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BEFORE THE ILLINOIS POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

IN THE MATTER OF:

WATER QUALITY STANDARDS AND

EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE

CHICAGO AREA WATERWAY SYSTEM

AND THE LOWER DES PLAINES RIVER:

PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO 35 Ill.

Adm. Code Parts 301, 302, 303 and 304

R08-9

(Rulemaking

Water)

PRE-FILED TESTIMONY OF THOMAS GRANATO

AQUATIC

LIFE USES AND CRITERIA

My name is Thomas Granato, and I am the Assistant Director of Research and

Development

managing the Environmental

Monitoring and Research Division at the

Metropolitan

Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago

have been employed by the

District for over 20 years and have held progressively responsible positions, including head of

the Biosolids Utilization and Soil Science Section, and Coordinator of Technical Services. I

have been Assistant Director of R&D for the past three and one half years. The EM&R Division

houses the District

Wastewater Treatment Process Research Section, the Biosolids Utilization

and Soil Science Section, the Analytical Microbiology and Bionionitoring Section, the Aquatic

Ecology and Water Quality Section, and the Radiochemistry Section, which collectively house

approximately 70

environmental

scientists

and

engineers

soil

scientists

biologists,

microbiologists

chemists

radiation chemists

bio statisticians and other technical personnel.

Over this time period I have been directly involved in the planning, development, management

and administration of the many research studies that the District has undertaken to support the

Chicago Area Waterways Use Attainability Analysis.

This testimony summarizes and concludes each main topic of the District's testimony

with regard to aquatic life use and criteria issues

The District believes that IEPA relied on

incorrect assumptions and reached faulty conclusions concerning aquatic life use designations

and associated criteria for the CAWS. Instead of pursuing this rulemaking now, IEPA should

wait for necessary studies being conducted by the District to be completed. These studies will

provide information necessary to make scientifically supported decisions concerning appropriate

water quality standards for the CAWS. However, if the rulemaking does move forward before

those studies are complete, the District urges significant revisions to assure that the use

designations and criteria for the CAWS are technically and legally supportable.

Aquatic Use

Summary and Conclusions

As an active stakeholder, the District has appreciated the opportunity to provide the

majority of the environmental data that have been assessed in the CAWS UAA.

Research

projects and studies regarding the UAA have been initiated by the District either on our own

accord or on the request of IEPA.

The District is concerned that IEPA has filed its proposal for

R08-09 before the results of these crucial studies were available.

The IEPA has chosen to

formulate use designations and proposed standards for the CAWS, despite being aware that

certain studies they have requested have not yet been completed.

We feel strongly that the results of all of the studies conducted for or in association with

the UAA must be available and assessed before IEPA can make informed and scientifically

supportable decisions about the uses and standards that are applicable to the CAWS. For

parameters for which there is little or no science available, it would be counter-productive to set

arbitrary standards while we await the results of ongoing research. Related to the aquatic life

standards, the District's Habitat Evaluation and Improvement Study will provide extensive data

on the physical habitat and the aquatic life potential in the CAWS at many more locations than

were assessed in the UAA report. Since 2001, the District has been collecting biological and

physical habitat data throughout the CAWS on a 4-year cycle for our Ambient Water Quality

Monitoring Program. In other words, all 59 stations (28 of which are in the CAWS) are sampled

within four years. As the data were being analyzed from the first two sampling cycles, it became

apparent that additional stations in the CAWS should be evaluated to adequately characterize the

aquatic environment.

This habitat evaluation study will fill in these gaps, determine what

physical habitat modifications would be required to achieve a sustainable fish community in the

CAWS, and also synthesize and compare District chemical water quality data to tolerance levels

of the fish species expected to colonize the CAWS if habitat improvements were implemented.

This is necessary to replace the approach that IEPA took, which was based on insufficient habitat

and biotic index data, and which was derived from indices that are not appropriate for use in the

CAWS and which were calculated incorrectly.

The definition and basis for the proposed aquatic life use designations was never

adequately explained by the IEPA. One of the confusing aspects of the CAWS UAA report is

that it contains language that is inconsistent with the proposed standards.

For instance, the

CAWS UAA report refers to the Aquatic Life Use Designations in categories, including

Modified Warm-water Aquatic Life (MWAL) and Limited Warm-water Aquatic Life (LWAL).

IEPA's proposed aquatic life use designations, however, do not mention these classifications, nor

do they explain how they are related to Aquatic Life Use A and B, terms that are introduced in

the UAA proposal for the CAWS.

Between the 2004 CAWS UAA draft report and the 2007 issuance of the final report, no

new data were assessed. All of the water quality, sediment quality and biological data described

in the UAA report was collected prior to or during 2002. During 2001-2007, the District has

collected a wealth of sediment chemistry, sediment toxicity, and benthic invertebrate data in the

CAWS as part of the Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Program.

However, none of

information was considered when IEPA designated Aquatic Life Uses. Essentially, it appears

that only fish Index of Biotic Integrity (1131) percentile was used to classify waterways into

Aquatic Life Use A or B. Given the more extensive database now available for sediment and

benthic invertebrates and the soon-to-be completed CAWS Habitat Evaluation and Improvement

Study, the IEPA should consider these factors and their implications for the Aquatic Life Use

designations in the CAWS.

