. of Defense, Army, Associate Investigator, 1979-

1981, $96,000.

Assessment and control of viral pollution of marine resources, NOAA Seagrant, Dept, of Commerce through an

Institutional Grant from Texas A&M University, Associate Project Leader, 1980-1981, $48,000.

Impact of sewage sludge disposal and dredging on the distribution and cycling of pathogenic human enteric

viruses in shallow coastal waters, NOAA, Ocean Dumping Program, Dept. of Commerce, Associate

Investigator, 1979-1980, $95,775.

Detection of potential viral contaminates in food and water, Dept. of Nutrition and Food Science, Hatch Project,

1981-1984, $30,460.

Virus removal during conventional drinking water treatments, Environmental Protection Agency, Principal

Investigator, 1981-1983, $93,724.

Development of an ELISA test for the detection for fish antibodies directed against human pathogens,

International Development Research Center, Principal Investigator, 1981-1982, $10,800 (Canadian).

Insoluble polymeric contact disinfectants for small water treatment systems, Environmental Protection Agency

through subcontract from State University of New York Research Foundation, Principal Investigator, 1981-

1983, $28,919.

Viral studies of the subsurface, Environmental Protection Agency through subcontract from Rice University,

Principal Investigator, 1982, $13,476.

Renovated water quality from two projects: Dan and Flushing Meadows, United States Binational Science

Foundation, Co-Investigator, 1980-1983, travel of Dr. Gerba to Israel, $2,500.

Rotavirus detection

, The University of Arizona

Biomedical Research Support

,

Principal Investigator, 1981-

1982, $9,300.

55

---

Detection of rotavirus and hepatitis A in water, Environmental Protection Agency, Principal Investigator, 1982-

1984, $117,000.

Development of a model for viral survival and transport in groundwater, Environmental Protection Agency

through subcontract frorn the University of Oklahoma, Principal Investigator, 1982-1983, $99,733.

Training program in ground water microbiology, Jessie Smith Noyes Foundation, Inc., Principal Investigator,

1982-1985, $69,300.

Occurrence; of viruses in water in Colombia, Tinker Foundation, Principal Investigator, 1983, $1,200.

A predictive model for virus transport, Environmental Protection Agency, Principal Investigator, 1983-1986,

$333,058.

Removal of microorganisms by filtration, Tucson Water Reuse Project, Rubel and Halter, Inc., Principal

Investigator, 1983, $10,382.

Virus analysis of groundwater, Arizona Dept. of Health Services, Principal Investigator, 1984, $3,000.

Prediction of virus persistence in Arizona groundwater, The University of Arizona Water Resources Center, Co-

Principal Investigator, 1984-1985, $9,982.

Virus analysis of drinking water in Puerto Rico, Environmental Protection Agency, Principal Investigator, 1984,

$24,421.

Insoluble polymeric contact disinfectants for point-of=use potable water disinfection, Environmental Protection

Agency, Co-Investigator, 1984-1986, $175,000.

Detection of potential viral contaminates in food and water, Dept. of Nutrition and Food Science, Hatch Project,

Principal Investigator, 1984-1987, $46,164.

Analysis of sludge and composted sludge for

microorganisms

,

Erco Division, Ensco Companies, Principal

Investigator, 1985, $23,760.

Casa del Agua: A community water conservation demonstration and evaluation project, Tucson Water and

Puna County, Co-Investigator, 1985-1989, $74,000.

Studies on microbial contamination of groundwater, IBM Corporation, Principal Investigator, 1985-1986,

$23,395.

Viability of parasitic enteric infections in Arizona:

Giardia

and

Cryptosporidiosis,

Co-Investigator, Arizona

Disease Control Research Commission, 1986-1987, $79,281.

56

---

Water disinfection by material surface contact, U.S. Aid Program in Science and 'T'echnology, Principal

Investigator, 1986-1989, $149,878.

Development of gene probes for rapid detection of enteric viruses in water and sewage, U.S, Aid Program in

Science and Technology, Principal Investigator, 1986-1989, $149,651.

Salary support for Dr. Susan Stramer, Centers for Disease Control, Principal Investigator, 1985-1987, $31,958.

Detection and isolation of

Qyptosporidiuni, Giardia,

and

En.tamoeba from

waters throughout the United States,

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Co-Investigator, 1986-1989, $160,000.

Rotavirus survival and transport in the subsurface, U.S. Environn-iental Protection Agency, Principal

Investigator, 1986-1988, $199,946.

Gene probes for enteric virus detection, The University of Arizona Biomedical Research Support Grant,

Principal Investigator, 1986-1987, $6,995.

Surface-chemical factors affecting transport of bio-colloids in subsurface porous media, U.S. Geological

Survey, Co-Principal Investigator, 1987-1989, $257,748.

Development of ultrascnsitive gene probes for the rapid detection of enteric viruses in water and food, Arizona

Technology Development Corporation, Co-Principal Investigator, 1988-1989, $150,000.

Development of methodology for detection of enteric viruses in food and water, Dept. of Nutrition and Food

Science, Hatch Proicct, Principal Investigator, 1988-1991, $41,929.

Rapid detection of enteric viruses in water using gene probes, Arizona Disease Control Research Commission,

Co-Investigator, 1987-1988, $24,442.

The effect of liquid smoke on

Listeria monocytogenes,

Bar S Foods, Co-Principal Investigator, 1987-1988,

$10,000.

Use of metal ions for water disinfection, Tarn-Pure, U.S.A., Principal Investigator, 1987-1989, $42,500.

Effectiveness of hand washing for the removal of contaminating enteric viruses and

Giardia,

Dial Corp., Co-

Investigator, 1987-1989, $19,285.

Ionic purification of water, Sigma Products, Inc., Principal Investigator, 1988-1989, $5,750.

Evaluation of a copper-silver electrolytic unit with chlorine under swimming pool conditions, U.S. Army,

Principal Investigator, 1988, $9,950.

57

---

Evaluation of a thermal-activated carbon microbiological water purifier, Regal Ware. Principal Investigator,

1988, $7,200.

Determination of bacteriophage in deep soil samples and their ecological significance, DuPont de Nemours and

Company,

Principal Investigator

,

1988-1989, $19,943.

Efficiency of copper, polyvinylchloride, chlorinated-polyvinylcliloride and galvanized pipes on the removal of

MS-2 coliphage, International Copper Research Association, Co-Investigator, 1988-1989, $49,142.

Efficiency of

reverse osmosis membranes in virus removal

,

Shaklee Corporation

,

Principal Investigator, 1988,

$5,000.

Agricultural sludge

reclamation

, Pima County, Co-Investigator, 1988-1990, $23,000.

Determination of the microbiological shelf life of refrigerated sandwiches, Campbell Food Research Institute,

Principal Investigator, 1988, $3,150.

Evaluation of gene probe technology for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus in hospital wastewater

concentrates, National Science Foundation, Co-Investigator, 1989-1990, $29,994.

Gene Probe detection of pathogens

in sludge-amended soils, U.S. Geological

Survey, Co-

Principal

Investigator,

1989-1991, $174,693.

Demonstrations of nanolilter method for treating Colorado River water, Consolidated Utilities, Co-Investigator,

1989-1990, $33,575.

Microbiological evaluation of diapers, solid waste, and leachate from the Fresh Kill landfill, Proctor and

Gamble Co., Co-Principal Investigator, 1989-1990, $85,268.

Determination of the inactivation kinetics of poliovirus after exposure to potassium permanganate, Carus

Chemical Co., Principal Investigator, 1989-1990, $18,600.

Assessment of model equations for predicting survival and transport of microorganisms in groundwater in

Arizona, Water Resources Center, Co-Principal Investigator, 1989-1990, $8,770.

Inactivation of MS-2 coliphage and

Legionella

by potassium permanganate, Carus Chemical Co., Principal

Investigator, 1989, $10,950.

Virus removal by a wastewater treatment and recycling system, Thetford Systems, Inc., Principal Investigator,

1989, $15,000.

Microbiological characterization of hotel bathrooms, Brushguard, Inc., Principal Investigator, 1989,

$6,950.

