1,06FEWSLE MA

Electronic Filing, Received, Clerk's Office May 1, 2007

3WYMI'Fq NQRGANjGSULFA-

.rE-jNDR1NK1NG

0 0ATTL0i ,-!

.

I

;

'arici

.

A .I.Weed,

UntagrWy of Nevada, Ratio 89507

SUMMARY

.

.

for Alallate Were 21 Agrad 344 MM, rcsaliec*~

-

-

.'Twelve

Hcrefor&Anps wcanling

holars

lyri

. Those or c

1~

. were 45.6• a

0

a 1556

'were

I

design

I

used its ppIAW lot d&% incorporating a

rtMolsr

. Apparently, sulfate was More impala-

'randomized

complete block"to determine phygi4

table than hlod

;

& when

M13

a

o, an

610"

C&dM of sUbroXic concentrations of ctimm6lar bails

. r appears that These be

lerate

W

to

i

inorgainid sulfate in drinking wttcr

. trtAtnl;um were able to tb1crat

2,500

wkq 0

sulfate

A

mere Mpr~wwe (110 m0liter suwstc)

. xZ50

d" drialting water y0thoat adverse effects,

00

The

°^d that this

concentration of afiliate .represents

mgMrq

a

urf-

2, 50.0

CC .

sulfate WSs added to the up water 48 sodium

a safe mlc#ncc concentration .

ate

. The sulfate-Waters did not affect

feed (Key Words' Water,~ Sulfate, .Maximum, Taste

t oo

su mption, water fonstimption or growth

sespc-IOI

during ihe

¢D-day expiriment. No 6wrt-nuxic,

icy wod-bbsoved.'Hei&ri.dnnldngadatewito

INTRODUCTION

had t;qdcqkq to accumulate .ingthertioglobin

Ir

'- b,

and SalflucYnoglobi, Without 'affecting mad

VID -I-, that I-- don

it

an

own P= u

eS

hemoglobin

. Sulfate loading did not induce

0

&rtsadc stdate via drinidnil'witer Produced

ditnesii alitpoujb hcjiO,, :dQdji8

. ~'

5D6

quaortitatiac

;luMgs in'blocut coin

and

Ter. siAt6p-water

ate : by 0.1% ,4na decreased , )coal

filtration

-rajalAMP

nf

Tang]

63 .1%

functionand

it 56,v?b

of- tattleTOM&

. Heifers

b

serum'showed

n--sulfasdo

a

don cit tw'iop uy 23 .,

~w'Nrefofa; in these

Whene

~.r-kldpg

i$kj n1jillitif sniffle

(Water

and Hjmter~'19.71)

experbnent

vore

absorbed

animadsiabscriuint[yh

. thewas

in

percentagedecreasedwhich

use(they

Of

je

by

infiltered,

were

44

a

.89k

cWercd

astThe

.,

sulfate

responseeitherheifersre,

(1ksalfhomostobin

boa'

ubsetv4d

.OtS

61t6tabarno

aid

were&pp~

increases

concentrations

1972),

bin

I

and

in

2,64

ATelative

rfiethemoglobxft

respwithout,

moto

.ttiv91ididresissulfateUteri=

; . Imso

waand.

sodium chloride or sodlum. clip in a two-

notedin

imth of ,the .-above cicitations with

A

i&

salt

o

hoicesoluPrOference

tion; or ca~sirairionwao,~ Th

. 1-be

e

its

choiceweno40

the tdgber

icrcotpe of ingested water being m

al

t o

tpapc"ter iii mcrcasmg

bt estimated equal

er,ted

through the

urine.

On th

e

basis ofthes

stride

It

was

sugg

275

ndonic

ested that growing

cattle

to

cong Onconlow

in six Increments from

uld t lerit, A

lost

I

or

aWtt

m

least

flize

40 da

r sulf

ys

4 ;40O'mgfiiter of anion The animals

ate In

water f

dsacritdidinedd

against

drinking

water confaining

and

kW~

1,6Zo

minjoer chloride

2,918

rr"=Y

face . q0nocraxitioup

chloride

at the

orestiourred

rejection

thattrite

rids

dL,&jmIconcentration

m

tj thresholdwas

probabl7ficauthdrld

(Weeds and

threshold were 3,52.4 and 3,317 raglitc fort

herein is aftt attempt

:

19'1'2)~ Reported

chloride, and, sulfate, respectively . On

. a

molar

which

mat to

.-C a

, a t r

basis, discrimination and p,)ccUv

-1

.

thresholds

the concentration ,of

inorganic

sulfate in the

'CAVITY evaluating phyla

response.,

'Conducted

drinking.

water: of

logkhl dfrcts and irate

6 cooperation with WOMM ROOM

EXPE RIMIENYAL PROCEDURE

,t,,cifth project W46. Th

. gfk~ of ¢hyjrmrntmt

SinsjOaraoilRaugePapa, CattleNO

somandSbftp

VMdF060" .

(fOqf

Twelvepr

Vestment)wort

Hereford-Anus

offered

Wcznhbg

either

heiferst2f

pornar cadres, Depwrawnt of Animal Pbyll.1-

wate

r (110 mgjliter sulk e), 1,250 mg/liter

agy .U .1var,ky

b

fcauwmx Dash "616 .

sulf.tewater or 2400

tog/liter

sulfate-witcr in

1498

JOURNAL OPANVAAL SCIENCE, Vol . 42 .