Furthermore, the Agency did not adequately account for the unique characteristics of the

CAWS that significantly differentiate it from other General Use waters.

Hydraulic limitations

such as flow reversals, slow water velocity and the effects of wet weather present challenges not

faced by most natural waterbodies. The ecological community in the CAWS also is substantially

impaired by poor habitat, including low quality substrate, little or no sinuosity, poor riffle and

pond development and low gradients. The CAWS substrate alone will prevent any further

improvements in water quality from translating to a better macroinvertebrate community and will

not likely result in improvements in aquatic life use.

Without suitable habitat pattern and

diversity, sustainable aquatic populations will not be established even with improvements in

water quality.

If this rulemaking moves forward despite the data gaps, the Aquatic Life Uses should be

revised to more appropriately reflect the nature of the CAWS and the aquatic community to be

protected.

For example, the Calumet-Sag Channel, which is a deep-draft, steep-walled channel,

should be classified with other deep-draft, steep-walled channels in Aquatic Life Use B. Bubbly

Creek, which is stagnant during dry weather and inundated with combined sewer overflow from

the Racine Avenue Pumping Station during wet weather, does not reasonably fit within either of

IEPA's proposed aquatic life uses.

Bubbly Creek is unique in that it is a side fork and is

therefore not used for fish passage through the Chicago Area Waterway System. To this end, the

District recommends a narrative DO standard for Bubbly Creek that prevents fish kills and

maintains aesthetics (e.g., prevents nuisance odors). This would be appropriate until such time

as the sediments are capped, removed or remediated and the frequency of discharge at Racine

Avenue Pumping Station is diminished sometime after 2024. If a numerical DO standard is

deemed imperative, then the IPCB should consider the testimonies of Drs. Paul Freedman and

Marcelo Garcia as a basis for such a standard.

Aquatic Criteria

Summary and Conclusions

The District is very concerned that the IEPA's proposal establishes standards to protect

aquatic life that are inappropriate for the proposed uses in the CAWS, and which would require

the expenditure of significant resources to implement flow augmentation and supplemental

aeration projects that ultimately could not guarantee achievement of the proposed standards.

therefore urge the Board not to adopt the agency's proposal.

Despite the unique highly-managed, manmade characteristics of the CAWS, and despite

IEPA's indication that the aquatic life uses are designed to protect tolerant or intermediately

tolerant species, the agency has proposed criteria that are virtually identical to those applicable to

General Use waters in the case of dissolved oxygen and are more stringent than General Use

waters in Cook County for cyanide. This is not reasonable, because the General Use standards

apply to natural waters where intolerant sensitive species must be protected.

The Agency

proposed that Aquatic Life Use A waters be required to meet standards proposed to protect early

life stages of fish, such as smallmouth bass, which cannot succeed in the CAWS due to lack of

appropriate habitat. The Agency's proposed cyanide standard was based on protection of cold

water species such as rainbow trout, which are not present in the CAWS. Without a clear link

between the standards and protection of appropriate organisms, the agency's proposal is not

justified.

While the Agency has applied the General Use numerical criteria to the CAWS, it has

failed to also apply the narrative dissolved oxygen standard that was recently adopted for

General Use waters to the CAWS. The Agency gave no consideration to developing a similar

standard for the inherently quiescent reaches of the CAWS. The Agency stated in the recently

adopted General Use waters rulemaking that it is not reasonable to expect to attain the dissolved

oxygen standard that was set for General Use waters everywhere and that "[t]here are isolated

areas where the physical and chemical and biological circumstances are such that you cannot

maintain that standard."'

As a result, the dissolved oxygen criteria proposed by IEPA would require

implementation of flow augmentation and supplemental aeration projects, even in isolated areas

of the CAWS that are quiescent due to their physical circumstances.

However, even if

implementation of these projects could be accomplished in all areas of the CAWS, the Agency

has provided no direct evidence that the proposed criteria could be achieved.

The Agency

particularly failed to consider the prolonged effects of wet weather on dissolved oxygen levels in

all parts of the CAWS, particularly in Bubbly Creek. If this rulemaking proceeds, the proposal

should be revised to incorporate wet weather standards and eliminate the seven-day average

dissolved oxygen criterion. In addition, the chronic cyanide criterion should be revised to reflect

protection of species actually present (or intended to be present) in the CAWS. The resulting

chronic cyanide standard that is developed for the CAWS should not be more restrictive than the

General Use standard currently applicable to Cook County.

