RECEIVE
CLERK'S OFFICE
JUN 092008
STATE OF ILLINOIS
Pollution Control Board
PCB 20
O~ _1~
(For Board use only)
State of Illinois
Pollution Control Board
James R. Thompson Center
100 W.
Randolph Street, Suite
11-500
Chicago, Illinois 60601
http://www.ipcb.state.ll.usJ
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Complainant(s),
In The Matter Of:
Anne McDonagh & David Fishbaum
1464 Linden Avenue
Highland Park,
IL 60035
v.
Richard and Amy Michelon
1474 Linden Avenue
Highland Park
IL 60035
Respondent(s)
NOTICE OF FILING
TO:
Richard and Amy Michelon
1474 Linden Avenue
Highland Park IL 60035
PLEASE TAKE NOTICE
THAT ON JUNE 7, 2008, THE UNDERSIGNED MAILED to the
State of Illinois Pollution Control Board, James
R.
Thompson Center, 100
W.
Randolph
Street, Suite 11-500, Chjcago, IL 60601, a copy
of Complainants' Response to Motion to
Dismiss pursuant to
415 ILCS 5/32 (d) of the Illinois Administrative Code and 103.212(b) of
Title 35. Chapter 1, Pollution Control Boar
cop
w ich is attached hereto and served
upon you.
CERTIF CATE OF SERVICE
I, Anne McDonagh, do state that I have sent a copy of this Filing and Response to be served
upon the persons named above by sending a copy
of same via Registered Mail on June 7,
2008.
COMPLAINANTS' RESPONSE TO MOTION TO DISMISS
NOW COME the complainants, ANNE MCDONAGH and DAVID FISHBAUM, WITH
RESPONSE TO MOTION TO DISMISS FORMAL COMPLAINT FILED
IN APRIL OF 2008.
WE DISAGREE WITH FOUR KEY DETAILS DISCUSSED BY MR. WICZER
IN HIS
BACKGROUND:
1. Me Wiczer avowed in his Motion and promised at Zoning Board of Appeals and in
conversations with Complainant that Air Conditioners were "state of the
ari,n
and hence. the
quietest available. Mr. Wiczer and the HVAC Technician Maher both cited a
'71 decibel" level
in their testimony to the Zoning Board of Appeals (Minutes,
pp.
8, 19).
Our supports:
a. According to the manufacturer, American Standard, the units are 11 SEER. 79
Decibel units. See Attachment A (Michelon's HVAC permit application, photos of
units at property and email corroboration from manufacturer.) The units also emit
a
Prominent Discrete Tone, which makes the noise impossible to ignore. See
Attachment B (Acoustic Associates report).
b.
There were much quieter and more efficient American Standard units available at
least two years prior to the ZBA Hearing and indeed, Wiczer and Maher cite these
products' attributes
in order to get the approval for a variance. On May 20, 2003,
American Standard stated,
With a SEER rating of up to 18.90 and a new fan system
designed to allow sound levels as low as
72
decibels, this system is the most efficient
and qUietest outdoor unit we have ever manufactured. Customers and their neighbors
no longer have to feel inconvenienced
by noisy outdoor units. "
(See Attachment
C:
Press Release from American Standard)
c. The installed 11-SEER units were actually illegal to manufacture by the time they
first started operating
in April of 2006 due to their lack of efficiency. That contradicts
their status as "state
of the art.
n
According to the Department of Energy, Federal
Register Part
XU, dated January 22,2001, Volume 66, No. 14, Rules and Regulations,
p.7170-71:
..,
'When today's adopted standards go into effect, they will essentially raise the energy
efficiency standards
to
13
SEER for new air conditioners." liThe standards will apply
to products manufactured for sale in the United States as of January
23,
2006. "
(See Attachment D.)
2. Anne McDonagh did not"
expresslv reauesr
the units be placed at the side. We merely
granted permission
as we were told units were
''jnaudibltf'
and were Jed to believ..e that our
new neighbors were facing very real difficulty.
Mr. Wiczer's testimony at the ZBA contains
many
"statements of 5Upport"
that he says came from the Complainant but that is not true.
We merely were given information about the quiet levels
of the units and believed it to be
true. Given the size and scope of the multi-million dollar property, we had no reason to
expect that they would install extremely loud, discontinued units instead. We were wrong to
believe the promises. Wiczer quotes himself
in his Motion, using his hearsay as "evidence."
It is Wiczer quoting Wiczer. There is no independent substantiation for his claims about what
Anne allegedly said
or for his claims about the product characteristics of the air conditioner
either.
3. Anne McDonagh did meet the builder, Susan Schreiber, at a house on Sunnyside Avenue
in Hiahland Park, where there were three air conditioners. However, they emitted no noise,
absolutely
no discernabJe sound. When Anne marveled at the fact that they made NO sound,
she was assured this was
in line with the "inaudible" she had been promised. Later, Dave
Maher, the HVAC tech, admitted at Anne's house
in November of 2006 that the units were
probably
"not running."