No .

1976

suifAe-*-tcta-Ss

.

.Iiu00

;

-d2Y-ro sulfate

-thd

was

animals'

Ithosclurci

werec

grinsylduitly,

iid Oirtially hitsid pilry .

addIfhy

,

11

.4% protein

; pelt

of "0 it=

Vi

MOIS

i

sulfate,

66% .

dairy

Matter

pellets

b

tabs"i

: prottin,

Matt,

,20a

47;tidal

fiber,.1

bodywe

.

9k askmaker

a

w 165 kilog

and 90 : a I

obsrstiisrioh was made 6o eat

Lcsptecbrdgytee

;;Ace

.

p,10

; .

SYWy

. -TotalAhemo

todgiobbi

aadrts

by

collected

the'-techniqueblood

. Forofother

obinIMO

de(pw-

t

pies of plasma, serdm

and uric

frleen until analyzed, , Ansayti.

Were' as noted by W6ib and 'I

Sincei

rcp"d - OibsOriradb nsbsOriadbns wet

"same

aptortgsuggestedadmalstrOAtinani

by

.

1Pill

dat &'were

and

ftic6sHats

ihajyaczl

;

ilOneU97

DuncOA-

.

s tin

.

dijp rAwctest(19!

warm

Thti

gild

whilliedry"

;

`clig-13at

,

dongCLIP

.2

Maidnamarind

I .

the

§.1do

&o n i US Weather 'Bur

.

ead

TADLE

2,$Ob

1

. EPPECrS

AIMMER

OF

SULIDam

;fray

WitcrimaksIntake, .

4100Y4&Y

SaIfiae,

d"M"

Intakeickus

. g1day

. 4n

WeightFL6-m

Oftroldwygaii

. W,4ay

. manallg

)Aithe" glali',

mg/loognoo

.1ml

WomfV

'ob1p. mg/loo ml

twAOHAMKe1

;

~.

.94&.

Vq- bmxftjnm

per item mean,

,

t .c .didesur,

ua'orrc line basting dl

---

SULFATE IN DRINKING

;

we 21.0 and 34.5 MM, rcspcctf

Drr chloride were 4S:6-and

.155J6

Parently,:sulfate Was more Impala-

chloride, when eomyaredd on

. an

axis

. It appears that these heifers

tolerate 2,50b ~mgfiternlfate

in .

,gg water Nithopt

.adverse effects,

cqneebtraiion . of sulfate represents

cc eopcentration.

Water; Sulfate, Maximum

; Taste

INTRODUCTION

n. shown previously that ingestion

ulfatc bra drinking water produced

;hanger in blood composition

and .

in

i0

of

;0%

cattle

.

increase

. Heifers

iii Serum

showed

sulfate-a

tg 3',499 ing/Liter sulfa a (Weeth

1971), and 2,814 mg/Bier sulfate

Capps;, 1972), respeSvely

. Also

e

in

inereasesconcentrations

.i n metlieitoglobinwithout

. alter*-.and .

,ernoglobhs

. A rc]atlvc dhoress was

h of the above nitatioas- with

.a

rage of ingested Water being ex-

h the urine

. On the .basis .oftheir

55 suggested that growing cattle

'it '!east 1,450 mg/liter .sulfate in

-water-for . at

least 30 days and

entratiop, was, pmbablynear their

kiatjon threshold

. (Weed[

d

. Reported herein is an attempt

de' to'debnc a defensible limit for

titan" of inorganic sulfate 'in the

r Of cattle by evaluating physio-

and taste respotse .

RIMENTAL PRO

)

(!F.DURE

erefnrd-Angus weanling heifers

.oncnt) were offeredd either

Up-

ng/liter sulfate), 1,250 mg/Liter

)r 2

.500 stag/liter sulfate-water

in

IMAL SCIENCE,

Vol . 42, No .6,1976

Electronic Filing, Received, Clerk's Office May 1, 2007

******PC#

**

'90-day experiment conducted during summer

.

Sodium sulfate was the source of sulfate

in the

tulfate-waters

. The anhna4s wetemanaged iiadi-

StduaBy

.,in pktidt1ysh dedpedL They were fad

glass h"ay and 14% pkorem pelletss ad /tbiture

.

proximate analysis of

the grass bay .was : pro-

tein, 12

.06%, sullaW .60%, ether extract,

Z.(37%,

ash, 11 .20%i ; and, fiber, -19.29% - 6n'a

dty matter bash

. Proximate analysis of the

dairy

was . protein

; 20X6%, sulfate,

.47%, -

ether 'exttatt.:3.88%I ash, '1.57%i,and,

fiber, 11

.54% oh a dry matter basis. Merest,

initial body

weight was 165 kilograms!

Otl days 0 ; 41 add 90 a'rSal clearance

obse1vadbn was

mine bn'each heifer Win

tgchnlques previously described . (Weetb and

lespeianl:o, 1965). Total' hemoglobin, methe-

-moglobin'

and'sulfhetnoglobln were determined

by

the'technlqup of -[-hinltne'(1965) on freshly

collectedi blood. `For other determinations, sam-

ples'of plasma, serum and urine were stored

frdaen until analyzed

. Analytical 'procedures

were as noted by *eeth and Hunter (1971)

.