58

---

Microbiological evaluation of compost containing disposable diapers, Co-Principal Investigator, Proctor and

Gamble Co., 1989-1990, $32,985.

Investigations into the invasive properties of

Canipylobacter,

Arizona Disease Research Commission,

Co-investigator, 1959-1991, $57,000.

Evaluation of the microbial

efficacy

of a porcelain cleaner

,

Musson Associates

,

Principal Investigator, 1989,

$6,950.

The role of soil aquifer treatment

in wastewater reel amati on/reu se

:

hydrological, chemical and microbiological

considerations

,

Salt River Project and Tucson Water, Co-Principal Investigator, 1990-1991, $283,665.

Subsurface transport of biocolloids, National Institute of Health, Principal Investigator, 1990-1992, $124,340.

Molecular methods for evaluation of microbial quality of groundwater, USDA Cooperative State Research

Service, 1990-1992, $79,516.

Underground fate and transport of microorganisins, Water Resource Research Center. Co-Principal Investigator,

1990-1991, $33,637.

I luman enteric viral contamination of groundwater, Dept. of Environmental Protection, State of New Jersey,

Principal Investigator, 1990-1991, $48,325.

Health risks associated with bacterial and viral pathogens in groundwater, Arizona Disease Research

Commission, Co-principal Investigator, 1990-1993, $85,600.

Research support for studies on solid waste, Procter and Gamble Co., Principal Investigator, 1990, $3,000.

Development of non-halogen disinfectants for swimming pools, 1990, Olin Corporation, Principal Investigator,

1990-1991, $43,650.

Underground fate and transport of microorganisms, Water Resources Research Center, Co-principal

Investigator, 1991-1992, $40,531.

Evaluation of the hydraulic, chemical, and microbiological aspects of soil-aquifer treatment (SAT) during

wastewater reelamation/reuse: laboratory and field studies, Tucson Water and the Salt River Project, Co-

principal Investigator, 1992-1993, $137,951.

Detection of viable

Giarclia

cysts in water by polymerase chain reaction, Metropolitan Water District of

Southern California, Co-principal Investigator, 1991-1992, $52,809.

'T'ransport of subsurface bacteria in porous media, Dept. of Energy, Co-Investigator, 1991-1993, $300,100,

59

---

Microbial contaminate removal/inactivation by Asian point-of-use treatment system, Amway Corporation,

Principal Investigator, 1991-1992, $104,000.

Studies on viruses and parasites in reclaimed water, Microbial Analytical Laboratory, Principal Investigator,

1985-1993, $972,809.

Delineation of wellhead protection zones: considerations of virus transport, U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency, Principal Investigator, 1991-1994, $200,000.

Determination of the inactivation kinetics of hepatitis A virus and

Giardia

cysts after exposure to potassium

permanganate, Carus Chemical Company, Principal Investigator, 1992, $52,000.

Transport of biocolloids in the subsurface, National Institute of Environmental Health Science, Co-principal

Investigator, 1992-1995, $425,000.

Agricultural sludge reclamation, Pima County Wastewater Division, Co-investigator, 1991-1992, $83,793.

Multi-laboratory evaluation of the guide standard and protocol for testing microbiological water purifiers, U. S.

Environmental Protection Agency, Principal Investigator, 1992-1994, $164,964.

In use antibacterial dish detergent efficacy study

,

L and F Products,

Principal Investigator

, 1992-1993, $35,716.

Characterization of the microflora of households

and estimation

of the impact of disease transmission by

surfaces, Co-Principal Investigator L and F Products, 1992-1993, $66,270.

Stability of HIV viral RNA under environmental conditions, Co-investigator, National Science Foundation,

1992-1993, $50,000.

Incidence of pathogens in Mamala Bay: i-nolecular and risk assessment, Co-Principal Investigator, Mamala Bay

Commission, 1993-1995, $350,000

Physical, chemical, and biological properties of the Schmutzdecke, Co-Investigator, U. S. Department of

Agriculture, 1993-1996,

$180,000.

Microbial risk assessment for drinking water, Co-investigator, American Water Works Research Foundation,

1993-1995, $200,000.

Studies on the inactivation of

Giardia

by p1-l, pressure, and disinfection, Principal Investigator, CDM

Engineering, 1993, $59,000.

Solas Water System 't'esting, Solas Corporation, Principal Investigator, 1993-1994, $12,000.

60

---

SC Johnson Wax R&D Fellowship Grant, Johnson Wax, Principal Investigator, 1993-1994, $20,000.

Biocolloid Transport in Groundwater. United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development

Fund, Co-Principal Investigator. 1993-1995, $250,000.

Application of PCR Technologies for virus detection in groundwater. American Water Works Research

Foundation. Co-Principal Investigator. 1993-1997, $400,000.

Soil treatability pilot studies to design and model a soil aquifer treatment system. American Water Works

Research Foundation. Co-investigator. 1994-1995, $224,000.

Field Tracer- Experiments at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. University of'T'ennessee. Co-investigator. 1994.

$5,000.

Evaluation of a potable POU. Sweetwater Inc., Principal Investigator, 1994, $19,000.

Risk Assessment of a Distillation Water Treatment System, In--sink-erator, 1994, $57,000.

Microsporidium Reduction Testing. Amway Corp., Principal Investigator, 1995, $13,000.

Efficacy of chlorine bleach disinfection on surfaces against

Gica°&a,

Principal Investigator, Clorox Corp., 1995,

$13,250.

Rapid PCR based monitoring of infectious enteroviruses in drinking water. Co-investigator, Amer. Water

Works Research Foundation, 1995-1997, $191,896.

Comparison of POU devices

for

microbial removal, Principal Investigator, Sweetwater Inc., 1995, $53,000.

Evaluation of point-of-use water treatment devices for outdoor use, L.L. Bean, Inc. Principal Investigator, 1995,

$5,000. Evaluation of tablet formulations for water- disinfection, Principal Investigator, Sweetwater, Inc.,

1995,

$10,000.

Optimal Secondary Wastewater Reuse with Minimal Environmental Risks. United States-Israel Binational

Agricultural Research Development Fund, Co-Principal Investigator, 1996-1999, $339,000.

Enter Pathogen Reduction by Artificial Wetlands. Wyoming; Water Resources Research Center, Principal

Investigator, 1996-1998, 5126,350.

Quantitative microbial

risk assessment

of foods. Co-investigator. $23, 206. International Life Science Institute,

1997-1998.

Development of low cost

indicators of viruses and parasites

on foods,

Principal Investigator

, $18,500, USDA,

1996-1998.

61

---

Investigation of Soil Aquifer Treatment, Co-investigator, $400,000, Amer. Water Works Research Foundation,

and cities of Phoenix and Tucson, 1997-1998.

Evaluation of the economics and public health benefits from water chlorination for cholera using risk

assessment, Co-Principal Investigator, $90,000, Chlorine Chemistry Council, 1996-1997.

Inactivation efficiencies of emerging

waterborne

pathogens by chemical disinfection process

. Co-investigator.

An-ier. Water Works Res. Foundation, 1998-2000, $250,000.

Investigation of soil aquifer treatment, Co-investigator, EPA, $1,500,000, 1998-2002.

Residential graywater systems, Co-investigator, CASA, $16,413, 1998-2000.

Molecular detection of pathogens in irrigation water and their significance, Principal investigator, USDA,

$275,000, 1999-2001.

Impact of wildlife on enteric pathogens in a constructed wetland, Co-investigator, City of Phoenix, 2000-2001,

$48,651.

Microbial risk analysis of iceberg lettuce due to manure application. Co-investigator. Arizona Iceberg Lettuce

Research Council. $40,978. 2000-2002.

Effect of hetrotrophic plate count bacterial populations in drinking water. Co-investigator. NSF Water Quality

Center. $50,000. 2000-2002.

Use of risk modeling to determine the benefit of topical antimicrobial products. Soap and Detergent

Association. Co-investigator. $20,000. 2000-2002.

Virus transport through soil. U.S. Dept. of Interior. Co-investigator. $12,000. 2000-2001

Measurement of Hormonal Activity and Volume Contribution of Treated Wastewater in Water from Wells

along the Santa Cruz. U.S. Dept. of Interior. Co-investigator. $12,700. 2001-2002.