Anne was unaware how AC units cycle so when she was told they
were on, she was led
to believe that absolute silence would be the norm. Anne's son can
concur that there was no sound at all: Anne only spent a few minutes there,
as she didn't
know she'd had to wait for all the units to come
on at once in order to replicate the level of
sounds she'd actually hear. Contrary to Mr. Wiczer's testimony that,
"we had to start
compressors there,"
Anne never saw any of the Michelon's representatives enter or leave the
home. And
Mr. Wiczer was not on-site when the demonstration was given.
4. Regarding claim that Respondents spent
"thousands
of dollars on upgrades,"
their receipts
actually reflect
$90
spent on July 3
m
on pads and mounts and
$165
on July
12
th
on similar
items for a total of
$255.
The majority of their incurred costs were to add more R-22, also
know
as Freon, and routine cleaning. The pads and mounts may reduce amplification but
they do not lessen the created noise. (See their bills, submitted with their Motion.)
(As well as documentation to support these points, we have also included copies
of two bills
totaling
$1903.46
for materials alone related to soundproofing our bedroom in an effort to
regain our use of that one room. Photos and invoices will show that this work has been
undertaken
in the past month. (Attachment E) It has been unfit for sleeping for half of the
past two years due to the level
of noise. Such loud noise has been proven in several studies
to raise sleepers' blood pressure, even if they do not awaken each and every time.
(Attachment
F)
RESPONSE TO ARUGUMENT
Re: Complaint is Frivolous:
We disagree that Complaint is frivolous.
We acknowledge that we have expressly agreed to
allow the placement
of the units on the far outside wall of their garage (24 feet beyond their
main structure), near our kitchen and bedrooms. However, we did not waive our rights that
the units shall not exceed the Illinois
EPA noise pollution limitations.
Far from being frivolous, the noise problem is egregious. Twenty-five feet beyond the
Complainants' property line (inside our bedroom), the units create a noise level
of 65 decibels
at night with a Prominent Discrete Tone.
As
well as Violating the Illinois EPA, the World
Health Organization recognizes the 45-decibellimit for sleep areas
as it the level at which
many people are woken
up. With the 1I1inois EPA limit of 47 decibels at night, and the
additional 10 decibel reduction for noises with a Prominent Discrete Tone, it is our
understanding that our home is two (and almost three)
orders ofmagnitude louder
than
allowed by the Illinois
EPA
State of Illinois noise code (ref: 35 Ill. Adm. Code Subtitle H
Section 901.1 02a and 901.106) (See Attachment B (Acoustic Associates Report).
Re: Complaint is Duplicative
We disagree that the Complaint
is duplicative. Mr. Wiczer argues that the Complaint is
duplicative because the Highland Park Zoning Board of Appeals allowed a variance as to the
placement of the air conditioners. Whereas placement is within the authority of the Zoning
Board
of Appeals, they do not have the authority to allow (nor did they rule that) the air
conditioners to exceed the Illinois laws regarding noise.
In fact, Mr. Wiczer provided
assurances that the units would not be heard.
u/t
is going to be invisible. You are not going
to hear it: you are not going to smell it; you are not going to see it. D
(ZBA pp.11-12) Th is has
not been the case. As such, the complaint
is not duplicative.
Re: Complaint lacked proper notice and service:
The package delivered via the United States Postal Service to the Michelons
in April 2008 did
contain a copy
of the UNotice to Respondent" as well as a copy of the Formal Complaint. The
following notice was contained therein.
Failure to file an answer to this complaint within 60 days may have
severe consequences. Failure to answer will mean that all allegations
in the complaint will be taken as if admitted for purposes of this
proceeding. If you have any questions about this procedure, you
should contact the hearing officer assigned to this proceeding, the
Clerk's Office or an attorney 35/11. Adm. Code 103.204(f).
So we disagree that our complaint was missing proper service and notice on the
Respondents.
In summary, the complaint is not about the issue of the placement of the air conditioners. It is
about the fact that the air conditioners create noise pollution in excess of the laws of the State
of Illinois that has made the Complainants' lives miserable. The Respondents should be held
to obey the
Jaws of the State of IIIJnois.
CERTIFICATION
(optional but encouraged)
----~.;....:.::---'--'-=--'--
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n oath or affirmation. state that I
of my knowledge.
Subscribed
to and sworn before me
this_--f.-7__day
of_.....I--=-...;.._~
_
Notary Public
My commission expires:
()
;)-/;....3
6-L>
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.OFFlCIAL SEAL.
Barry Duke
Notary PubHc,
State
d
...
Commission Expires
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From: "Tyler, Customer-Intormation
n
<customer-information.ty1er@trane.com>
SUbject: RE: Contact Form AmStdHVAC
Type:
Product
Date: May 22,2008 9:39:34 AM CDT
To: "annemcdonagh" <annemcdonagh@comcast.net>'
;.
2 Attachments, 165 KB
Thank you again for the additional information. I do not have pictures but the pictures you sent are sufficient. This unit is
nominally rated at 11 SEER, has a decibel rating of 79, and is an Allegiance 11. We do not manufacture an Alliance
model.