Spice repeated'obsefvanons were made on the

same animals data,

were analyzed-Statistically' as

suggested by GiO and Hafs (1971). DiHgencts

afoong

. treatmeot means weie'evaluated

by

Duncan'smnitiple'taegptest

(1935) .

The Weather -'during the experiment was

warm

and dry, averageninimum addminiitmn

temperaturcsbeing '33

.2and9,2,C.EVapbradon

from a

U.S

. Weattier - Bureau

'pen' was 7.6

mm/day.

Following the sulfate tolerance study, the

TABLE 1

. EPFECTS QF DRINl(It1G TAPWATER 1,250 AMG/L1TER SULPATFr

WATiR AND

2,00 MG/LITER SULPATFWATER

ON-H2IPBRS DURING A

.9O'DAY PERlQD4

Segaraaddedtoaap+atei

mgniter

.

i,d so: .

2,500

SE

Meao

SE

M .A . . .

~SE

Watrrkitake,kg'/day

Nay Intake, 4lday

Concentrate intake, kg/day

-

Sulfate lntake

; g/dey

Wdghtgain, kg/day

Plasma o%molalt

)k,

.(Dm/kgTotal hemnglobin, 5/10D ml

Mediemnglobio; mg/I00,n7

Suifhemaglobin. mg/lOD

ml

Scrum sulfas&,nEq/liter

Plasma

sodium; meq/liar

SULFATE 10 WATEIi OF'CATTLB

1499

Mean

38.5

1.41

-

31.5

4 .1

.28

3 .9

3 .1

.07

3,2

42.6b

2 .17

814e

9

.08

.8

277

3

.9

278

13 .3

22

127

62.1b

41 .01

206.7c

5.5

3 .80

98.6

32b

.10

3 .9cd

139.51,

1 .36

141.6ad

heifers were used in a two-choice taste response

caper

bunit (Goatcher and- Church, 1970*), in

.

which the tr tments-wore tap-water and eith e r

sodium 'sulfate or sodiurd,ehlorlde

., Slx .aidanals

were offered each

salt

solution

. Tile tap-water

contained 370 mg/liter total dissolved Solids

with 75 .hignitcr sodium . 2b'.pgfliter chloride

and 110- ink /litee?sn%fate

.

The

sank

; were added

to the tap,wattr lin' increasing, estimated equal

abionl&'tofleeptratlen9 in increments range

ing front, 175 to

. 4,400-mgfliter pf theanion

.

The test' period : for. each concentration -Was -2

days . Thn ; datum collected wass the percent

eontmption -

of salt solution m todl

:fhUd

consumption . Am ap(mki's .twowater contamers

Were rotated daily

TO establish ;

a tone-Of

'nondlic irninate or randotncddnking each salt

solution test period wass preceded by,;a ;tsp

water' as tap-water 2-day ;period Linear regres-

sions, udpfldence intetvai3-arid differeacea,be`

twcen regression lines weft cakulate4 :atrsug

gestad by.Stetl''iand Totdt':(i9Yb)

.

The' weather was •cooler-

during the -taste

response study' .widt',tn Ptinium and ;t{Miiiiirwsp

temperatures averagingt22

.0-and

EvAp-

oration was 4

.0 mm/day :. ,

RESUL`rSANDDISCUS$ION'

No overt toxicity, was observed in aiy .of-the

beifers . All -animals appeared to be'irl'gogd

fonditionthroughout the experiment

. The sol-

fate-water treatments did not affect feed or

water consumption (table 1). . All heifer; gained

*Pour

absermdnn per hem mean, except eight nhservadons on blood related'hemed

b,e,

dVines nn same line bearing diffcieia superscript, an different

(P<05).

1 .47

-

33 .1

-1.59

.28

.05 3

N.9

.1

.

.24.11

3 .91.05

124;9d

IL99

.10

37

281

1!}

.22

12 .5

190.50

13L21ee

- 27 .64

3941

111.4

3139

.2.3

4.Sd

!13

.63

145.24

292

---

Electronic Filing,

a

Received, Clerk's Office May 1, 2007

P

C

#y3 *aR+w

1

I

i

. .Item' . . . .

than

'. '(7rbasaHafq,raEq/litee -

39: b

iUiihi sodlum, ;mU4/Ilter

176 . ;

'creaming

rees)brlmadeakanee

.

Prtewater<kaanee, .

Iher/hrfm''

-

-. 26

Bone osmola)iry, mOem/kg

772

SulfatelNtired;'mFgAn

:101.3 6

Stdfareit totbed.wzgfbr. . 'g3:7b

FBtCredglfateto'diorbed,% ' 03.26

`'sodiwdfltetdt

.ro gAtr

4431.1 .

:

5odivmtealk6sbed,m0gnx 4351,4

SE

SWfpee4ddedMutp-waceei401-

t,zso .

moo'

Mem

R

5 .09

I01 .0bc

7 .69

n6 .6bc

.45

.

_Oat . '

..29

62.6

760

3 .92

114.8bc

1.90

60.4'

1

.02

J26e

251 .20 . .