Microbial risk analysis of water in the production of produce in Arizona. Co-PI. USDA. $525,000. 2000-2003.

Assessment of bacterial contamination of oysters. Co-Pl. USDA. $1,200,000. 2001-2004.

Role of irrigation methods on microbial food safety. Co-Pi. FDA. $525,000. 2001-2004.

GiardialCly,Utosporidiuni

transport and fate during subsurface infiltration: integrated laboratory and field study.

Co-1'I. EPA. $519,725. 2001-2004.

62

---

I3ioaerosol generation from biosolids. Co-PI. NSF Water Quality Center. $60,000. 2001-2004.

Occurrence of emerging pathogens in the waters of Arizona. P.I. NSF Water Quality Center and State of

Arizona. $200,000. 2003-2005

Survival of the SARS virus in water and wastewater. P. I. NSF Water Quality Center. $10,000. 2003-2004.

Development of an infectivity assay for norovirus in cells. Co-PI. American Water Works Research Foundation.

$400,000. 2004-2007.

Occurrence of viruses on f6mites in work environments. Pl. Clorox Company. $52,000. 2004-2005.

Microbial quality in individual and small water systems in Arizona. PL NSF Center for Water Quality and the

State of Arizona. $200,000. 2004-2006.

Development of a Ct for chlorine for enteroviruses. PI. U.S, Environmental Protection Agency. $20,000. 2005.

Adenovirus and norovirus occurrence in sewage discharges. Pl. Geosyntec. $38,000. 2005.

Virus removal from Combined Sewage overflows. PI. CH2M Hill. $20,000. 2005.

Occurrence of viruses on fomites in public facilities. PI. Clorox Company. $35,000. 2005.

Assessment of a thermal point of use device for iicrobial treatment of water. PI. Johnson Research. $28,000.

Center for Advancing Microbial Risk Assessment. Co-investigator. U. S. Environmental Protection

Agency/Department of Homeland Security. $1,100,000. 2005-2010.

Disinfectants in disease reduction in public schools. P.I. Clorox Company. $224,000. 2005-2006.

Occurrence of bacteria in liquid soap. P.I. DOJO Industries. $28,000, 2006.

Control of

Naegleria fbwleri

in ground water in Arizona. P.I. NSF Water Quality Center and the State of

Arizona. $185,000. 2006-2008.

Development of a universal microbial concentrator. Co-PI. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. STAR

Grant Program. $450,000. 2006-2009.

Survival of prions in biosolids. PI. NSF Water Quality Center. $140,000. 2006-2009.

Development of an ozone/UV light disinfection system. P.I. NSF Water Quality Center/Vortex 'T'

echnologies.

$78,000. 2006-2007.

63

---

Development of new disinfectant technologies. P.I. The Clorox Company $84,000. 2006.

Microbiology of home vs. work offices. P.I. The Clorox Company $59,000. 2007-2008.

Evaluating proposed operational practices for control

of Naegleria fowleri

in Arizona's Public Drinking Water

systems. Co-investigator. Arizona Water Institute/City of Peoria $58,028. 2008.

A new generation of anti-micriobial materials. Ncxra. $20,000. 2007

Microbial contamination of hospital scrubs. P. 1. Molnlycke I-lealth Care, Inc. $9,000. 2007.

New Generation of water treatment for the developing world. P. 1. Vestgaard. $104,000. 2007.

Assessment of Lumilife Systems. P. I. Lumilife. $8,000, 2007.

Evaluation of a foaming hand product formulation in preventing the transfer of rhinovirus. P. 1. Procter and

Gamble Company. $31,000. 2007.

Environmental microbial assessment of fomites. P.I. Microban. $14,000. 2007

Assessment of the microbial contamination of vacuum cleaners. Oreck. $14,500. 2007.

INSTRUCTION

FORMAL COURSES TAUGHT AT BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE

Environmental Virology (3 units) (1978-1980)

FORMAL COURSES TAUGI- T AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

Food Microbiology (3 units) (1981-1990) (100% effort)

Food Microbiology Laboratory (1 unit) (1981-1990) (100% effort)

Food Safety (2 units) (1981-1988) (10-50% effort)

Advanced Food Science (3 units) (1988-1991) (10% effort)

Groundwater Pollution Microbiology (3 units) (1982) (90% effort)

Introduction to Virology (3 units) (1986-1987) (10% effort)

64

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Environmental Microbiology (3 units) (1992-1997) (15-20% effort)

Environmental Microbiology Laboratory (2 units) (1992-

) (50% effort)

Environmental Biotechnology (2 units) (1993- 2001 ) (40% effort)

Pollution Science (3 units) (1994-

) (40% effort)

Risk Assessment (3 units) (2005-

) (25% effort)

SHORT COURSES TAUGHT AT OTHER UNIVERSITIES

(These courses are usually

1-2 weeks in

length)

Virus and Parasite Detection in Reclaimed Water.

Mexico City, 1988 (Sponsored by the World Bank and Pan

American Health Association)

Methods for the Detection of Viruses in the Environment. Cochabamba, Bolivia, 1989. (Sponnsored by the

University of San Simon)

Application of Biotechnology to the Detection of Viruses, Parasites, and Bacteria in the Environment. Culiacan,

Mexico, 1990. (Sponsored by the University of Sinaloa)

Detection of Parasites, Viruses and Bacteria in Water and Wastewater. Santiago, Chile, 1991. (Sponsored by

the University of Chile and the American Society for Microbiology)

Applications of Biotechnology to the Detection of Enteric Microorganisms in the Environment. Panama City,

Panama, 1992 (Sponsored by the University of Panama and the United States Agency for International

Development)

Advances in the Detection of Enteric Bacteria, Viruses, and Parasites in Water and Wastewater, Maracaibo,

Venezuela, Sept., 1992. (Sponsored by the University ofZulia).

Virus and Parasite Detection in water and Wastewater. Buenos Aires, Argentina, July, 1993 (Sponsored by the

University of Buenos Aires and the International Life Sciences Institute).

Molecular methods for the Detection of Microorganisms in water, San Paulo, Brazil, August, 1994, University

of San Paulo.

Detection of Microorganisms in Water and Food. University of Panama, Panama City, Panama, May, 1997.

(Sponsored by the University of Panama)

65

---

Microbial Detection in Water and Environmental Microbiology. Univerdidad del Valle, Guatemala City,

Guatemala. Feb. 25-28, 2000. (Sponsored by USDA, USAID, Merck, Procter and Gamble, and Universidad

del Valle).

Environmental Microbiology. University of Panama. Panama City, Panama. February, 2005. (Sponsored by the

American Society for Microbiology Latin American Lectureship Program).

Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. June 14-16, 2005.

"Transmission of Pathogens through the Environment. November 29-December 1, 2005. University of Sonora.

Hermosillo, Mexico.

PREPARATION OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS

Prepared the first training manual in Spanish on methods for the detection of viruses in water

"

Manual de

Vigilancia do Virus Entericos en el Agua"

(R.C. DeLeon,

C.P. Gerba and J.B. Rose) under the sponsorship of

the World Bank

and Pan American Health Association

.

This has since been used in numerous training courses

in South America at various universities.

Preparation of a laboratory manual with I. Pepper- entitled "Environmental Microbiology Laboratory".

Published in 1995 by Academic Press.

Aided in preparation of manual for training course in "Water Microbiology for the 21 st Century" which has

been used iii training courses at Macquarre University (Sydney, Australia, Sept., 1993), the University of

Washington (Seattle, March, 1994) and the University of York (York, England, Sept., 1994).

Designed and prepared wall posters for laboratory training in Environmental Microbiology "Procedure for the

Concentration and Detection of Enteric Viruses in Water", "Detection of Enteroviruses by the Polymerase Chain

Reaction", and "Procedure for the Concentration and Detection of

Giardia

and

Cr°ypoaporiditan

Oocysts".