Finally, the District has serious concerns about the feasibility and the significant costs of

such an uncertain undertaking. It is simply not practicable to install supplemental aeration

R04-25 at Tr. 4, pg 61-62.

stations of the size necessary to achieve 100 percent compliance with the proposed dissolved

oxygen criteria and still maintain certain recreational uses in and around some parts of the

CAWS . For example

to build a diffused

air instream aeration station that delivers DO to meet

the proposed DO standards could require installing diffusers in an area the length of a football

field

in which the rising air bubbles in the water could make this area unsafe for passing hand-

powered boats

The implementation of flow augmentation for the upper NSC would likely

require the construction of a 4.5 mile, 7-foot diameter pipeline along the waterway, which would

disrupt transportation and recreation in the surrounding communities including trenching across

many streets

CTA railway

tracks, a golf course, Ladd Arboretum and miles of walking trails.

Furthermore

, the costs associated with implementation

of DO

enhancement processes are

significant

: $

525 million in capital costs and

6.9 million in annual operation and maintenance

costs.

Based upon the District

s limitations and restrictions on generating revenues to fund

programs

funding such an expenditure would require legislative action, a voter referendum, or

significantly reducing funding of existing District programs.

Installation and operation of technology necessary to comply with proposed aquatic life

uses and criteria would result in substantial environmental impacts in the form of energy usage,

air emissions

(

including greenhouse gasses) from power generation and transportation of raw and

waste materials

and land usage.

For example, the total energy required for operation of

dissolved oxygen enhancement technologies is estimated at 74.2 million kWh/yr, which will

increase the District

s total energy consumption by 13.5 percent

These environmental impacts

must be taken into consideration in determining appropriate requirements.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the CAWS was created largely by the District for purposes other than

sustaining aquatic life use, long before the Clean

Water Act

was conceived or passed into law.

Nevertheless, the District has expended considerable resources and has undertaken many

ambitious engineering projects, such as building some of the world's largest wastewater

treatment plants and developing and implementing TARP to improve water quality in the

CAWS. These water quality improvements will no doubt continue as TARP is completed. The

District shares the goal of its fellow UAA stakeholders to continuously improve Chicago's

aquatic environment, both the CAWS and Lake Michigan. However, the District cannot support

the proposal that the IEPA has put before you in this rulemaking. That proposal has focused

solely on addressing further improvements in chemical water quality, requires higher dissolved

oxygen concentrations and lower concentrations of many chemical constituents than are

currently required, and has ignored the many inherent physical limitations the CAWS has, which

prior testimony has shown will prevent the chemical water quality improvements that the

Agency seeks from supporting improved aquatic life use.

With the potential cost of compliance

measured in the hundreds of millions of dollars, standards that are based on incomplete,

inappropriate and incorrect data are unacceptable.

appreciate the opportunity to present this testimony today, and encourage the Board to

reject IEPA's proposal as premature, without sufficient scientific basis, unattainable, and

inappropriate to protect the CAWS.

Respectfu

lly submitted,

By:

Thomas

Park

708-588-4116

thomas.granato

niwrdge

dst.il.us

EDUCATION

Pb. D. North Carolina State University 1987. Environmental Soil Science

M.S. University of Illinois 1984. Soil Chemistry

B.S. University of Illinois 1981. Agricultural Science

EXPERIENCE

Assistant Director of Research and Development

Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago,

Research and Development Department, March 2005 to present

•

Head of the Environmental Monitoring and Research (EM&R) Division, direct research activities of six sections

including Wastewater Treatment Process Research Section, Biosolids Utilization and Soil Science Section,

Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Section, Analytical Microbiology and Biomonitoring Section, Radiochemistry

Section, and Statistical Support Section.

•

Responsible for preparation and administration of EM&R Division budget for 70 employees and supporting

facilities.

•

Responsible for assignment, tracking, review and approval

of all assignments

received by EM&R Division.

•

Responsible for focusing staff on relevant research to improve District operations, reduce operating costs and

ensure regulatory compliance.

•

Provide back-up administration and supervision to the R&D Department in the absence of the Director and

represent R&D Department at executive level meetings.

•

Managing District research program supporting Illinois EPA Chicago Area Waterways Use Attainability Analysis

study and nutrient standard develop (projects include quantitative microbial risk assessment, epidemiological

study of secondary contact recreation on waterways, habitat evaluation and restoration study, studies of non-point

sources of bacterial indicators to waterways, studies to develop design criteria for effluent disinfection, full scale

P removal effects on water quality in receiving stream, effectiveness of permeable pavement and development of

sustainable streetscapes to reduce stormwater entry to combined sewers)

•

Chair

Illinois

Water Environment Association Biosolids Committee

•

Managing Editor, Water Environment Research (January 2007 to present)

Coordinator of Research, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago Research and Development

Department, May 2004 to March 2005

•

Coordinate assignments and review work for four sections in the Environmental Monitoring and Research

Division including 25 employees (Stickney & Fulton Co.)

•

Coordinate preparation and administration of EM&R Division budget for seven sections and 70-+- employees

•

Review 80+ monitoring reports for U. S. EPA, IEPA, and IL Emergency Management Agency regulations and

permits

•

Manage R&D Department activities related to researching and supporting biosolids processing and use

•

Serving on MWRDGC Management and Leadership Development Program Steering Committee

•

Completed Intergovernmental Executive Development Program (Fall 2004- Sponsored by City of Chicago

Department of Personnel and City Colleges of Chicago)

Soil Scientist III, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago, Research and Development

DeLartment, Jul. 1998-May 2004

•

Manage Land Reclamation & Soil Science Section Including 17 Employees (Stickney & Fulton Co.)