3830.2

243 .72

3751.0

Figfnotteetcadoaspevueenbenrwssa

b,e.

dMears on same line bearing dffetent superscrlpn are different

(P<o

18.96- .

147 .2E

L

9

.55

250.95

1

.44

'9 .5

.

,001

.45' 1 '

71 .4

806

, .

;

a5.

5.89

09.0.

1

9}

3 .36

63.9

. .93

47 .9

0.. .'

108

.36

440,7 ,8

255.08

4273,2, ;

HT.

i

(

Js

aa-

C •

wn

DIGESTIAND . WEETI

pveight during tl)e study(

them being,po appar• glgbin t ricentradops of q@,.6

and I11

1,4

enettedtment effects

. No evidence

of

dehydta-

mg/1001M,respeetivciy The 'I

toncenv

don- .Was

. obaeNed, plasma osmotid

. preFure ooil

for heifers, driokiog tap-water Was •5 .5

remaining constantregardlen of

treatment.

mg/14

0 mWirJ (bill rnoglobiit

being derec;ed

Although : there .,was

much variation, heifers in

only 25% of the blood siuiples . Although

d%inklng sulfate-water Showed evidence of in-

got statistically aign$cant(hGse value,

dp

creased: production of nwdternoglobin, the

indicate that castle prodnee Increased- uunounfs

increase seen in the 1,260, mg/i!tpr, group being

tif, suljhemogtubin,wh5p mgcsdng large

significant (tablc,1)

.WCeth and-Lapps-(1972) ties' of sulfate

.

This

obtatlcn has been made

also noted increasedmcthemoglobfn

:concenra- previously,by

:Weetlysni1lunter(1971).

don in, h'eifea dridking.1,462

and 2,914-toga- . Serum

sulfate conccntttdoru of heifet5cod-

ter.sulfate

•w

ater . , ir is known

that m,Cthemo- suming 125,0 and, 2,599 m®/ircer sulfate water

globin, formation Finduced by soditun girdtc

increased by, 22 .6

and 40.5%, respyttiVSlyt

provides :prbphylaxisr:agaigsttoAcpopcenera

- (nhlel).This;igeonsistentw(ihprlier.

gbsetvs-

nyns of syltido (Srnitiq 1969) . Sulfide

pro-

boas Meter and Paul, .1434: Wean

aad lion¢

duued,byaheteduction of ingested sulfamby

per, L971).,agd._telleas the inemared d(etiry

runsinal •. lnlcA"rganB.nr,,(Lewis,

1954)_b rap- intake of Allan

by ammali

(tk'eir and lteli4

filly abg6rbipd in the upper alimentary

. -,rut

1954), Plasmasgdlum

coomni7ations WetaaJso

(Hansard andMob uppied, 196y)

.,In, the blood in9tFased (1'4.-

,

)5) in

tilt heifers consuming 4he- .'

stream'; : ;diue • J

the affide,is gapp5d

by larger ..quantities . of sulfate is,;podrgmsulfaie

methcruoglobin; thE[eby.p[evepdng.iohibitlon

Ruble 1) .

-

of cytoehtotM . oz.

.

e (5fiith

•a nd

.GgjseBn,

.Thc l

su1krf-wate9 treatments resulted

19641

.

;readily

oxidizes cmasert (P<05) "urinary- exaction of

„

'

n8{pbkt'

. tp •a

rretbemoglobld (Smith; and and

so4ilmt bgt,teail daarancea :ofpmatmine,

Beudat, }966), .ftol'mnate;Y

the+reversr, •reac- cralolalirles and

: rcc water Wera unaffected•

:den ,%tslyzed by1,rn van 10bioAf„is,111

(table t) Uriye.

:oslOcgF preaart was god .

amid •

chahgcdt therefp)u,

. ait(WUgh

.

urine wan to

Drabkin And Agstls (1935) also observed dented 4'or only

s.2,br

gertod U appedra t(ylt.

drat :

'6d'

cdn{cit functional .

these_goncehttsdona of

slr'atg cause d no dime•'

- hehpglcbht'to sul$emoglobi0 4n the present

.sis ; Ttiis It supp'ortpd

•py t1s4lack,Af pdydl4sio

'

study, heifers tonspm(ng .

a zSQ an0 740O

.To

ip heffets thinking au(fate-water (i le 1)

`. •~

sulfateperBacofWater •h

ad, eansolfhemp.

indicated'ip .tab1e2r

6affecrdt7nkIngN.

TABL2 2

. zFFI}Cta OF DRINKING TAP-WATER, 1,250~MG/LITER SOLFATE-WATiR

AND :

500 MGJLLTER SIJLFATE-WATER ON RENAL FUNCTION OF HEIPEBS

-

- DURING A90DAY-PERJOI)a,

.

conceu~tnnons

.

.p1I sulfate-,

absorbed J4sa sg(fgie front

Date (27 .8 and~23

:7% less

2,500 mg/litec treatments,

r.

And, Hunter (1971) mad

. s

with heifers offered 3;49;

wire-,

. Because of the deer

iorpdon'And ineieasedfiltrat

of filtered sulfate which w

markedly decreased- by the

:.

meets . These observations $

of

. Leapeich 0947) of a rev

mum for,.so

",

but addict

heifers it appears that excee

'tnasdrrtum

depressed reabso

pressed reabsorptlon ivight f

tecdon to animals consuming

sulfate.