Preparation of textbook with 1. Pepper, and M. Brusseau, entitled "Pollution Science". Published in 1996 by

Academic Press. Preparation of textbook Environmental Microbiology with R. Mier and I.L. Pepper, published

2000 by Academic Press.

INSTRUCTIONAL VIDEOS

Prepared instructional video "Environmental Microbiology Laboratory" for training in methods for the detection

of enteric viruses and parasites in water. 1991.

Participated in preparation of instructional video "Cleaning Products .... In Our Homes, In Our Environment"

under sponsorship of The Soap and Detergent Association and the University of Ohio. 1992,

66

---

Participated in preparation of instructional video "The World's Largest Landfill: A multidisciplinary

Investigation". Sponsored by Proctor and Gamble and the Council for Solid Waste Solutions.

OTHER

NITS (Mier) 470, food Microbiology selected by Arizona Ambassadors, a student volunteer organization that

assists the

Office of Admissions to provide prospective students a positive teaching experience. 1989.

Participated in College of Agriculture "Horizons Unlimited" Program 1989-1995. A one-week course to

provide high school students with an introduction to college level instruction.

Participated

1989-present

in the Underg

raduate Biology Research. Program, Th

e University of Arizona. This

program is

designed to

provide undergraduates with an interest in research to work in the laboratories

of faculty.

LIST OF THESES AND DISSER'T'ATIONS DIRECTED

1.

LaBelle, Raymond. Ph.D., 1979.

The role of sediment in the ecology of enteric viruses in the marine

environment.

Systems Analyst. Honeywell Corp., Houston, TX

2.

Smith, Eric.

Ph.D., 1980.

Development of a method for detection of rotavirus in water.

Professor of

Microbiology, University of Texas Medical School at Galveston, TX.

3.

Hurst, Christian. Ph.D., 1980. Viral detection and persistence during the land treatment of sludge and

wastewater. Environmental Virologist, Risk Reduction Laboratory, U.S. Environn-iental Protection

Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Retired.

4.Lerda, Katherin S. Ph.D., 1982. Adsorption of viruses to charge-modified silica. University of

Housston, Houston, TX.

5.

Hurst, Pei-Tung Liew. Ph.D., 1982.

Development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent

assay for the detection of viruses from wastewater. Senior Group Leader, Dames and Moore,

Environmental Consulting Engineers. Cincinnati, OH.

6.

Soria, Gary A. Toranzos.

M.S., 1983. Development of a microporous filter method for concentration of

rotavirus from tap water. Professor, Dept, of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piadras, PR.

7.

Bassous, Marlene.

M.S., 1983

.

Use of

dyes and proteins as indicators of virus adsorption to soils.

Clinical Laboratory Supervisor, VA.

S.

Yates, Marylynn V. Ph.D., 1984. Virus

persistence in groundwater. Professor and Chairperson,

Department of

Environmental Science

,

Univ. of Calif., Riverside, CA.

67

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9.

Toranzos, Gary A. Ph.D., 1985. Occurrence of enteric viruses in drinking water in South America.

Professor, Dept. of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piadras, PR.

10.

Musial, Coral A. Ph.D., 1985. Development of a method for the detection of

Cryptosporidiuin

in water

and selected studies on hepatitis A virus. Physician, Dept. of Infectious Disease, George Washington

University, St. Louis.

11.

Mullinax, Rebecca L. M.S., 1985. Isolation of enteric viruses from the recreational waters of Oak

Creek. Research Associate, University of Calif. at Davis, CA.

12.

Rose, Joan B. Ph.D., 1985. Virus removal during conventional drinking water treatment. Professor,

Dept. Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing

13.

Payne, Holly. M.S., 1985. Development of methods for enteric virus detection in freshwater clams.

Quality Control Supervisor, Soufer Foods, NC.

14.

Margolin, Aaron B. Ph.D., 1986. Use of cDNA-blot hybridization techniques for detection of enteric

viruses in water. Professor and Head, Dept. of Microbiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham,

NH.

15.

Badaway, Amin S. Ph.D. Survival and detection of enteric viruses on vegetables. Professor, Mosul,

Iraq.

16.

Thurman, Robert. Ph.D., 1987.

Mechanisms of virus inactivation on modified soil surfaces. Associate

Professor, Australian Catholic University Ballorat, Victoria.

17.

Sun, Gwoshing. M.S., 1986. Gray water reuse for irrigation.

18.

Madore, Mary. M.S., 1986. Resistance to

Cryptosporidhvn

to chloride disinfection.

19.

Grondin, Gerry. M.S., 1987. (Co-advisor).

Modeling virus transport in ground water. National

Groundwater Modeling Center, 01

4

.

20.

bayed, Dima. M.S., 1986. Methods for the isolation of oocysts of

Crypto.sparidiuni

from sludge and

Giardia

cysts from stool. Ph.D. Research Microbiologist. Phoenix,

AZ.

21.

Bradford, Alan. M.S., 1987. (Co-advisor) Transport of MS-2 virus through saturated soil columns.

Working for a bioremediation company in Irvine, CA.

22.

Messina, Maria Cipolla.

M.S., 1989. The effect of liquid smoke on

Listeria

Monocytogenes.

Working

for a biotechnology company in New Jersey.

68

---

23.

Landeen, Lee Kevin. M.S., 1989. Inactivation

of Legionella pneuniophila

by copper, silver ions and

free chlorine.

Working for a biotechnology company in San Diego, CA.

24.

Manthriratna, Gothami Anoma. M.S., 1989. Efficacy of handwashing as an aid in the control of

rotavirus and

Giar dia

transmission.

25.

Kroeger, "Thomas William.

M.S., 1989. (Co-advisor) Hydrophobic partitioning of the bacteriophage

MS-2. Dept, of Water Resources, State of Wisconsin.

26.

Stocking, Kristin.

M.S., 1989. (Co-advisor) Adsorption of MS-2 bacteriophage to silica.

Hydrologist,

City of Tucson, AZ.

27.

Richardson, Kenneth James. Ph-D,, 1989. Use of nucleic acid probes on a nonradioactive labeling

system for the detection of enteroviruses in water. Lawyer.

28.

DeLeon,

Ricardo

. Ph.D., 1989. Use of gene

probes and an application method for the detection of

rotaviruses in water. Head

,

Microbiology

,

Metropolitan

Water District, LaVerne, CA.

29.

Hinkle, Stephen.

M.S., 1990. (Co-Advisor)

Modeling colloid transport in saturated porous media: an

assessment of the importance of pH and kinetics in virus transport.

30.

Cassels, Jenna Marie.

M.S., 1990. Inactivation

of Naegleria.fowleri

amoebas by copper, silver and

chlorine.

Research Microbiologist, MBX Corporation, Tucson, AZ

31.

Luedeman, Rene Annette. M.S., 1990. (Co-advisor)

Development of in

vitro

primary cell cultures

from the penaeid shrimp,

penaeus styhrostris and penaeus vannamei

and evaluation of a potential

application.

Research Associate, University. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ,

32.

Soares, Ana Cristina Iiermino.

M.S., 1990.

Occurrence of enteroviruses and

Giardia

cysts in sewage

sludge before and after anaerobic digestion.

33.

Zhou

,

Xia.

M.S., 1991. Inactivation of

Tscherichia coli

and coliphage MS-2 by chloramine and copper.

Working for a biotechnology company in

Los Angeles, CA.

34.

Kinoshita, Takashi.

M.S., 1991. Effects of pH and hydrophobicity on the transport of viruses and

bacteria in saturated media.

Consulting Engineering Firm in Japan.

35.

Chiou, lpeng.

M.S., 1991, (Co-advisor) Inactivation

ofListeria inonoe.ytogenes

by copper, silver ions

and free chlorine.

Microbiologist, Hunts Foods, Los Angeles, CA.

36.

Straub, Timothy Mark.

M.S., 1991

.

Inactivation of bacteriophages MS-2 and PRDI and poliovirus

type I in Pima clay loam and

Braito sandy loam soils amended with anaerobically digested sewage

sludge

.

Research Scientist

,

Battelle Labs Northwest. Richmond, WA.

69

---

37,

Abbaszadegan, Morteza. Ph.D., 1991. Detection of

Giardia

cysts by cDNA probe and application to

water samples.