Thank you again!
Thank you for visiting our website!
American Standard Heating and Cooling
Customer Relations Department
-- -- ----------
From: annemcdonagh [rna ilm:annemcdooagh@Comcast.net]
Sent: Wednesday,
May
21, 2008 3:35 PM
To:
Tyler, Customer-Information
Subject: Re; Contact Form AmStdHVAC Type:
Product
Thank you so much for your help. I was also looking for a photo that would show that American Standard
labels its units
SEER rating by the label on the front. That is, ifthere is a "Allegiance 11" in large letters on
the front of the unit, that means it is an II-SEER unit. Do you have any photos that you could email me that
would show this? Thank you.
Ifnol., here is a photo
of a unit that I am concerned
with.
Would you confinn that this is an II.SEER (as
long as no one switched the labels)?
Type:
Name:
Email:
Address:
We apologize for the delay in replying to your original email. The sound rating for your unit is 79db.
Thank you for visiting our website!
American Standard Heating and Cooling
Customer Relations Department
From:
aonemcdooagh@comcast.oet [mailto:annemcdooagh@Comcast.oetl
Sent:
Tuesday, May 20, 2008 12:54 PM
To:
as-mailbQ)(@amstd-comfort.com
Subject:
Contact Form AmStdHVAC Type; Product
Product
anne mcDonagh
annemcdonagh@comcast.net
1464 Linden
Avenue
Highland Park, Il 60035
Phone:
(847)
433--6971
Comment: This is my second request I would like to get the decibel ratings for the Alliance 11, 5 ton Air conditioner model that
would have been sold in 2005. That will be in the product information files. Please send me that information as soon
as possible. Thank you. Or direct me to a local site.
EXHIJlf J
Acoustic Associates, Ltd.
11111111111111111111111"" 111111111111"
II
111111111111111111
Specialists
In
Hearing
and AcousttCS
1278 \'\1.
Nortlw.'est H",'','- Suit'" 904, P,l!"Wl", {\l1\IOIS 60067
Office 847.359-1068 •
F;u.;: 847.359.1207
Website: www.AcousticAssociares.com
E-Ill~il.
Int'Q@AcousticAssQciates.omc
Anne McDonagh
1464 Linden Ave.
Highland Park,
IL
60035
Re:
Noise Emissions
Dear Mrs. McDonagh:
'f om TlLlIndcr, AlID,
FAAA, lNCE - Pnllc<pd
Roger
H~TlI1()n,
BSEE. PE - ACOlll'ticCI) EnglnceT
S[e"~
H2.U"nl::"d:. AuD. F.'\AA -
Allddogist
Steve Thunder. SSE Cando -
El\!;1l\e~r!l\g
ll\!~'ll
June 8th, 2007
This let1er reports the findings
of our recent noise assessment of the
Ale
units next to your property.
As
you asked we have assessed this noise relative to the State of JII1nois noise code (ref: 35 11\. Adm.
Code Subtitle H). Under this code, your residence is classified as Class A (residential) land and the
neighboring home from which the noise
is emitting is also classified as Class A (residential) land.
Since the mea.<;urements
were taken at approximately 11 :30 AM, the applicable code here is Section
901 ,102a which pertains to residential noise radiated to another residential property during daytime
hours (7am - 10pm). Although the limits are specified in each
of nine octave frequencies, the overall
(total) limit often used for simple monitoring purposes
is 55 dBA. Also, it was found that there was a
Prominent Discrete Tone. Accordingly, Section 901.106
of the code also applies. This applies a -10 dB
correction
to the frequency at which the tone occurs.
To conduct our study,
we set up our equipment next to the house that was bei ng disturbed, 25
ft
from
the soW'ce. Our equipment consisted
of a high precision sound level meter cOIUlected to a digital
recorder. A calibration tone was placed on the recording so that the recording could be accurately
analyzed
in our laboratory. 111e recording began around 11 :30 AM on Tuesday, May 29, 2007.
Our
intern was on site documenting his recordings and observing acoustic surroundings. It was indicated
that the noise being recorded at the time was representative, although it was even louder on other
occasJOns.
In our lab analysis, we generated 1J3-octave and octave frequency spectra. The 1/3-octaves were used
to detennine the presence on a Prominent Discrete Tone, as required
by IL code. And the octave bands
were used to present the data
in a simplified form. The resultant octave band frequency spectrum is
sho\Vl1 in FIGURE 1. The overall level of this spectmm is 57 dBA. As seen in the figure, the octave
level at 250
Hz (65 dB) far exceeds the Illinois daytime limit of 57 dB, as well as the nighttime limit of
47 dB. Furthermore, when the daytime limit is COlTected for {he presence of the prominent discrete
tone (-10 dB), it exceeds the allowable limit by 18 dB,
It
is also necessary to corrc(;'t the levels due to
background noise. In this case the correction was 0 dB. As shown in FIGURE 1, the background noise
is far below the measurement level (greater than
10 dB) at 250 Hz.