In the subsequent taste

resp

'ilie nondis lrnination acne

found to he berWeen d&

.4 an,

This zone is slightly wider thar

by GoatehgrandChdtch,(197t

than that gbsetvedhy

'Weeth at

Johnson

at al. (19:58) fetordc

four drinking per flay

, by scale

1 temnpejsture

. iris possible that

dtt*ibg'ttstdts in the wide 'a

, . ctif)una[e drbikin

Since the mean percent ge of

total watts consumption did no,

candyabovc 5o (figure 1)

. it ca

that no prefFrence •

was shown

salt solutions offered . Caitchc

(1971a)

. found, no . . preference

.1;4000 to 12,500 iisglliter so,

Goats showed, peefernce for

n .

aeacenuadona

Fipne 1'

. Taatctaponses

of chloride

of

and

beiftn

driddag watt as 'dse aodh m salt

ditbin the figure ue mems t standard

---

ations,ect(vely,_of;The

98mead

.6 andconcentra-111.4

,

;

drinking tap-water

was

.5.5

the

significant,binod

n!o81obeing

samples.these

.

values

detectedAlthoughdo

le produce' increased

. amounts

n when ihgtstijtg large 'quantj-

tn tabsee4atron has been made

ah andHuntdt (1971

conpegtrat)gns of heifers cow

12

.500 spg/fite g8lfate-nutter

8

and 40

;%, respectively

onsi, em 3vith par)ler observa

Paul,

;934, Weevh and Bunt-

by+flects

.

animals,(Wcir

. the increasedand

Rendlg.d(erary

L n.

beifees

cent;apopsepnsun

.were

g theealso

of sulfate as sodium'sylfite'

•

os

let treatments resulted in jm

urinary

. exrattioq of sulfate

coal

free

clearapceWater

weres

of

.,

creatinineunaffected;

e,

2 hr

although,motic

period,

pressure

.

urineit

appean

was

wasthaeol51in-

•

ns of sulfate caused no diure-

ed by the lack

of

polydipsla

sulfutrwater (cable 1)

.

table 2, heifer, drinking both

SULPAT&WAT8AANDN

OF HSIFEtts

.44

9.5

5IA1.93.36.001.89

.

139958064563-.4c.9.28.1

f'b.08

4402 .8

4273 .1

Electronic Filing, Received, Clerk's Office May 1, 2007

SULFATE

IN WATER OF CATTLE

1501

archtrations of sulfate-water attually, rc-

mg/llter sodium chloride (Bell, 1959) . Richter

sorbed less sglfnc fromm

the

-

glonwnilar fd- and MacLean (1939) found that humans could

one (27 .8 and 23

.7% less for the 1,250 and

recognize about

., 160 mg/liter sodium ebloticit

500 M

hirer treatments,` respectively) . Weeth

ind.thac

a solution could be Menti$edas being

6ul'Hunter (1971) made similar observations

salty

itabout 870rng/liter .

'th heifers -

offered 3,493

mg/liter m1fatr

It

has been observed that afferent impulses

a Because of the decreased actual cab-

could

be

Puttated

on the chords. tympagi of

sntpdon and increased filtration, the percentage

calves with, 292

cog/liter

sodium c1doride ap-

of

.fdteted sulfate which was reabsorbed was

plied to the tongue (Ball add Kitehell, 1966)

,

markedly,decreased

by the sulfate-water

.

¢e-t- Monerieff

• (1967) suggested, without reference

scents. These observations support the theory

to upedes, chit the detecmble minimumr for

of Lorspeich (1947) of a renal transport maxi-

sodium'chlorlde was near 550 mg/liter. Goat-

mom for sulfate, but additionally with these

tier and Church (1970a) observed that cattle

heifers It appears that exeeedlngthe transport

oaf recognize as little as 1,600 mg/liter sodium

maximum

pressed reabsotptlon

ilepcesud reabsorptionmight

provide.nt

some

Such

pro-de-

chlorideindicatee

.

that

The studytheresults'

lowestOf coneenpztion

the prese

of so-

tecdon m animals consuming large amounts of

drum chloride tested

(434 mg/liter) would be

w1fare .

below the deteemble minimum

.

In the subsequent taste response experituent,

As shhvfi in fig= 2

;,the tagressEGh line for

the ;dondiscrimlnstion zone' (figure 1) was

chloride ('Ya40.66-

.00371) crosses the lower

found to Be betaten 65,4 and 34.6%

(P<US)

.

dsstgmmailba threshold (iii solatiun cow,

leis zone

is slightly ty)dec than that estabkshed

strmpt,gn

<74 695 pf total n}d ehnsut4Rdon)

by (ioatcher and Ckutch (197oa)

. but narrower

at 1,620 tnglhta

M

That f6r'autfate

thin thatobiervedbyWeettiandCapps(1972)

.

ion (Y- 1.26•.