Professor, Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, A%.

38.

I-Iuber,

Mary Susan. M.S., 1992. Occurrence of enteric viruses in disposable diapers

from three

landfills.

39.

L,enczewsld, Melisa E.

M.S., 1993. Comparative transport ofbacteriophage and microspheres in an

aquifer under forced-gradient conditions. Associate Professor, Dept. of Geology, University of Northern

Illinois.

40.

Straub, Timothy Mark. Ph.D., 1993. (Co-advisor). Detection of enteroviruses and hepatitis A virus in

sludge and sludge amended soil using the polymerase chain reaction. Research Scientist, Battelle I..,abs

Northwest. Richmond, WA.

41.

Hasan

,

M.N., M.S. 1994. Evaluation of a microbial water purifier for inactivation

/

removal of viruses,

Giarclia

lainbla

cysts, and

Cryptospor

idiun?

oocysts

,

Project Officer

,

American Water Works Research

Foundation, Denver, CO.

42.

Enriquez

,

Carlos. Ph.D., 1994. Detection and Survival of Selected Viruses in Water

.

Research

Scientist, Clorox

Company,

Pleasanton, CA.

43.

Ma, Ju-Fang. Ph.D., 1995. Development of methods for concentration and detection of enteroviruses in

water. Physician, NY.

44.

Reynolds, Kelly A. Ph.D., 1995. Detection of enteroviruses in marine waters using RT-PCR. Research

Assistant Scientist, The University of Arizona, Dept. of Soil, Water and Environmental Science.

45.

Meng. Q.S. 1995. Comparative inactivation of enteric adenovirus, poliovirus, and coliphages by

ultraviolet irradiation.

46.

Johnson, Dana C. Ph.D., 1996. The fate of

Giarcha

and

Cryptosporicliuun

in marine water.

Microbiologist. Austin, `1'X

47.

Crabtree, Kristina D. Ph.D., 1996. Risk assessment of virus in water. Assistant Professor. College of

Public Health, University of Texas, El Paso, TX.

48.

Asthana, Seema, M.S. 1996. Influence of hydrocarbons on the virulence factors associated with

I'udonionas aerugin.osa,

Senior Research Assistant, Gen-Probe, San Francisco, CA.

49.

Carroll, Scan M.

M.S., 1996. Evaluations of virus removal by sandy soils during soil-aquifer treatment

using indigenous bacteriophage as indicator organisms. Consulting Engineering Firm, Boulder, CO.

70

---

50.

Falabi, Jeanne A. M.S., 1996. Pathogen removal by duckweed

(I emn.a gibb a

L.) - covered pond.

51.

Vinlvan, Edlin Artruz.

M.S., 1996. Survival of microbial indicators in a constructed wetland.

52.

Panclli, Manucla.

M.S., 1996. Concentration and detection of

Septata intestinalis

in water. Instructor

at a junior college, Dallas, TX.

53.

Thurston, Jeanette Ann.

M.S., 1997. Fate of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms in two

subsurface multispecies constructed wetlands. Research Scientist, Agricultural Research Service,

USDA, Lincoln, NE.

54.

Kamper, Matthew Frederic.

M.S., 1997. The occurrence of microsporidia in environmental waters.

55.

Nokes, Rita Lynn,

M.S., 1998. Reduction of enteric viruses in small scale, subsurface flow constructed

wetlands.

Graduate Student, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.

56.

Papp, Julie Dawn.

M.S., 1998. The concentration of animal waste to the microbial load of municipal

solid waste. Reserved Technician, City of Hope, Los Angeles, CA.

57.

Sabalos, Constantine Marc.

M.S., 1998. Detection of enteric viruses in treated wastewater sludge using

cell culture and molecular methods.

Microbiologist. Biotechnology Company, Tucson, AZ.

58.

Manshadi, Faezch Delhghan.

M.S., 1998. Occurrence of indicator and pathogenic enteric

microorganisms in natural wetlands. Research Associate, Arizona State University.

59,

Watson, Suzanne Michelle. M.S., 1999. Bacteria] Survival during laundering; with and without

disinfectants.

Microbiologist East Bay Municipal District, Oakland, CA.

60.

Mahalahabis, Madhumita.

M.S., 1999. Detection of infectious pohovirus by multiple passage ICC-PCR

and cell culture.

Graduate student, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

61.

Chaidez, Quiroz Cristobal. Ph.D., 1999. Risk assessment of selected opportunistic pathogens in

drinking water: Microbiologist, Centro do Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, Culican, Mexico.

62.

Quinonez-Diaz, Maria de J. Ph.D., 1999. Removal of pathogens and indicator organisms by natural

wetlands.

Microbiologist.

Centro de Investigacion on Alimentacion y Desarrollo, Culiacan, Mexico.

63.

Karim, Mohammad R. Ph.D., 1999. Survival of indicator bacteria and enteric pathogens in wetlands.

Research Microbiologist, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Cincinnati, 014.

64.

Watt, Pamela.

M.S., 1999. Research

Specialist

,

Agricultural Research

Service, USDA, Salinity Labs,

Riverside, CA.

71

---

65.

Sanchez, Luis R., Ph.D. 1999. Pathogen removal in diary wastewater using a wastewater constructed

treatment system with wetland cells. Quality Control Supervisor, produce company, Los Angeles, CA.

66.

Gramos, Dawn M. M.S. 2000. Inactivation of selected enteric viruses using ultraviolet light.

Hazardous Waste Risk Manager. U.S. Dept, of Defense. Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands.

67.

John, David.

M.S. 2000. Inactivation

of E'neephalitozoon i

nleslimdi

.s

by chlorine and ultraviolet light.

Research Associate, University of South Florida.

68.

Vladich, Frank, M.S. 2000. Development of a method for concentration of microsporidia from water.

Research Specialist, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.

69.

Vidalcs, Juan A. Ph.D. 2001.

Removal of viruses and pollution indicators in constructed wetlands.

Professor, Univ. of Monterrey,

Mexico.

70.

Alum, Absar, Ph.D. 2001. Control of viral contamination of reclaimed irrigated vegetables by drip

irrigation.

Research Associate, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.

71.

Thurston, Jeanette A. Ph.D., 2001. Occurrence of human pathogens microsporidia in irrigation water

and ultraviolet light and chlorine inactivation of enteric adenovirus type 40 and feline calicivirus.

Research Scientist, Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, NE.

72.

Orosz-Coghlan, Patricia. A., M.S. 2001. Impact of wildlife on

Fscherich.ia coli

in a constructed wetland.

Senior Research Specialist, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.

73.

Crenshaw, Tristen. N. M.S., 2002. Survival of enteric bacteria in chicken manure utilized as vegetable

crop fertilizer. Research Specialist, University of Arizona.

74.

Carreon, Joesph. D. M.S., 2003 Risk of infection by Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Norwalk virus in

commercially grown oysters: a novel application of quantitative microbial risk assessment. Research

Assistant, George Washington University, Washington.

75.

Seidel, Georgetta Ph.D., 2003 Detection on non-CPE producing enteroviruses via ICC-PCR at

wastetewater land application sites in Arizona and California; Endocrine disruption activity after

wetland, pond, and soil aquifer treatment of wastewater. Senior Epidemiologist, Tucson Medical Center,

Tucson, AZ.

76.

Manshadi, Fashi. D. Ph.D., 2003. Occurrence of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms on produce

irrigated with dairy wastewater. Research Assistant. Arizona State University. Phoenix, AZ.

77.

Kayed, D. Ph.D. 2003. Microbial duality of irrigation water used in the production of 1-resh produce in

Arizona. Microbiologist. Phoenix, AZ.

72

---

78.

Bright, K. Ph.D. 2003. Reduction of pathogenic

bacterial populations on stainless

steel by silver and zinc

ions

:

potential use

in preventing

cross contamination

of environmental surfaces. Assistant Research

Scientist

,

University of Arizona. Tucson, AZ.

79.

Woo, I-I. M.S. 2004. Bacteriophage

surrogate for human enteric viruses in

the testing

of point-of-use

(I'OU) devices.