,I
I
f
"
Anne McDonagh: Noise Emissions
June 8th, 2007
Figure 1- Ale Noise
Frequency, Hz
Tonal Component at
236
t-k,
Exceeds Corrected
--.....
~
Daytime Limits by 18 dB
Iinconsistent
BIrd
Noise I
- -
n--
.,
...
125
,
250
500
1K
2K
4K
8K
85
57
51
45
39
34
32
55
47
4{)
35
30
25
25
-
...
-
-- -
45
39
36
36
44
40
34
51
65
42
43
39
36
32
There are a total of 3
Ale
units. But at the time of the measurement, there was only one unit nmning.
The second unit was the same
as
the first, so
a
3 dB increase in the noise level
can
be expected when
the second unit is running at the same time as the first unit. The 3'd unit, however, was not the same as
the other two. Therefore, an increase in the noise when all three units run is likely, but we can not
predict by how much. At the time of the test, it was 80 degrees outside and the units were determined
to have about a 50% duty (on-off) cycle after an hour of measurement lobservation. On hotter days it
can be assumed that the duty cycle will increase therefore increasing the noise. During the
measurements one unit ran part of the tjme and two unil,> ran part of the time. Therefore, data from
only one unit rwming was taken and then extrapolated to an equivalent of a l-hour measurement.
The character of this noise can also contribute to the nuisance. In addition to the annoyance of the tonal
quality
of the noise, there is also an acoustic beating characteristic where the level of the hum
oscillates. This characteristic exacerbates the nuisance. The beating is likely caused by the 2
Ale
units
running at nearly the same speed creating the beating effect. Note, that there is no beating when just
one unit is ruIming.
I hope this report meets your expectatioIL<; in addressing this noise issue. We appreciate the opportunity
of working with you and ask that you call us if you have any questions.
Sincerely,
~r~~-
Steve nwnder
Purdue
University
Acoustical
Engineering Intern
Reviewed by,
~/f'fL
Tom Thunder, AuD, lNeE
Acoustical Engineer and Audiologist
P;llJP .,
EXHI'lfC
ZIP code
lll1!m. >
Qealers > for dealers only
>
news article
•
6/5/08
7:48 "'"
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American Standard Heating
&
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Home
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May 20,2003
New American Standard Heating & Air Conditioning Alleglance@ 18
Air Conditioning System is the Ultimate in Comfort, Efficiency and
Quiet Operation
Tyler, TX (May 20, 200J} - American Standard Heating & Air Conditioning,
a business
of American Standard Companies, Inc. (NYSE:ASD), today
unveiled
Ihe newest addition to Its family of residential systems. designed
10
meet both dealers' and customers' needs. With a SEER rating of 18.90. the
AllegianceQ'b 18 well exceeds the minimum efficiency level of 13.00 SEER,
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designed to allow sound levels as tow as
72
decibels, this system is the
most efficient and
lhe quietest outdoor unit we have ever manufactured.
Customers
and their rleighbors no longer have to feel Inconvenienced by
noisy outdoor units."
'The American Standard Heating & Air Conditioning Allegiance4l> '18 system
exceeds both dealers' and customers' expectations
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for
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American Standard Heating
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Amencan Standard IS inciuded In the SSP 500,
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Have
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P.lge 1 or 1
EXHI'lf [I
ENERGY-EFFICIENT AIR CONDITIONERS:
NEW STANDARDS COMING IN 2006
SAVING MONEY AND SAVING ENERGY
New air conditioner standards go into effect January
23.
2006.
What does this
mean
for consumers?
New air conditioners manufactured after that date will be more energy-efficient
and save money.
Existing air conditioners
are not affected
and
homeowners
do
not have to replace
them.
BacWonnd:
To increase the energy efficiency of residentiaJ air conditioners, the Department of Energy has
issued new standards tbat go into effect January
23,2006. Products manufactured as of
January 23 will have to meet the new standards. The standards, however, will not require
homeowners to change their existing central
air conditioning units, nor will
it
mean that
replacement parts and services will no longer be available for their
home's systems.
It's true that air conditioners manufactured after January 23 must meet a higher minimum
standard, achieving a Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER)
of 13 or higher; the current
standard is 10. (A
SEER rating of 13 is 30 percent more efficient than 10.) The standard
applies only to appliances
manufactured
after January 23, 2006. Equipment with a rating less
than 13
SEER manufactured before this date may still be sold and installed. The average
homeowner will remain unaffected by this standard change for
some time to come.
The "lifespan" of a central air conditioner is about 15 to 20 years. Manufacturers typically
continue to support existing equipment by making replacement parts available
and honoring
maintenance contracts after the new standard goes into effect. A change in the standard does
not require replacement
of equipment. Nor does a change in the standard mean that an existing
system will be obsolete
or impossible to maintain.
Here are
some Qs and As to help understand the issue:
"
Ql.
What'shappening
with air
conditioner efficiency standards next
January?
AI.