•

Manage U. S. EPA 40CFR Part 503 and IEPA permit compliance monitoring programs - Provide tech support on

regulatory compliance for biosolids processing and use

•

Design and implement research on land application of biosolids, fate of trace elements and nutrients, suitability of

plant species for growth in biosolids

•

R&D Department representative for biosolids marketing meetings and projects

•

Serve on two project review committees for Water Environment Research Foundation

•

MWRDGC Trainer - Supervisory Skills and Management Practices Program

•

Serve on Advisory Board, Environmental Science Studies Program, Environmental Institute, Loyola Univ.

Soil Scientist II

Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago, Research and Development

Department, Jul, 1988-Jun. 1998.

•

Managed Stiekney Soils Laboratory (6 employees)

•

Research Project Manager, projects included; NuEarth vegetable garden study, PCBs and priority pollutant uptake

by corn and vegetables, study of background trace element and radionuclide concentration in Illinois soils,

characterization of trace elements in street dusts and urban soils, determining phytotoxic threshold Zn

concentration in grass and vegetable leaves, determining tolerance of grasses, native plants to salinity and NH3-N;

suitability for growth in biosolids, determining nature of biosolids salinity.

•

Research Programs Featured in Water Quality International Jan/Feb 1998 Issue

•

Strived on Biosolids Marketing Committee

•

Served on Committee Utilized By U.S. EPA to Revise Proposed Part 503 Regulation Prior to Promulgation

•

Prepared Comments, Position Papers on all Aspects of U.S. EPA Part 503 Rulemaking

•

Served On Two Project Review Committees For Water Environment Research Foundation

Post-Doctoral Research Associate

University

of Illinois

Department of Agronomy, Nov. 1987-Jun. 1988

•

Managed

project team

studying

reclamation of explosives contaminated soils at Joliet

Army Ammunition Plant

and acquired U.S, Army Toxic & Hazardous

Materials

Agency certification for HPLC analysis of explosives

residues.

AWARDS, COMMENDATIONS, INVITED PAPERS

•

Invited to Speak at Water Environment Association of Ontario Biosolids Conference, Toronto, Canada, Oct 2007

•

Invited to Speak at American Society of Agronomy Special Symposium, Indianapolis, IN, Nov. 2006

• Invited to Chair Session at WEF Biosolids Specialty Conference, Nashville, TN April 2005

•

Invited to Speak at American Society of Agronomy Special Symposium, Seattle, WA Nov. 2004

•

Invited to Present Seminar to Dept. Natural Resources & Environmental Sci., U. IL., Urbana, April 2004

•

Invited to Speak at Central States Water Environment Association Education Seminar, Madison, WI, April 2004

•

Invited to Speak before Illinois Soil Classifiers Association, Naperville, IL, February 2004

•

Received Assoc. Metropolitan Sewerage Agencies Research and Technology Award, June 2001

•

Invited onto Program Committee USEPA Region 5 Innovative Biosolids Use Annual Symposia, Sept. 2000, 2001

•

Invited to Speak before Illinois Dunesland Preservation Society, October 2000

•

Invited to Present Seminar to Dept. Soil & Environmental Sci., U. California, Riverside, March 1999

•

Served on Program Committee for 4`h International Conference on Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements, June 1997

•

Commendation For 5 Years Service, Symposium Judge, Chicago Public Schools Science Fairs, March 1997

•

Invited to Present Paper on Final Part 503 Regulations to Lake Michigan Water Analysts, January 1993

•

Editor's Citation For Excellence in Manuscript Review Journal of Environmental Quality 1992

•

1" Annual Best Paper Award Presented by Illinois Water Environment Association, March 1990

•

Invited to Present Paper on Proposed Part 503 Regulations to Lake Michigan Water Analysts, January 1990

•

Outstanding Graduate Teaching Assistant N.C. State Agricultural Institute 1985

REPORTS, PUBLICATIONS, PRESENTATIONS

•

Co-authored two book chapters

•

Authored/Co-Authored 31 R&D Department research reports or comprehensive regulatory comment documents

•

Authored/Co-Authored 23 research articles published in scientific journals or conference proceedings

•

Presented over 50 technical papers at local, regional

national, and international conferences and meetings

PROFESSIONAL

SOCIETY MEMBERSHIPS

• Water Environment Association./Illinois Water Environment

•

Association Soil Science Society of America/American Society of Agronomy

•

American Chemical Society

REPORTS, PUBLICATIONS, ABSTRACTS, PRESENTATIONS

MWRDGC REPORTS:

Dennison, S. G., G. K. Rijal, and T. C. Granato. 2007. Fecal Coliform Densities in the Chicago Waterway Sustem

During Dry and Wet Weather 2004-2006. Report 07-79, Research and Development Department, Metropolitan

Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago.