Microbiologist

. Analytical Associates, VT.

80.

Balkhyour, M. Ph.D. 2004. Factors that affect

respirator fit- testing programs

. Professor, Saudi Arabia.

81.

Tanner, B. D. Ph.D. 2004. Aerosolization of microorganisms and risk of infection frorn reuse of

wastewater residuals. Research Scientist, Clorox Company. Pleasanton, CA.

82.

Stine, S.

W. Ph.D. 2004. Survival of enteric pathogens on the surface of fresh produce and intake of

heterotrophic bacteria in the United States. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Dallas, TX.

83.

Sutton, S. J. M.S. 2004. Inactivation of

Ei?cephalitozoon intestinals

by chlorine dioxide. Microbiologist.

Aerotech Labs,. Phoenix, AZ.

84.

Law, B. F. Ph.D. 2005. Assessment of the pathogenicity of

Camj3ylobacter°

from broiler chickens.

Research Scientist, University of Arizona.

85.

Boone, S. 2005. Occurrence and persistence of viruses on fornites. Research Scientist, Agricultural

Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, LA..

86.

Jones

,

E. L. Ph.D. 2006. Norovirus in

recreational

waters of Arizona.

Microbiologist

. Clorox Company.

Pleasanton, CA.

87.

Black, S. M.S. 2006.

Determination

of Ct values of resistant

enterovirus

by chlorine

inactivation.

Research

Specialist

, University of Arizona.

88.

Bronson-Lowe, D. L. Ph.D. 2006. Impact of an environmental hygiene intervention on illness and

microbial levels in child care centers, Epidemiologist. State of Arizona Department of Health. Phoenix,

AZ.

89.

Chattman, M. M.S. 2006. Bacterial contamination of liquid hand soaps. Research Technician. University

of Arizona, "Tucson, AZ.

90.

Blair, Barbara. M.S. 2006. Occurrence of

Naegleria fowleri

in wells in Arizona. Ph.D, student at the

University of Arizona.

91.

Castro, Nehelia. 2007. Ph.D. Survival of enteric bacteria and viruses in biosolids.

73

---

92,

Goartares-Moroyoqui, Pablo. 2007. Ph.D. Microbiological water quality in irrigation water, treated

wastewater, and untreated wastewater and its impact on vegetables in Sonora, Mexico. Director of

Biotechnology Programs, Sonora Institute of Technology. Obregon, Sonora.

93.

Ruelas, Enue Erdemely Sicaros. 2007. Ph.D. The development of alternative methods of disinfection.

Research

scientist

. The Clorox Company. Pleasanton, CA.

94.

Marrero-Ortiz, Roberto. 2007. Ph.D. Assessment of the microbial and chemical water quality of

individual and small water groundwater supplies in Arizona. Research Associate. WI.

95.

Rodriguez, R. A. 2007. Ph.D.Occurrence of enteric viruses on combined sewer overflows. Postdoctoral

Fellow. University of North Carolina. Chapel Mill, NC.

96.

Oswald, A. 2007. Ph.D. Removal of indictors and pathogens by an artificial wetland used to treat

secondary treated wastewater. Director of Research. Orange County Water District. Orlando, FL.

97.

Carpenter, K. 2007. M. S. The ecology of bacterial pathogens and

Salmonella

in Irrigation canals.

Laboratory Manager. The Clorox Company. Oakland, CA

98.

Moghe, A. 2007. M.S. Persistence of bacteria on fomites.

POSTDOCTORAL FELLOWS

Dr. Samuel Farrah, Professor of Microbiology, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science,

University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

2.

Dr. Pierre Payment, Professor of Microbiology, Institute Armand-Frappier, University of Quebec, 531,

Blv. Des Prairies, Laval-des-Rapides, Quebec, Canada.

3.

Dr. Sagar

Goyal,

Professor of Microbiology

,

Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories

,

College of

Veterinary

Medicine, University of Minnesota, St

.

Paul,

MN.

4.

Dr. Bruce Keswick, Director, Global Microbiology, Proctor and Gamble Co., Cincinnati, OH.

5.

Dr. Thomas Hcjkal, Physician, Lincoln, NE.

6.

Dr. De-Shin Wang, Conapac Computers, Houston, TX.

7.

Dr.

Marylynn Yates, Professor and Chairperson, Department of Soil and Environmental Science,

University of California, Irvine, CA.

74

---

8.

Dr. Shri N. Singh, Professor, Director of Diagnostic Microbiology, University of Kentucky,

Hopkinsville, KY.

9.

Dr. Susan Stranger, Research Scientist, Centers Disease Control, Atlanta, GA.

10.

Dr. Susan M. Bradford (Kutc), Private consultant to the water industry, Fountain Valley, CA.

11.

Dr. Joan Rose, Professor, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East

Lansing, MI

12.

Dr. Aarron Margolin, Professor, Departrrnent of Microbiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham,

NI-1.

13.

Dr. Morte a Abbas adegan

,

Professor, Department of Environmental Engineering, Arizona State

University

,

Tempe, AZ.

14.

Dr. David K. Powelson, Assistant Research Scientist, University of Florida, Gainesville.

15.

Dr. Timothy Straub, Research Scientist, Battelle Labs Northwest. Richmond, WA.

16.

Dr. Patricia Rusin, Associate Research Scientist, Dept. of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The

University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.

17.

Dr. Carlos Enriquez, Xavier College, CA

18.

Dr. Dana Johnson, Microbiologist, San Jose, "I'X

19.

Dr. Kelly Bright, Assistant Research Scientist, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.

20.

Dr. Stephanie Boone, Research Scientist, Agricultural Research Service, New Orleans, LA.

21.

Ryan Sinclair, current

75

---

A

tt

ac

hm

e

nt 2

---

Prepared for

Protecting Our Water Environment

Metropolitan

Water

Reclamation District of Greater Chicago

DRY AND WET WEATHER

RISK ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN HEALTH

IMPACTS OF DISINFECTION VS. NO DISINFECTION OF

THE CHICAGO AREA WATERWAYS SYSTEM (CWS)

Prepared by

Geosy

n

tec O

con

s

ultants

1111

. I %rit -r^tI"I'ti i II IIIIw

ilI(3rN

55 West

Wacker Drive, Suite 1100

Chicago, Illinois 60601

Project Number CHE8188

April 2008

---

Goosynte&

consultants

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST

OF TABLES ..........................................................................................................IV

LIST OF

FIGURES .......................................................................

............................... VII

LIST OF ATTACHMENTS ....................................................

......... .............

........••.......

IX

LIST" OF APPENDICES .......................................................................... ........................ X

LIST OF ACRONYMS .............................................................•........

.............................XI

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

..........................................................

............................... XIII

1.

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... I

1.1

PROJECT OBJECTIVE AND PROJECT TASKS ........................................................... 5

1.2

REPORT ORGANIZATION ....................................................................................... 6

1.3

RErERI-NCES ........................................................................................................ 6

2.

MICROBIAL. SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS .......................................................

8

2.1

RA'T'IONALE FOR INDICATOR AND PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISM SELECTION .... 8

2.2

SAMPLING OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................ 9

2.2.1

Dry Weather Sampling Objectives ..............................................................9

2.22

Wet Weather Sampling Objectives ........................................................... 10

2.3

FIELD SAMPLING PROCEDURES ........................................................

...... 11

2.3.1

Microbial Sampling Locations .................................................................. 11

2.3.1.1

Dry Weather Sampling Locations ......................................................... 12

2.11.2

Wet Weather Sampling Locations ......................................................... 14

2.3.2

Sample Collection Equipment, Materials and Procedures ........................ 15

2.3.2.1

Virus Sampling .................................................................................... 19

2.3.2.2

Bacteria Sampling ................................................................................20

2.3.2.3

Cryptosr.)vridium

and

Giardia

Sampling ...............................................20

2.3.3

Sample Identification ................................................................................ 22

2.3.4

Sample Custody .........................................................................................22

2.3.5

Sample Packaging, Shipment, and Tracking-- .......................................23

2.15.1

Sample Packaging ................................................................................. 23

2.3.5.2

Shipping and Tracking .......................................................................... 24

2.3.6

Waste Managenrent ................................................................................... 24

2.3.7

Health and Safety ...................................................................................... 24

2.4

QUALITY ASSURANCE/ QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES ................................. 25

2.4.1

Microbial Methods of Analyses ..................................