To improve the energy efficiency of air conditioners, the Department of Energy has
issued new residential central air conditioner standards that will take effect January
23,2006.
New air conditioners
manufactured
on or after January 23 will have to meet the new efficiency
standards. The last time the government increased minimum efficiency standards for air
conditioners was almost
10 years ago.
The new standards do not require homeowners to change their existing central air conditioning
units. Replacement parts and services will still be available to maintain current home air
conditioners.
Air conditioners manufactured after January 23 must achieve a Seasonal Energy Efficiency
Ratio (SEER)
of 13 or higher -- 30 percent more efficient than the current SEER standard of
to.
The standard applies only to appliances
manufactured
after January 23,2006. Equipment
with a rating less than SEER
13 manufactured before this date may stiU be sold and installed.
The average homeowner will remain l.!naffected by this standard change for some time to
come.
Q2.
Why
is
DOE issuing new air conditioner standards?
A2.
The Department of Energy is directed by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act to
consider establishing minimum efficiency standards for various consumer products, including
central
air conditioners and central air conditioning heat pumps. The department has
detennined that the new standards are the highest efficiency levels that are technicaJly feasible
and economically justified as required by law. Therefore, the department is amending the
energy conservation standards for residential central air conditioners and central air
conditioning heat pumps.
[n
2(X)4, DOE amended the minimum efficiency standards for new central air conditioners and
heat pumps that had been
in effect for almost ten years. These amended standards take into
account a decade
of technological advancements and will save consumers and the nation
money and significant amounts
of energy, and have substantial environmental and economic
benefits as well. These standards go into effect January
23,2006.
Q3.
What are homeowners
required
to do once the new rules go into effect?
A3.
Nothing at all. As of January, 2006, all central air conditioners manufactured will meet
this standard. Central
air conditioners already in the marketplace
that
meet the old standard
can still be sold and purchased at that time. Homeowners do not have to upgrade or replace
existing central air conditioners.
The "lifespan" of a central air conditioner is about 15 to 20 years. Manufacturers typically
continue to support existing equipment by making replacement parts available and honoring
maintenance contracts after the new standard goes into effect. A change in the standard will
not require replacement
of equipment, nor will
it
make an existing system obsolete or
impossible to maintain.
Q4.
How much energy will the new central air conditioner standards save?
A4.
The 13 SEER standard is forecasted to save the nation 42 quads (quadrillion British
Thermal Units)
of energy over 25 years (2006 through 2030). This
is
equivalent to the energy
consumed by nearly
26 million American households in one year_The standards are also
expected to save consumers
$1 billion over the same period.
EXHIJlf E
, Nighttime
Noise and Blood Pressure --
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4/30/087:40 AM
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WednesdJly, Feb. 13, 2008
Nighttime Noise and Blood
Pressure
By Sora Song
The din of airplanes landing, motorcycles roaring or a bedmate snoring can make for patchy sleep
and strained nerves. But even when you manage to slumber through a rackety night, your body still
registers
the noise by raising blood pr.essure, accorillng to a small new study.
Volunteers living
near four major European airports
with
night flights - in Athens, Milan, Stockholm
and London - took part in the study published this week in the
European Heart Journal.
Study
participants were outfitted with ambulatory blood pressure monitors, which were programmed to
take readings at IS-min. intervals throughout the night. The volunteers'bedrooms.were also
equipped with an MP3 recorder and a noise-meter, which recorded all ambient noise, its timing and
its volume. Researchers considered a "noise event" to have occurred
if
any sound, from road traffic,
aircraft
or a partner's snoring, exceeded 35 decibels (dB) - not a very high threshold, considering
that a quiet whisper from 3 ft. away measures about 30 dB and the hum of a refrigerator logs about
40
dB. Noise levels recorded
in
volunteers'bedrooms fluctuated between about
30
dB or
40
dB to
about 80 dB or 90 dB, roughly the volume of a food blender.
Researchers found
that people'sblood pressure rose reliably in response to a noise event, even when
it wasn't loud enough to wake them. The response was consistent across all sources of sound,
whether from the runway or the other side of the bed Airplane noise,
fOT
example, caused an average
6..2
mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure (the pressure of blood in the artery when the heart
contracts - i.e., the larger, top nuriJ.bet) and a 7.4 mmHg inaease in diastolic pressure (when the
heart relaxes between beats)_ A snoring partner .and road traffic had similar impact. And the effect
was dose dependent: The louder the noise, the higher the jump in blood pressure. For every
additional 5 dB in volume
of aircraft noise, systolic and diastolic blood pressure rose another 0.65
mmHg each. "It'sa small increase in the blood pressure, obviously, but it is significant," says co-
author Dr. Lars Jarup, who specializes in environmental
and.
occupational medicine at Imperial
College London.
hUp:
/lwww.time.com/time/printoutIO.8816.1713178.00.hlml
Page 1 of 2
, Nighttime Noise and 8100d Pressure -- Printou[ - TIME
The new report was a corollary of a much larger study conducted by the same research
group~
examining the relationship between hypertension and nighttime exposure to noise near airports or
daily exposure to road traffic noise. That study, which appeared online
in
the journal Environmental
Health Perspectives last December, involved 4,861 participants, aged 45 to 70, who had lived at least
five years nearia major European airport. Researchers fOlmd that nighttime airport noise was linked
to a significant increase in risk for hypertension; every 10
dB
increase in exposure led to a
COITespondin~
1496 rise in high blood pressure risk. In addition, the study found, daily ex1iosure to
road traffic noise (at average levels above 65 dB) led to a more than 5096 increased risk of
hypertension - but, curiously, only among
me~
not women.