Zmuda, J. T., R. A. Gore, Z. Abedin, and T. C. Granato. 2006. The Effect of Secondary Sewage Treatment on the

Total Numbers and Percentages of Antibiotic Resistant Fecal Coliforms in Raw Sweage Entering the Seven Water

Reclamation Plants of the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago. Report 06-32, Research an(

Development Department, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago.

Ilundal, L., S., A. C. Cox, P. Lindo, G. Tian, T. C. Granato, and B. Sawyer. 2005. Use of Biosolids for Establishing

Vegetation at the USX Steel Mill Slag Brownfield In Chicago: A Research and Demonstration Project. Report 05-

06, Research and Development Department, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago.

Granato, T. C., O. Dennison, and G. Knafl. 2004. Determination of Phytotoxic Zinc Thresholds in Leaves of Grasses

and Food and Fiber Crops. Report 04-23, Research and Development Department, Metropolitan Water Reclamation

District of Greater Chicago.

Khalique, A., A. Cox, T. C.

Granato, and R. I. Pietz.

2004.

Radioactivity iosoiids-Amended

Soil and Uptake by

Corn. Report 04-22,

Research and Development Department

Metropolitan Water Reclamation District

of Greater

Chicago.

Lindo, P., A. Cox, and T. C. Granato

2004

Biosolids Chemical Characteristics

Report 04-21, Research and

Development Department

Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago.

Cox, A., T.

C. Granato, C

Carlson, and R. I. Pietz. 2004

Reclamation of the St

David

Illinois, Coal Refuse Pile

with Biosolids and Other Amendments

Effects on Chemical Composition of Coal Refuse, Forage and Surface

Runoff Water

Report 04-13

Research and Development Department

Metropolitan Water Reclamation District

of Greater Chicago.

Pietz, R. I., Z. Abedin, T. C. Granato, and C. Carlson. 2004. Corn Yields and Nutrient Composition During Long

Term Biosolids Applications to Calcareous Strip-Mine Soil. Report 04-12, Research and Development Department,

Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago.

Granato, T. C., A, Cox, O. Dennison,

and R. I. Pietz. 2004. An Investigation of Salinity in Biosolids Generated by

the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago. Report 04

Research and Development

Department

Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago.

Granato, T. C., Z. Abedin, O. Dennison, S. Zumpano, R. I. Pietz, P. Tata, and C. Lue-Ring. 2003. Trace Element

Concentrations in Street Dust and Surface Soils in the Drainage Basins of the Stickney and Calumet Water

Reclamation Plants. Report 03-21, Research and Development Department, Metropolitan Water Reclamation

District of Greater Chicago.

Cox, A., G. Tian, and T. C. Granato. 2003. A Survey of Characteristics of Topsoils Marketed in the Chicago

Metropolitan Area. Report 03-19, Research and Development Department, Metropolitan Water Reclamation

District of Greater Chicago.

Granato, T. C., R. I. Pietz, C. R. Carlson, P. Tata, C. Luc-Ring, and G. Knafl. 2001. Mineralization of Organic

Carbon Does Not Produce a "Time Bomb Effect" in Biosolids-Amended Soil. Report 01-15, Research and

Development Department, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago.

Nelson, S. N., T. C. Granato, C. R. Carlson, R. I. Pietz, and P. Tata. 2001. Elevated Nitrate-N Concentrations in

Groundwater at Field 10, Fulton County, Illinois. Report 01-9, Research and Development Department,

Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago.

Granato, T.C., R.I. Pietz, C.R. Carlson, G. Knafl, and C. Lue-Hing. 1999. Effect of Time After Cessation of

Biosolids Applications on Uptake of Cadmium, Copper, Nickel and Zinc into Corn Leaves and Grain. Report 99-

23,

Research and Development Department, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago.

Granato,

T.C., R.I.

Pietz, 0. Dennison

P. Tata, D.R. Zenz, and C. Lue-Hing

1998. An Evaluation of the

Suitability of Grass Species and Varieties for Germination and Growth in Biosolids

Report 98-26, Research and

Development Department

Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago.

Pietz, R.I., R. Johnson, R. Sustich, T.C. Granato, P. Tata and C. Lue-Hing. 1998.

A 1996 Sewage Sludge Survey

of the Association of Metropolitan Sewerage Agencies Members. Report 98-4, Research and Development

Department, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chciago,

Luc-Hing, C., P. Tata, T. Granato, R. Sustich, R_ Johnson, R. T. Pietz. 1998. Sewage Sludge Survey. Association of

Metropolitan Sewerage Agencies, Washington, D.C.

Pietz, R. I., T. C. Granato, J. Gsehwind, J.G. Anderson, D.R. Zenz, R. Hill and C. Luc-Hing. 1996. Petition to the

Illinois Pollution Control Board for an Adiusted Standard to Use Air-Dried Sludge as a Substitute for Soil in the

Final Protective Layer of Nonhazardous Waste Landfills, LAS 95-4), Report 96-9, Research and Development

Department, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago.