..................... 25

2.4.2

Data Quality Objectives ............................................. . ........................... 26

2.4.3

QA/QC Procedures-, ..............................-............................................... 26

2.4.3.1

Laboratory Internal QC .........................................................................27

2.4.3.2

Equipment Calibration...... ............ ....................................................... 31

2.4.3.3

Equipment Maintenance ........................................................................31 .

2.4.3.4

Corrective Actions ................................................................................. 31

Final

Wetdry-April 2008

i

---

TABLE OF CONTENTS (

Continued.)

2.5

REFERENcrs ...................................................................................................... 32

3.

ANALYTICAL

RESULTS .....................................................................................35

3.1

BAC,IF.RtA RESULFS ............... ........................................... ....... ,......................... 35

11.1

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) ............................................

..................

36

3.1.2

Geometric

Means .....................................................................

................. 39

3,13

Percentile Box Plots .................................................................................. 40

3.2

PROTOZOA ANALYTICAL

, RESUL

TS ..................................................................... 41

3.2.1

Enumeration Results ....................................................

...........

41

3.2.2

Detection

of Infectious

Cgptosporidiwn

Oocysts Using Cell Culture ....

43

3.2.3

Giardia

Viability

Results ..........................................

................................

44

3.3

VIRUS ANALYTICAL RESUUI's ............................................................................ 47

3.3.1.

Enteric Viruses ..................................

... 48

3.3.2

Adenovirus ................................................................................................50

3.3.3

Calicivirus

(Norovirus) ................................................. ............................

52

14

REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 55

4.

DISINFECTION

.....................................................................................................

58

4.1

CIiL,OItINA'rION/DzrCHLORINA'

I'ION ....................................................................59

4.2

OZONE

................................................................................................................

62

4.3

UV ..........................................................................................................

........... 63

4.4

DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS

(

DBPS

)

AND RL

;

sIDUALS ...............................

......

65

4.4.1

Chlorination DBPs and Residuals

..... ........................................................67

4.4.2

Ozonation DBPs and Residuals

., ............ ... - ..................................... ....... 69

4.5

DIsINFECTIoN EFFECTIVENESS

...........................................................................71

4.5.1

Bacteria Disinfection Efficiency .................................

.............................. 73

4.5.2

Protozoa Disinfection Efficiency

.............................................................. 77

4.5.3

Virus

Disinfection

.

Efficiency ....................................................................81

4.6

SUMMARY

AND CONCLUSIONS ...........................................................................

86

4.7

REFERENCES

......................................................................................................91

5.0

MICROBIAL RISK ASSESSEMENT

..............................................................

94

5.1

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION ...................................................................................94

5.2

EXPOSURE AssEssMENT.................................................................................... 95

5.2.1

Waterway Use Summary and Receptor Group Categorization ................. 97

5.2.2

Exposure Inputs .........................................................................................99

5.3

DosL-RLSPONSEAssESSMENI ..........................................................................102

5.3.1

Enteric viruses ......................................................................................... 104

5.3.2

Calicivirus ...............................................................................................106

5.3 .3

Adenovirus .............................................................................................. 107

5.3,4

Escherichia coli .......................................................................................

108

5.3.5

Pseudoinonas

aetwginosa

............................. ............................................

110

5.3.6

Salmonella ...............................................................................................112

5.3.7

Cryptosporidium .................................................................................,....112

5.3.8

Giardia

...................................... .................................. ......,............ .........114

5.4

RISK CHARACTERIZATION ................................................................................. 1.15

Finat Wetdry-April 2008

ii

---

TABLE Or CONTENTS (

Continued)

5.4.1

Probabilistic Analysis .............................................................................. 116

5.4.2

Disease Transmission Model .................................................................. 120

5.43

Microbial Exposure Point Concentrations .............................................. 121

5.4.4

Weather .................................................................................................. 124

5.4.5

Simulations

..............................................................................................125

5.4.6

Risk Assessment Calculation Results and Conclusions. .......... .............. 126

5.4.7

Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis ...................................................... 130

5.5

RuFERENCES ............... ................................ .................. ........... ...,............. ....... 133

Filial

WeldryApril2W8

iii

---

Geosynte&

consultants

LIST OF TABLES

Table ES-1:

Summary of Pathogen Disinfection Efficiencies

Table ES-2:

Total Expected Primary Illnesses per 1,000 Exposures under Combined

Dry and Wet Weather Using Different Effluent Disinfection Techniques

Table ES-3:

Estimated Illness Rates Assuming Single Recreational Use with No

Effluent Disinfection

Tale ES-4:

Effect of Disinfection on Expected Recreational Illnesses per 1,000

Exposures

Table 2-1:

Major Waterborne Pathogenic Microorganisms Selected for the Microbial

Risk Assessment

Table 2-2:

Summary of Dry and Wet Weather Samples

Table 2-3:

Summary of Dry and Wet Weather WRP Flows (MGD) and Pumping

Station Discharge Volumes (MG) Provided by MWRDGC

Table 3-1 a:

Summary of the Dry Weather North Side Bacteria Results

Table 3-1 b:

Summary of the Dry Weather Stickney Bacteria Results

Table 3-1 c:

Summary of the Dry Weather Calumet Bacteria Results

Table 3-1d:

Summary of the Wet Weather North Side Bacteria Results

"T"able 3-le:

Summary of the Wet Weather Stickney Bacteria Results

Table 3-If:

Summary of the Wet Weather Calumet Bacteria Results

Table 3-2a:

Dry Weather Geometric Mean Bacteria Concentrations (in CFU1100 ml.,;

Salmonella

in

MPN/100 mQ

Table 3-2b:

Wet Weather Geometric Mean Bacteria Concentrations (in CFU/100 mL;

Salmonella

in MPN/ Q

Table 3-3a:

Dry Weather Indigenous

Cryptvsporidium

Oocysts and

Giardia

Cysts in

Samples Collected at the North Side Waterway Segment

Table 3-3b:

Dry Weather Indigenous

Cr-yptosporidium

Oocysts and

Giardia

Cysts in

Samples Collected at the Stickney Waterway Segment

Table 3-3c:

Dry Weather Indigenous

Cryptosporidium

Oocysts and

Giardia

Cysts in

Samples Collected at the Calumet Waterway Segment

Table 3-3d:

Wet Weather Indigenous

Cryptosporidiuin

Oocysts and

Giardia

Cysts in

Samples Collected at the North Side Waterway Segment

Table 3-3e:

Wet Weather Indigenous

Cryptosporidium.

Oocysts and

Giardia

Cysts in

Samples Collected at the Stickney Waterway Segment

Table 3-3f:

Wet Weather Indigenous

Cr.yptosporidium

Oocysts and

Giardia

Cysts in

Samples Collected at the Calumet. Waterway Segment

Final

We[dry

-Apol2008

iv

---

LIST OF TABLES

(Continued)

Table 3-4a:

Dry

Weather

Viability

Results of

Giardia

.