The new study, which included 140 middle-aged volunteers with normal blood pressure, was
designed to
take a closer look at the link between noise and hypertension risk - a relationship that
researchers still don't
fully
understand. "It seems plausible
that:
if you.have a lot of these transient
[blood pressure] changes during the night - if you live around the airport for many years, for
example -
that in the end you might get some long-term effects on your blood pressure," says Jarup,
''butwe don'treally know." Why the body responds to nighttime noise is also somewhat mysterious.
While
the research
in
humans is new, previous lab experiments in animals have shown that they
register blood
pressure blips
in
response to noise, even
during
sleep or sedation. "That was the same
here," says Jarop of the current study, suggesting that the human body's response may be similarly
automatic. "It's
not that you'reannoyed and that's why your blood pressure goes up. It'ssomething
that's in the brain, and we really don'tknow what the mechanism is.... It could well be some kind of
stress reaction, which is recorded subconsciously."
Hypertension - defined as having systolic
blood pressure of 140 mmHg or diastolic pressure 90
mmHg, or higher - is known to increase risk of stroke and heart attack. Risk factors like nighttime
noise are perhaps less decisive than other changeable variables like weight, exercise and alcohol
intake. But,
in general, says Jamp,
"1
would say that the main point
is
to reduce your risk factors -
the fewer the better."
~
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Page 2 of
2
High Decil>el"levels Raise Heart Disease Risk. ( In a stark wamlng German researche rs 5.•• )
5/17/0812:34AM
Bjo--Medicine
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Whole SIte
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Experts believe that the paper has made a direct correlation between high decibels of
• noise and heart attaclcs. Says Dr.
Peter
Rabinowitz, an associate professor of Internal and
• occupational
medicine at Yale University Sd100l of Medl
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a
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German
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that
~
noise
can Increase
the risk of heart
attacks In elderly men and
women. This rlsk Is sQuarely
attributed/Ito tne noise related
to the wol1c:place
as
well as the
usual din assodated WIth traffic.
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It was found that this noise had
a physiological
effect on the
heart. Dr. Stefan Wllllch, director
of
the InstlhJte for Social
Medldne, EPidemiology and
Health Economics at Chante
University Medical Centre In
Beriln and lead author of the
NJ- by
Goosle study said that their study was a
pointer
to
the fact that constant
exposure to !.ru.l.Q grating noise
had
a mild
to
modef"ilte
effect
on the risk of heart attacks.
"The Increase appears
more dosely associated with actual sound
~s
rather than with
subjective annoyance. However, there.were differences between men and women and
these need
further investigation,' he commented.
The current study observed the errect of noise on
2,000
heart attack patients admitted In
the hospital arn:l used
2,000
patlents admitted In the trauma and general surgery
departments, but not for heart
attack
as
a control
group. It waS found that the noise
!f-~
Increased the risk of heart attack by 50 percent In men and by three times In
women. On the reverse side, wor1<place nolse tripled the risk fOf'men and had minimal or
no risk for women. "We seem
to
be looking at a threshold at which risk occurs and
remains constant above this, and this (thresho!d) appears to be around
60
deCibels,'
WlIlich
commented. The researct1ers theorize In the November
24
Issue
of
the European
Heart Journal that noise could arouse anger and
stress
In subjects and thus actlvate the
st:ress-hormorte Adrenaline, which could
be
directly responsible for elevating the risle: of a
heart attack.
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PlIge: 11.
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-11
Page 1 of 2
, Noise and health.
Noise and health.
,
/-..
Print'
Title Annotation: Guest Editorial
6J2/08 10:41 PM
Author:
Date:
Words:
Publication:
ISSN:
I
'Babisch, Wolfgang
iF
Jan
1,
2005
1513
Environmental Health Perspectives
0091-6765
Noise affects everybody in everyday life--at home, at leisure, during sleep, when traveling, and at
work. However, human organisms are not prepared to shut off the noise. Hearing is a permanent
process using cortical and subcortical structures to filter and interpret acoustical information; the
analysis of acoustical signals is essential for human survival and communication. Noise is
detrimental to health in several respects, for example, hearing impairment. sleep disturbance,
cardiovascular effects. psychophysiologic effects, psychiatric symptoms, and fetal development
(Stansfeld et al. 2000). Furthermore. noise has widespread psychosocial effects including noise
annoyance, reduced performance. and increased aggressive behavior [American Academy of
Pediatrics 1997; World Health Organization (WHO) 2001].