Pietz, R. L, T. C. Granato, J. G. Anderson, D. R. Zenz, R. Hill, and C. Luc-Hing. 1996. Beneficial Use of Municipal

Sludge as a Final Protective Vegetative Cover on Nonhazardous Waste Landfills. Report 96-12, Research and

Development Department, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago.

Granato, T. C., R. I. Pietz, J. Gsehwind, and C. Lue-Hing. 1995. Mercury in Soils and Crops from Fields Receiving

High Cumulative Sewage Sludge Applications: Validation of USEPA's Risk Assessment for Human Ingestion.

Report 95-12, Research and Development Department, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater

Chicago.

Pietz, R. I., T. C. Granato, C. R. Carlson, Jr., J. Gsehwind, D. R. Zenz, and C. Lue-Hing. 1994. Reclamation of the

St.

David, Illinois Coal Refuse Pile with Sewage Sludge and Other Amendments. Report 94-12, Research and

Development Department, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago, 1994.

Pietz, R. L, T. C. Granato, C. R. Carlson, R. Ellis, and P. Tata. 1994. Sampling and Analyses of Sediments from the

Acid Mine Lake, Fulton County. Research Report, Research and Development Department, Metropolitan Water

Reclamation District of Greater Chicago.

Granato, T. C., B. Sawyer, G. Elenbogen, D. R. Zenz, K. C. Rao, and C. Lue-Hing. 1993. Effect of Sludge Types

Total Soil Metal Concentration, and the Concentration of Metal in Chemical. Fractions of Sludge Amended Soil on

the Accumulation of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn in Spinach Leaf. Report 93-11, Research and Development

Department, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago.

Granato, T. C., R. I. Pietz, L. Kristoff, C. Lue-Hing, R. J. Ellis, and W. Augustine. 1992. Concentration of Cd, Cr,

Ca, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Radionuclides in Illinois Agricultural Soils from 1935 to 1988. Report 92-32, Research and

Development Department, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago.

Webber, M. D., R. I. Pietz, T. C. Granato, R. L. Hong-You„ B.A. MacGillivray, M. L. Svoboda, and G. A.

O'Connor. 1991. Organic Priority Pollutants in Soil and Vegetation from the St. David Coal Refuse Pile

Reclamation Site. Report prepared for the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago,

Environment Canada, Wastewater Technology Centre, Burlington, Ontario, Canada.

Granato, T. C., G. R. Richardson, R.1. Pietz, and C. Lue-Hing. 1991. Prediction of Phytotoxicit andnd

Uptake of

Metals by Models in Proposed USEPA 40 CFR Part 503 Sludge Regulations: Comparison with Field Data for Corn

and Wheat. Report 91-11, Research and Development Department, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of

Greater Chicago.

Lue-Hing, C., D. R. Zenz, T. C. Granato, and G. R. Richardson. 1991. Impact of the Proposed USEPA 40 CFR Part

503 Regulations on Sewage Sludge Management by the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater

Chicago. Report 91-6, Research and Development Department, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater

Chicago.

Lue-Hing, C., T. Granato, D. R. Zenz, J. Gschwind, G. R. Richardson. 1991. Impact of the Proposed USEPA Part

503 Sludge Management Technical Regulations on POTWs. Report 91-33, Research and Development

Department, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago.

Lue-Hing, C., D. R. Zenz, T. C. Granato, J. Gschwind, R. I. Pietz, K. C. Rao, and J. B. Murray. 1991. Use of Case-

By-Case Permitting for Dedicated Beneficial Use Sites Under 40 CFR Part 503: A Proposal of the Metropolitan

Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago, Research and Development Department, Metropolitan Water

Reclamation District of Greater Chicago.

Lue-Hing, C. , D. R. 7enz, T. C. Granato, R. I. Pietz, K. C. Rao, and J. Gschwind. 1991. Comments of the

Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago on the Notice of Availability of Information and Data

from the National Sewage Sludge Survey and Request for Comments (Federal Register, November 9, 1990, pp.

47210-47283), Research and Development Department, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater

Chicago.

Lue-Hing, C., D. R. Zenz, T. C. Granato, R. I. Pietz, D. Taylor, D, Landis, R. Oberst, R. Case, and T. Garrett.

1991. _Comments of the Association of Metropolitan Sewerage Agencies on the Notice of Availability of Information

and Data from the National Sewage Sludge Survey and Request for Comments (Federal Register, November9, 1990

pp_ 47210-47283), Association of Metropolitan Sewerage Agencies, Washington, DC.

Lue-Hing, C., D. R. Zenz, T. C. Granato, J. Gschwind, and J. Murray. 1990. Utilization of Municipal. Sludge as

Daily and Final Cover at Municipal Solid Waste Landfills Response to USEPA Proposed Part 503 Sludge

Regulations (Standards for the Disposal of Sewage Sludge Federal Register, February 6, 1989, pp. 5746-5902),

Research and Development Department, Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago.

Lue-Hing, C., D.R. Zenz, T. C. Granato, and R. I. Pietz. 1989. Comments of the Association of Metropolitan

Sewerage Agencies on the Proposed Standards for the Disposal of Sewage Sludge (Federal Register, February 6,

1989,x,_5746-5902), Association of Metropolitan Sewerage Agencies, Washington, DC.