.0011X)'crps5esat2'OIH`nlg/li-

Ithnsoo et u/

. - ( 11958) recorded only three to

ter (21 .0%'roM) . 771x' concentzatfoga''at'die.

tfour

emperaturedtm

1

. ipatt

Is

day

possible

. 1111

by retie

; that

at

such

10C

infrequentambient

zejett(ori

total comimpticn)

ebresholds

are

(salt5

.04

solution

mg/htcy

<20

f155.0% .6of

drinking results' inthe wide zone forr oondis-

mM) and 3,31t7 mg/Stet (34,5 mM)- for rSlot)de

u(mina ci drinking .

and sultan

; respectively. Qtly the rejection

Since the neap percentage of salt solution to

thresholds differ sigtufimntly

. The ilgression

total water consumption did not deviate

signifl-

lines are signifitadt(y diferent,

.chit for sulfate

cantly

.above 50 (figure 1), it can be concluded

being steeper .

that no preference was'shown

for any of the

8eidlei (1963) observed that a taste receptor

sit, aph)

.dons offered

. hatther and Church

's stimu)atcd by a

molecule

or

ass ion. There-

09711) found

: no preference

by

cattle

for

fore,.tltt

two

ask s6kttf9tts might bast be

1

;400 to- 12,500

mgflitcr sodium chloride,

compared on a molar

."basjs (fugue„ 3)

. This

Goats showed preference for 800 to 6

;100

- results id

a marked difference between the

t - 1

m

n . .

FSBure t

. Taste responus of belies m

inemvsioe

coeetnu,eibos of

chloride and sulfate added to

dialing watts as the socl

. mfrs

. Ohitnatiotn

within die figure ac mnu3

- standard errors .

Fig„ 2

. Riots. of iac

rensin 5 a i,e, (w/v) worm

uadonfq n

percent O

f salt suluelpn drink by heaters .

Pupllel Iho at34;6

and .20

.0%iadkate .iicrimloadon

and rejrrtion Irvcli rrsprctw-1Y,`

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on-'

i[

1502

m

1 .

P

:..in

co'co'

d r4l. .den 1 .1,,

I- di.-E

anions. The lower discrimination threshold for

sulfate is 21 .6 mM

whit

4 .confidqnce limit of

Mi to 27,p mM

forr cWoride is

45 .6 tribiolat The vcj~cczlon thresholdIhold

for Sul-

fate 4.5 rrM with e. confidence limit a

.

f 27.9

Q

.44.6 mjKlar- The chloride rejection thresh-

old is i55 ;66 mMalar . Both thresholds ate now

significantly

lower for the sulfate ion,

Moncrieff (1967) states that, Both eltloride

Bud sulfate are effective in proddPing a saline

awe and that bitterness of a'salt increases as its

rdoleco]lgr welilhtt iturciawa. Goatcher and

Much (19706) cir6cluded that cattle are more

sensitive

, up

bitter than salty . This may be why

the fiulftrcq salt was iejectedd

.

at g. lover anionic

coacentratbon than the chloride salt

.

From this, study it appears that ordwVrag cat-

tle

Were 4fe

to tolerate 2)di mg/liter , sulfate

without,cuef toxin effects. It has been shown

previously (Wee ;b and Upos,

1972) that

con-

.ceatradons of

2,814 mg/liter caused some dele-

retinas effects in cattle According t the dh-

crimination .threshoid observed in the present

Study, this concentration of sulfate wood be

AISCHurmated against if Crater containing a

low-

er concentration of sulfate was wallabler to the

animal, It is not feasible to .set an exact safe

tol-

erance concentration for Sulfate in water since

tolerance is dependent an total intake

and the

turnover rite of Sulfate in the individual animal

HowgV;r; 2,$AO wifliterr may be close to the

safe Wleftfct limit for the

of in-

orgarde sulfate in the drinking water of cattle.

LITERATURE CITrD

Beidler, L N1 1M . Dyaazaics of care cells- In Y

Zotternaa (1A.) CIraetion and Trim The Mac

mian Co., New V0 k.

DICESTI AND WEETH

Bell

anlreds

. F. 0.

:

1959Vet

.

.

.

RedThe

. 71--1071sense

.

.

of taste 1n doacertired

fth,

theP

.

gout,

R_ and

shay

R. Land

. Himlidlsalt

J

.

. Phydol1906

. Tane mccpu.. In

5.

Dr.bkln, D . L: end J, ,H: AustIn . 1931

. Specs

rophmo,

mai

c

studies; I [

:,

ftepeerticeS 6*M wished blood

Ce

I oxide he .glabla and sullbirn.gbla .

Dm,cgr . a a 195

; Multiple

range d mld& V

tat' . Band

1 .11 .

GIB . J .' L

H . 1) . Pee. 1971. A9.1y.]IS

9f repeated

megavrergent, of~hcak J . Anien . kL 33t 331.

G

o

Drbgr, W. D. and D. C. Church, 19701. Taste

hublawata. Ill. Iteacdco, of pygmy

sheep

responses in

end card. to

sucrose

and

..dlum

rVdA& : J . Count 90,31,11"

Gogt.ber

. W

. D, and D

. C. Chi red 19701,

. Tana

f

responses in rnalaints

. IV. Bud-, of PYBV

.0*8'q=e

..md

hydAhlridSeats,

Amp and

., Jcattle

.

.