Noise causes acute mechanical damage to hair cells of the cochlea in the inner ear when the
short-term sound intensity or peak impulse noise levels are very high {[L.sub.AF] (A-weighted
sound pressure level) > 120 dB; [L.sub.Cpk] (C-weighted peak sound pressure level) > 135 A-
weighted decibels [dB(A)]}. In the long run, average sound pressure levels ([L.sub.AeqJ) of> 85
dB(A) are likely to cause significant hearing Joss due to metabolic exhaustion [International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) 1990]. This is not only relevant in occupational settings
but also with respect to leisure activities, including firecrackers. toy pistols, and other noisy toys;
loud music in discotheques, concerts, and when listening via headphones; and noisy machines
and tools (Maassen et al. 2001), Particularly, children and adolescents are affected (Bistrup et aJ.
2001). The WHO and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency consider a daily average sound
exposure equivalent to [L.sub.Aeq] :: 70 dB(A) to be safe for the ear (WHO 2000). The large
numbers of young people with hearing impairments should serve as a warning. "Noise hygiene"
can be improved, particularly through education at school.
Even ear-safe sound levels can cause nonauditory health effects if they chronically interfere with
recreational activities such as sleep and relaxation, if they disturb communication and speech
intelligibility, or if they interfere with mental tasks that require a high degree of attention and
concentration (Evans and Lepore 1993). The signal--noise ratio (in terms of signal processing)
should be at least 10 dB(A) to ensure undisturbed communication. High levels of classroom noise
have been shown to affect cognitive performance (Bistrup et al. 2001). Reading and memory
have been reported to be impaired in schoolchildren who were exposed to high levels of aircraft
noise (Hygge et al. 2002). Some studies have shown higher stress hormone levefs and higher
mean blood pressure readings in children exposed to high levels of community noise (Babisch
2000: Passchjer-Vermeer 2000),
http://www.thefreelibrary.com/_Jprint/PrlrltAmcle.aspx?id= 1365 11500
Page 1 of 4
. N<>lse and he.olth.
612/08 10:41 PM
During sleep, electrophysiologic awakening reactions can be detected in an
electroencephalogram for event-related maximum noise levels above [L.sub.AF]
= 40-45 dB(A) in
the bedroom (e,g., aircraft overllights), Recent studies suggest even lower thresholds. The
lon9-
term somatic consequences of such arousals a're still a matter of discussion and research (WHO
Regional Office for Europe 2004). Sleep deprivation, however, is associated with an increased
risk
of accidents and injuries. Cardiovascular responses found during sleep were Independent of
sleep disturbance. A subject may sleep during rel!3.tively high noise levels but still show
autonomic responses.
Among other nonauditory health end points, short-term changes
in circulation (including blood
pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, and vasoconstriction) as well
as in levels of stress hormones
(including epinephrine, norepinephrine, and corticosteroids) have been studied
in experimental
settings for many years (Babisch 2003; Berglund and Lindvall 1995). From this, the hypothesis
emerged that persistent noise stress increases the
risk
of cardiovascular disorders. including high
blood pressure and ischemic heart disease. Classical biologic risk factors have been shown to be
elevated
in subjects who were exposed to high levels of traffic noise. Nowadays the biological
plausibility
of the association is established (Babisch 2002). Its rationale is the general stress
concept:
'" Sound/noise is a psychosocial stressor that activates the sympathetic and endocrine systems.
'" Acute noise effects do not occur only at high sound levels in qccupational settings, but also at
relatively low environmental sound levels wh'en, more importantly, certain activities such as
concentration, relaxation, or sleep are disturbed.
The following questions need to be answered:
* Do these changes observed in the laboratory habituate, or do they persist under chronic noise
exposure?
+ If they habituate, what are the physiologic costs; if they persist, what are the long-term health
effects?
There is no longer any need
to prove the noise hypothesis as such. Decision making and risk
management rely on quantitative risk assessment, but not all biologically notifiable effects are of
clinical relevance. The results
of epidemiologic noise studies suggest an increase in
cardiovascular risk with increasing noise exposure (e.g., Babisch 2000), Unfortunately, most of
the individual studies that have been carried out lack statistical power. Over the years the quality
of studies has improved, and many potential confounding factors have been considered. Some
expert groups have rated the evidence
of an association as sufficient (overview by Babisch 2002;
Passchier-Vermeer 2003). Transportation noise from road and air traffic is the predominant
sound source in our communities; outdoor sound levels for day-evening-night ((L.sub.den])
>
65-
70 d8(A) were found to be associated with odds ratios of 1.2-1.8 in exposed subjects compared
with unexposed subjects [< 55-60 d8(A)] (Babisch 2000). Because large parts of the population
are exposed
to such noise levels [European Environmental Agency (EEA) 2004], noise policy can
have a significant impact on public health (Kempen et al. 2002; Neus and Boikat 2000). For noise
htlp./ /www.thefreelibrary.com!_1 prim IPriTlfAnicle
.aspx?id~
136511 SOO
P~g~
2 of 4
, Noise and
tldlttl.