Cysts Using

Fluorogenic Dyes

in Samples Collected at the North Side Waterway Segment

Table 3-4b:

Dry Weather Viability Results of

Giardia

Cysts Using Fluorogenic Dyes

in Samples Collected at the Stickney Waterway Segment

Table 3-4c:

Dry Weather Viability Results

of Giardia

Cysts Using Fluorogenic Dyes

in Samples Collected at the Calumet Waterway Segment

'Table 3-4d:

Wet Weather Viability Results of

Giardia

Cysts Using Fluorogenic Dyes

in Samples Collected at the North Side Waterway

Segment

Table 3-4e:

Wet Weather Viability Results of

Giardia

Cysts Using Fluorogenic Dyes

in Samples Collected at the Stickney Waterway Segment

'T'able 3-4f:

Wet Weathcr Viability Results

of Giardia

Cysts Using Fluorogenic Dyes

in Samples Collected at the Calumet Waterway Segment

Table 3-5a:

Summary of the North Side Dry Weather Enteric Virus

Results

Table 3-5b:

Summary of the Stickney Dry Weather Enteric Virus Results

Table 3-5c:

Summary of the Calumet Dry Weather Enteric Virus Results

Table 3-5d:

Summary of the North Side Wet Weather Enteric Virus Results

Table 3-5e:

Summary of the Stickney Wet Weather Enteric Virus Results

Table 3-5f:

Summary of the Calumet Wet Weather Enteric Virus Results

Table 3-6:

Dry Weather Cell Culture Assay and Adenovirus Results

Table 3-7:

Dry Weather Norovirus

(Calicivirus)

Results

Table 3-8:

Wet Weather Cell Culture AssaylA(lenovirus Results and Norovirus

(Ca.licivirus)

Results

Table 3-9:

Summary of Dry Weather Virus Detections (%n) and Detectable

Concentration Ranges

Table 3-10

:

Summary of Wet Weather Virus Detections (%) and Detectable

Concentration Ranges

Table 3-11:

Comparison of Percent (%) Virus Detections During Dry and Wet

Weather

'T'able 4-1:

Summary of

Disinfectant

Characteristics

Table 4-2:

List of DBPs and Disinfection Residuals

Table 4-3:

Status of Health Information for Disinfectants and DBPs

Table 4-4

:

Principal Known By-products of Ozonation

Table 4-5:

Ozone Disinfection Studies Involving Indicator Bacteria

Table 4-6:

Inactivation of Microorganisms by Pilot-Scale O:zonation

Final Wetdry

-

April 2008

v

---

LIST OF TABLES (

Continued)

Table 4-7:

Summary of Reported Ozonation Requirements for 99% (2-Log)

Inactivation of

Cryltosporidiwn par•vurra

Oocysts

Table 4-8:

Reduction of Selected Pathogens by Ozone in Tertiary Municipal

Effluents

Table 4-9:

Summary of CT Values for 99% Inactivation of Selected Viruses by

Various Disinfectants at 5°C

Table 4-10:

1.0GI0 Reductions Achieved for Coliphage During Disinfection of

Secondary Effluent by UV Irradiation and Chlorination

Table 4-11:

Summary of Pathogen Disinfection Efficiencies

Table 5-1:

UAA General Activity Groups and Risk Assessment Categories

't'able 5-2:

Proportion of Users in Each Risk Assessment Activity Category by

Waterway

Table 5-3:

Household Size for Cook County, Illinois

Table 5-4:

Incidental Ingestion Rate Percentiles

Table 5-5:

Summary of Dose-Response Parameters Used for Risk Assessment

Table 5-6:

Summary of Secondary Attack Rates

Table 5-7:

Fold

Attenuation of Pathogen Concentration by Various Treatment

Methods

Table 5-8:

Proportion of Weather Days in Recreational Year

't' able 5-9

:

T

otal Expected illnesses per 1,000 Exposures Using Different Estimates of

Pathogen Concentrations with No Effluent Disinfection

Table 5-10:

Criteria for Indicators for Bacteriological Densities

Table 5-11:

Proportion of Recreational User Type Contributing to Gastrointestinal

Expected Illnesses with No Effluent Disinfection

Table 5

-

12

Stratified Risk Estimates

-

Estimated Illness Rates Assuming Single

Recreational Use with No Effluent Disinfection

Table 5-13:

Breakdown of Illnesses per 1,000 Exposures for Combined Wet and Dry

Weather Samples with No Effluent Disinfection

Table 5-14:

Total Expected Primary Illnesses per 1,000 Exposures Under Combined

Dry and Wet Weather Using Different. Disinfection Techniques

Table 5-15:

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Concentrations

by WRP

Waterway Segment

and Sampling

Category

Table 5-16:

Sensitivity Analysis for Risks of Illness in WRY Segments

Table 5-17:

Parameter Sensitivity

Analysis for North Side

(

Illnesses

per 1,000

Recreational Users)

Fin) Wetday

-

Rptil 2009

vi

---

Geosyntec°

consultants

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure ES-1: Chicago Waterway System

-

Dry Weather Sampling Locations

Figure ES-2:

Chicago Waterway System

-

Wet Weather Sampling Locations

Figure 1-1:

Figure 2-1:

Figure 2-2:

Figure 2-3:

Figure 3-1:

Figure 3-2:

Figure 3-3:

Figure 3-4:

Figure 3-5:

Figure 3-6:

Figure 3-7:

Figure 3-8:

Figure 3-9:

Figure 3-10:

Figure 3-11:

Figure 3-12:

Figure 3-13:

Figure 3-14:

Figure 3-15:

Figure, 3-16:

Figure 3-17:

Figure 3-18:

Figure 3-19:

Chicago Waterway System

Chicago Waterway System Dry Weather

Sampling

Locations

Chicago Waterway System Wet Weather Sampling Locations

Typical Filter Apparatus

North Side Dry Weather

Bacteria

Histograms

Stickney Dry Weather Bacteria Histograms

Calumet Dry Weather Bacteria Histograms

ANOVA

Results:

Dry Weather

E. coli -

vs. Site, Location, Depth

ANOVA Results: Dry Weather Fecal Coliform -

vs. Site

,

Location, Depth

ANOVA Results

:

Dry Weather

Enterococcus

-

vs. Site, Location, Depth

ANOVA Results: Wet Weather E,

coli

-

vs. Site, Location

ANOVA Results: Wet Weather Fecal Coliform - vs. Site, Location

ANOVA

Results: Wet Weather

Enlerococeus

-

vs. Site, Location

ANOVA Results

:

Wet Weather

Pseudomonas uerugin.osa-

vs.

Site,

Location

ANOVA Results: Wet Weather

Salmonella-

vs. Site, Location

ANOVA

Results:

Dry and Wet Weather E.

coli

-

vs.

Site, Location,

Weather

ANOVA Results: Dry and Wet Weather Fecal Coliform, - vs. Site,

Location

,

Weather

ANOVA

Results:

Dry and Wet Weather

Fnterococcus -

vs. Site,

Location,

Weather

ANOVA

Results: Dry and Wet Weather

Pseudonzona

.

s aeruginosa-

vs.

Site, Location, Weather

Geometric Mean Dry Weather Bacteria Concentrations at North Side

Geometric Mean Dry Weather Bacteria Concentrations at Stickney

Geometric Mean Dry Weather Bacteria Concentrations at Calumet

Wet Weather Geometric Mean Bacteria Concentrations by Location (UPS,

DNS, OUT FALL) at North Side, Stickney and Calumet (efu/100ml,;

Salmonella

in MPNIL)

Final

Weuiry

-

April 2008

vii

---

LIST OF FIGUR

ES (Continued)

Figure 3-20:

Dry and Wet Weather Geometric Mean. Bacteria Concentrations by WRP

(including OUTFAIA.S, UPS, DNS) (cfu/100mL;

Salmonella

in MPN/L)

Figure 3-21:

North Side Dry Weather Spatial Box Plots of Bacteria Concentrations

Figure 3-22:

Stickney Dry Weather Spatial Box Plots of Bacteria Concentrations

Figure 3-23

:

Calumet Dry Weather Spatial Box Plots of Bacteria Concentration

Figure 3-24

:

North Side Wet Weather Temporal Percentile Box Plots of Bacteria

Concentrations

Figure 3-25:

Stickney Wet

Weather Temporal Percentile Box Plots of Bacteria

Concentrations

Figure 3-26: Calumet Wet

Weather Temporal Percentile Box Plots of Bacteria

Concentrations

Figure 4-1:

Conceptual Representation of the Possible Fates of Bacteria Disinfectant

Exposure

Figure 5-1:

CWS Microbial Risk Assessment Segments

Figure 5-2:

Incidental Ingestion Rate Distribution for Canoeists (mL/hr)

Figure 5-3:

Duration Distribution for Canoeists

Figure 5-4:

Estimated Pathogen Concentration between Wet and Dry Sampling Events

I, 'inaf Weidry

-Apffl2008

Viii

---