Lue-Hing, C. , D. R. Zenz, T. C. Granato, R. I. Pietz, K. C. Rao, and J. Gschwind. 1989. Comments of the

Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago on the Proposed Standards for the Disposal of Sewage

Sludge (Federal Register, February 6. 1989, pp. 5746-5902). Research and Development Department, Metropolitan

Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago.

PUBLICATIONS:

Hundal, L. S., A. C. Cox, T. C. Granato, and Z. Abedin. 2008. Levels of dioxin in soils and corn tissues after 3(

years

of biosolids application. Journal of Environmental Quality: 37: 1497-1500.

Oskouie, A. K., D. T. Lordi, T. C. Granato, and L.

Kollias. 2008

Plant-specific correlations to predict

emissions

treatment

Environment

Koo, B.J., A. C. Chang, A. L. Page, T. C. Granato, and R. H. Dowdy. 2008. Assessing Long-Term Plant Availability

of Biosolids-borne Heavy Metlas Accumulated in Cropland Soils. In: Proceedings of Water Environment

Federation 21St Annual Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference, Philadelphia, PA.

Granato, T. C., A. Khalique, A. Cox, and R.1. Pietz. 2007. Assessment of Radioactivity in Chicago Biosolids and its

Transfer to Soil and Crops from Long Term Application.

Water Practice 1: 1-11.

Rijal, G. K., J. T. Zmuda, R. Gore, Z. Abedin, T. Granato, L. Kollias, and R. Lanyon, "Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria

Wastewater Processed by the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago System."

Proceedings of the International Water Association, 14th International Symposium on Health Related

Water Microbiology, Tokyo, Japan and Water, Science, and Technology, Tokyo, Japan, 2007.

Granato, T. C., L. S. Hundal, A. Cox, R. Lanyon, and L. Kollias. 2007. Constructing and Maintaining Parks and

Recreational Facilities with Chicago Biosolids: Expanding Local Markets by Going Beyond Part 503 to Demonstrate

Safety. In: Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 20't' Annual Residuals and Biosolids Management

Conference, Denver, CO.

Tian, G., T. C. Granato, R. 1. Pietz, C. R. Carlson, and Z. Abedin. 2006. Effect of Long-Term Application of

Biosolids for Land Reclamation on Surface Water Chemistry, Journal of Environmental Ouality 35:101-113.

Rijal, G., J. T. Zmuda, R. Gore, T. Granato, and R. Lanyon, "Densities of Pathogens and hidicator

Microorganisms in Class B Biosolids Produced at the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of

Greater Chicago." Proceedings of the American Society of Microbiology, 106th General Meeting,

Orlando, Florida,

2006.

Granato, T. C., A. Khalique, A. Cox, and R. I. Pietz. 2006. Assessment of Transfer of Radioactivity to Soil and Crop:

from Long Term Land Application of Chicago Biosolids. In Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 19"

Annual Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference, Cincinnati, OH.

Granato, T. C., R.1. Pietz, G. J. Knafl, C. R. Carlson, P. Tata, and C. Lue-Hing. 2004. Trace Element

Concentrations in Soil, Corn Leaves, and Grain After Cessation of Biosolids Applications, Journal of

Envirorunental Quality 33: 2078-2089-

Tian, G., T. C. Granato, R.1. Pietz, and C. Carlson. 2004. Surface Water Quality During 31 Years of Biosolids

Application to Mine Spoil Soils For Land Reclamation. In Proceedin

of the Water Environment Federation 18t'

Annual Residuals and Biosolids Management Conference, Salt Lake City, UT.

Cox, A., T. C. Granato,

R. I. Pietz, and P. Tata. 2002

Uptake

of Cd

and Zn by Garden Vegetables Grown in

NuEarth

Biosolids Amended Soil. In Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 16`h Annual Residuals and

Biosolids Management Conference

Austin, Texas.

O'Connor, G. A., T. C. Granato, and N. Basta. 2001. Bioavailability of Biosolids Molybdenum to Soybean Grain,

Journal of Environmental Quality 30: 1653-1658.

O'Connor, G.A., T.C. Granato,

and R

H. Dowdy. 2001

Bioavailability of Biosolids Molybdenum to Corn, Journal

of Environmental Quality 30

140-146.

Granato, T.C., P. Tata, R.I. Pietz, G. Knafl, C.R. Carlson, Jr., R. Lanyon, and C. Lue-Hing. 2001. Does Termination

of Long-Term Annual Biosolids Applications to Land Cause a "Time Bomb" of Increased Metal Uptake by Corn?

In Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation/American Water Works Association Joint Residuals and

Biosolids Mangement Conference, San Diego, California.

Granato, T,C., P. Tata, R.I. Pietz, R. Lanyon, and C. Lue-Hing. 2001. Suitability of Biosolids for Use as a Topsoil

Substitute in Urban Reclamation Projects. In Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation/American Water

Works Association Joint Residuals and Biosolids Mangement Conference, San Diego, California.