6/2/08 10:41 PM
levels below an [L.sub.den] of 55 dB(A), no major annoyance reactions or adverse health effects
are to
be
expected.
Studies use magnitude
of effect, dose-response relationship, biological plausibility, and
consistency
of findings among studies as issues in epidemiologic reasoning. Environmental and
health policy must defermine acceptable noise standards that consider the whole spe(;trum from
subjective well-being to somatic health. This means that limit values may vary depending on the
severity of outcome9'f Future noise research should focus on source-specific differeQces in risk
characterization, combined effects, differences between objective (sound level) and subjective
(annoyance) exposure on health, sensitive/vulnerable groups, sensitive periods
of the day,
coping styles, and other effect-modifying factors.
REFERENCES
American Academy
of Pediatrics. 1997. Noise: a ha:?:ard for. the fetus and newborn. Committee
on Environmental Health. Pediatrics 100:724-727.
Babisch
W.
2000. Traffic noise and cardiovascular disease: epidemiological review and
synthesis. Noise Health 2(8):9-32.
Babisch W. 2002. The noise/stress concept, risk assessment and research needs. Noise Health
4(16):1-11.
Babisch W. 2003. Stress hormones in the research on cardiovascular effects
of noise. Noise
Health 5 (18): 1-11.
Berglund
B,
Lindvall
T.
1995. Community Noise. Archives of the Center for Sensory Research
Vol 2,
No.1. Stockholm:Center for Sensory Research.
Bistrup ML, Hygge S, Keiding
L, Passchier-Venneer
W.
2001. Health Effects of Noise on
Children and Perception
of Risk of Noise. Copenhagen:Nationallnstitute of Public Health.
EEA. Traffic Noise: Exposure and Annoyance. Copenhagen:European Environmental Agency.
Available: http://themes.eea.eu. inUSectors_and_activities/transportlindicators/
consequences/noise_exposure/Noise_TERM_2001.doc.pdf [accessed 9 June 2004].
Evans
G, Lepore SJ. 1993. Nonauditory effects of noise on children:
a
critical review. Child
Environ1
0(1 ):31-51.
Hygge S, Evans GW, BUllinger M. 2002. A prospective study of some effects of aircraft noise on
cognitive performance in schoolchildren. Psychol Sci 13:469-474.
ISO. 1990. Acoustics: Determination of Occupational Noise Exposure and Estimation of Noise-
Induced Hearing Impairment. ISO 1999. 2nd
ed.
Geneva:lnternational Organization for
Standardization.
Maassen M, Babisch W, Bachmann KD, Ising
H, Lehnert G, Plath P, et al. 2001. Ear damage
http://www.thefreelibrary.com/jprIRl/PrinrArticle.aspx?id=13 6 511500
Page 3 of
4
, Noise and,helllth.
caused by leisure noise. Noise Health 4(13): 1-16.
6/2/0810:41 PM
Neus H, Boikat U. 2000. Evaluation of traffic noise-related cardiovascular risk. Noise Health
2(7):65-77.
Passchier-Verrneer
W. 2000. Noise and Health of Children. TNO report PGNGZ/2000.042.
Leiden:Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO).
d-
Passchfer-Vermeer W. 2003. Relationship between environmental noise and health. J Aviation
Environ Res 7(suppl):35-44.
Stansfeld
S, Haines M, Brown B. 2000. Noise and health in the urban environment. Rev Environ
Health 15(1-2):43-82.
van Kempen EEMM. Kruize
H, Boshuizen He, Ameling CB, Staatsen BAM; de Hollander AEM.
2002. The association between noise exposure and blood pressure and ischemic heart disease:
a meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect 110:307-317.
WHO. 2000. Guidelines for Community Noise. Geneva:World Health Organization. Available:
http://www.who.inUdocstore/peh/noise/guidelines2.html[accessed
18 October 2004].
WHO. 2001. Occupational and Community Noise. Fact Sheet No 258. Geneva:World Health
Organization. Available: http://www.who.inUinf-fslenlfact258.html[accessed 10 January 2003].
WHO Regional Office for Europe. 2004. Noise and Health Home. Bonn, Germany:WHO
European Centre for Environment and Health. Available: http://www.euro.who.intl Noise
[accessed 18 October 2004].
Wolfgang Babisch
Federal Environmental Agency
Berlin, Germany
E-mail: wolfgang.babjsch@uba.de
Wolfgang Babisch is a senior research officer at the German Federal Environmental Agency. His
research focus is on noise epidemiology, particularly the auditory and nonauditory health effects
of noise. He is a member of the International Commission on Biological Effects of Noise.
COPYRIGHT 2005 National !nstllute of Environmental Healih SCIences
Copynght 2005 Gale Group All rights reserved Gale Group
IS a Thomson Corporation Company
http://WNW.lhefreelibra/y.com/_/print/PrintAnide.aspx?id= 136511 SOO
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136.08
o.oOT
0.00
S183.06