Actinto Belseeds

. slAllS;ld.

twurbae,

(PA) StandardA.,

Jr.

Methods

19W Madwardl)obbuof

CH.k .1 tin

]a Sbay,

. birittsVA

.

5. Academia Press,

New

Yolk

Hansard; S, L sad 4, S. Mohammed, 1969. bbsurp:

r1b ., excretion end rngn6igikatil U011 .1164 of

Sulfate by the bovine. J Mini Sla 211

;211)

.

f*aw. V. Q and H. pawl- 193Z v4ct of Inorganic

snit uaAk . F0

. 60 mineral pbrepodrion wfltbe

.

bl).d. J . Blol . Gram; 105,635.

1

Johnson, a D ., A. C . F40dak sisal It, G.'V.dr. 105B.

Effects of codstibu eh&bAre .stal tompow"ats 61

set

.1 Stahumar,

sad Sof

SantaF

W f

he

Gertradis ; and Shorthorn c,$es

daring growth. Meu Agr. Up. Sm. Am Bur 453,

1,ewig,D

. 1954. Tho'nuUntlav, 0 palplm bane

rumen' of

.

op. Bwalum. J . Mill.,01 .

Iaupeich, W . D.

to . B.-Pa

tabular

Gripsel.. Sulfate in the atimMIA4 A*UI'J .

phy.l.l.

Monaieff, R . W. 7967. Thq Chradoil *eases

Clad

FA), L"rawd HW linaka, Inadou . *4grid. '

Richter, C P* M4 A MuLgan. 1939

. Salt cane

Smith,thresholds

" EE and

ohnirpent

B, BauderArker

.

.3

1966

. PhyiJOL

. M~heera

1741.

.peelersformation

. Astir

and

1,

reduction

pbl,31.1.210-347

In naft6dValoget"Tal

.

Smith,,

OWNS

It

.

In

P.

urdoology1969

. The.V

:

resere,

t Blood

of

(Ed)

methermo"EO*v

in To,e..lajY . Ahddftd . Peels, New

. York

&wth, % P. and FL F Garage. 196* The lanaJaza

of methanillobbremik on the haallay 0600M

fitetoxic

.1

6,584,Al

anionsG

. D,

.

tad

It

J,

Salfl&H

. Tianie,

. Taxical

1904

. Appl

Wndp*'*W

: .01,P1,""

procedures, of 6talsda WG :ww-ft B,,WgCM .

New York

.

We .0%, IL J . and D

. L Capes

. 1972 .

Td-aver

,V,.wl.g aide for

1 . AnI.*:V01

34!256.

Wreth,

,Wf.x

H.

.

wet1

.

g,

and

by

Je.

;tdF a.

HunterJ

. Apler

.

.

1971B4

32i277

. Drinklaa

.

of

We .th, H.' J. and & L 1 .11peraim 1965

. ASS

d

function of aide under various gait 1694 . 1 . A66n.

5 .1, 24,441 .

Weir, W. C .a V. V- Rend!; 1954 SSerum Injoaric

sulfate sulfur W a auga," of the relfur ints4 of

sheep

.

1 . N.=. 54,87 .

8

C*.

MIGRODIGESTION TECE

AS ESTIMATORS OF

S. M, 1 :

Um

. SUMMARY

Tlfe nutritive values oif pang

A" Occumb.ans) .and KL

k

zyu

gee

dabdestinum),

determined with

*cndonjL dilgestion trials, were

dim -doWed from three iodire

estimating digestibility In often

Were digestible, dry matter (DDA

bli .tairdeatt (TUN).'

digestibh

and celluloseI digestibility (CD) .

techniques consisted of is vin.

UVI)MO, by two

Lion acrd nylon :' bag dry matte!

(1481)JAD) . . Solubility' vas meant

dry matter tolubflty (DMS) in

'cellulose solubility (CEP)-

.m _c

ambee.

1

.

panvoll gross Was more digs

yu grass, by all mcaswr6ments

sJoilikawt . diftexentes (P<01

wdoi were detected by -hot

iridrl~dct methods,

bignifimat, differences (P<4

MD was greater than wDry

and 52..9 jrerlceatlje Ufth

le

DDMIVDMD

;

was 4,5 percentsI

I

.,

ftekl6ft

roclWons

t4between

; loritIcies

animalwcn

ca

.

E .4

the Solubility

It wo4 c"Vawtly high cot

n. . . gen . correlations

animal digestibility were t

Ban. CED. There

: was

Inc at ive Te 171noriqlhip,

~'Tgrdfil

:'p' ~

(P<05),

between

PMS 4 am

g0l* grass. in

. kikay. Bra

betweth DM5 and animal . der,

'Jovaaal Scries, t4ir. Ml of d

I EsxPeArden, Ated .a .