Lue-Hing, C. , R. I. Pietz, T. C. Granato, and D. R. Zenz. 1997. Thirty Years of Sludge Utilization: The Chicago

Contribution. In Proceedings of Water Environment Federation 70th Annual Conference and Exposition, Volume 2,

Chicago, Illinois, pp. 55-65.

Granato, T. C., L. Kristoff, R. I. Pietz, and C. Lue-Hing. 1995. Changes in Concentration of Trace Metals and

Radionuclides in Illinois Soils Since 1935. Trace Substances, Environment and Health, pp. 153-164.

Granato, T. C., R. I. Pietz, J. Gschwind, and C. Lue-Hing. 1995. Mercury in Soil and Crops from Fields Receiving

High Cumulative Sewage Sludge Applications: Validation of USEPA's Risk Assessment for Human Ingestion.

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 80:1119-1127.

Lue-Hing, C., R. I. Pietz, J. Gschwind, T. C. Granato, and D. R. Zenz. 1994. Metropolitan Water Reclamation

District of Greater Chicago's Experience on Beneficial Use of Sewage Sludge: Assessing the Impacts Upon Water,

Soil, and Crops. In Transactions of 15th World Congress of Soil Science, Acapulco, Mexico, Volume 3 (a) :430-

444, July 10-16, 1994.

Luc-Hing, C., R. I. Pietz, T. C. Granato, J. Gschwind, and D. R. Zenz. 1994. Overview of the Past 25 Years:

Operator's Perspective. In Sewage Sludge Land Utilization and the Environment. Soil Science Society of America

Miscellaneous Publication, American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society

of America, Madison, Wisconsin, pp. 7-14.

Webber, M. D., R. 1. Pietz, T. C. Granato, and M. L. Svoboda. 1994. Plant Uptake of PCB's and Other Organic

Contaminants from Sludge--Treated Coal Refuse," Journal of Environmental Quality, 23:1019-1026.

Bastian, R. J., J. B. Farrell, T. C. Granato, C. Luc-Hing, R. I. Pietz, K. C. Rao, and R. M. Southworth. 1992.

Regulatory Issues. In Municipal Sewage Sludge Management: Processing, Utilization and Disposal, Volume 4,

Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., Lancaster, Pennsylvania, pp. 3-68.

Chang, A. C., T. C. Granato, and A. L. Page. 1992. A Methodology for Establishing Phytotoxicity Criteria for

Chromium, Copper, Nickel, and Zinc in Agricultural Land Application of Municipal Sewage Sludge. Journal of

Environmental Quality 21:521-536.

Granato, T. C. and R. I Pietz. 1992. Sludge Application to Dedicated Beneficial Use Sites. In Municipal Sewage

Sludge. Management: Processing, Utilization, and Disposal, Volume 4, Technomic Publishing Co.,Inc., Lancaster,

Pennsylvania, pp. 417-454.

Pietz, R. I., T. C. Granato, C. R. Carlson, Jr., J. Gschwind, D. R. Zenz, and C. Lue-Hing. 1992. Reclamation of the

St.

David Illinois Coal Refuse Pile with Sewage Sludge and Other Amendments. In Conference Proceedings for the

14th Annual Abandoned Mined Land Conference, New Trends Utilization of recycled Materials and Waste

Products in Mine Reclamation, Chicago, Illinois, pp. 304-355.

Granato, T. C., G. R. Richardson, R. I. Pietz, and C. Lue-Hing. 1991. Prediction of Phytotoxicity and Uptake of

Metals by Models in Proposed USEPA 40 CFR Part 503 Sludge Regulations: Comparison with Field Data for Corn

and Wheat.

Water Air and Soil Pollution 57:891-902.

Lue-fling, C., D.R. 'Lenz and T.C. Granato. 1989. Sludge Management Costs Going Up, Proposed EPA Rules

Protect Elusive "Most Exposed Individual". Resource Recovery 3: 21-23.

Granato, T.C., C. David Raper Jr., and G.G. Wilkerson.

1989.

Respiration rate in Maize roots is related to

Concentration of reduced

nitrogen in root tissues

Physiol.

Plant

. 76: 419-424.

Granato, T.C. and C.D Raper Jr. 1989. Proliferation of Maize

(Zea mays

L.) roots in response to localized supply of

nitrate. J. Ext. Bot. 40: 263-275.

Tolley-Henry, L., C.D, Raper Jr., and T.C. Granato. 1988. Cyclic variations in nitrogen uptake rate of soybean

plants: Effects of external nitrate Concentration. J. Exp. Bot. 39: 613-622.

Banwart, W.L., P.M. Porter, T.C. Granato, and J.J. Hassett. 1985. HPLC separation and wavelength

area

ratios of

more than 50 phenolic acids and flavanoids. J. Chem. Ecol. 11: 383-395.

Granato, T.C., W.L. Banwart, P.M. Pottet, and J.J. Hassett. 1983. Effect of variety and

stage

of growth on potential

allelochemic compounds in soybean roots. J. Chem. Ecol. 9: 1281-1292.