I

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I

Human and Clinical Nutrition

High Levels of Inorganic Sulfate Cause Diarrhea in

Neonatal Pigletsl

,2'

3

G(JILLERMO G- GOM

_Z, * 14

ROBERTS

. SANDLER" AND ELSTON SEAL, JR

. **

*Department

of

Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695;

?School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel

Hill, NC 27599;

"*EPA Human Studies Division, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; and ?Center for Gastrointestinal

Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill,

NC 27599

ABSTRACT Artificially reared neonatal piglets were

used

function

to study

In human

the effect

Infantsof . Two

Inorganic

experiments

sulfate

were

on bowelcon-

sulfate

ducted to

on

evaluate

the growth,

the effect

feed Intake

of high

and

levels

feces

of

consistencyInorganic

of artificially reared piglets, and to determine the dose at

which

diarrheaat .

least

The effect

50% of

of sulfate

piglets

level

develop

on kidney

nonpathogenicweight

and

concentration of Inorganic sulfate In urine was also as-

sessedInitial .

age

In each

of 5 d

experiment,

were Individually

40 pigs

caged

with

and

an

reared

averagewith

an automatic feeding device

. Ten pigs per dietary

treatment were fed one of

four diets containing the tot-

lowing levels of added Inorganic sulfate (mg/L of diet),

as anhydrous sodium sulfate (USP)

: 0, 1200, 1600 and

2000 for Experiment 1 (16-d study), and 0, 1800 .2000

and 2200 for Experiment 2 (16-d study)

. The levels of

added sulfate did not affect (P > 0

.05) the growth of

piglets, or their feed Intake. Whereas 1200 mg added

sulfate/L had essentially no effect on feces consistency,

levels

>i600

mg/L of diet resulted in a persistent, non.

not affect

P>(P

> 0,05)

rerelative

kidneydded sulfate

did gank sulfate In udne reached maximum concentration

added

(P < 0sulfate/L

.05) In pigs

In Experiments

fed diets

I

with

and

1600

2, respectively,and

1800 mg

but declined at NOW levels . The results suggest that

the level of added dietary Inorganic sulfate at which 50%

of piglets develop nonpathogenic diarrhea is between

1600 and 1800 mg/L J

. Nutr . 125: 2325-2332, 1995 .

INDEXING KEY WORDS:

•

inorganic sulfate •

neonatal piglets

•

gastrointestinal

effects • liquid diets • swine

Sulfate is a common divalent anion found in the

environment, mainly in natural waters, in concentra-

tions ranging from a few tenths of a milligram per

liter to several thousand milligrams per liter (NRC

1977)

.

In a survey of the 100 largest cities in the

United States (Durfor and Becker

1964), the median

sulfate concentration of all samples was 26 mg/L,

with a range of 0 to 572 mg/L, and more than 90%

of

the samples contained <100 mg-sulfate/L

. McCabe et

al. (1970) examined a total of 2595 water samples that

included a large variety of drinking water sources in

the United States, and reported that only 3% of the

samples had sulfate concentrations exceeding the

recommended National Secondary Drinking Water

Standard (NSDWSJ of 250 mg/L, with a maximum

concentration of 770 mg/L . A study of 249 private

wells in North Dakota reported that 197

had dis .

solved solids content > 1000 mg/L, 125 had >2000, 63

had >3000, 33 had 4000 mg dissolved solids/L and in

the majority of the waters the sulfate ion constituted

the major proportion of the dissolved solids (cited by

Moore 1952) .

The lowest dose of sulfate that causes diarrhea in

humans is not certain . Moore (1952) reported that

62%

of people experienced a laxative effect when the

sulfate concentration in well water exceeded 1 g/L

.

Survey data collected from ground water users in

North Dakota (Peterson

1951)

indicated that waters

'Presented in pan at the 1994 joint Annual Mating of the

American Dairy Science Association and the American Society of

Animal Science, July

I1-15, 1994, Minneapolis, MN

(Comer, G .

119941

Effects of sulfate in liquid diets for artificially-reared piglets

.

). Anim

2 This

.

study

Set. 72

was

(supplconducted

. II : 164

at

(absthe.ll

.

NCSU Piglet Core with a

grant from the

U

.S

. Environmental Protection Agency through the

Center for

Gastrointestinal Biology

and Disease. Although the

research

EPA, it has

described

not been

in

subjected

this article

to agency

has ban

review

supported

and therefore

by the

does

U .S .

not necessarily reflect the views of the agency . No official en

.

dorsement should be infected . Mention of trade names or com-

mercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommen-

dation for use .

3The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in pan by

the

marked

payment

"advertisement"

of page chargesin

accordance

. This article

withmust

18

therefore

USC sectionbe

hereby

1734

solely to indicate this (act

.

"To whom correspondence should be addressed

.

0022-3166/95 33

.170 t 1995 American Institute of Nutrition

Manuscript received 17

November 1994 . Initial review completed 3

January 1995

. Revision

accepted 6 March

2,12>

1995 .

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with 600 to 750 mg sulfate/L had a laxative effect

.

Chien et al

. (1968) reported on three infants who

developed

diarrhea when given formula made with

water containing 620-1150 mg sulfate/L .

Young weanling pigs (3 to 4 wk of age) having

access to saline drinking water (6000 mg total solids/

L) high in sulfates

(2392

mg/L) showed increased

prevalence of diarrhea as well as higher water con-

sumption during the first week after weaning com-

pared with controls drinking low sulfate water, but

there was no difference in rate of growth, food con-

sumption and gain to feed ratios (Anderson and

Stothers 1978)

. Patterson et al . (1979) observed that

when pigs consumed water with a sulfate concen-

tration of 3000 mg/L, there was no effect on

reproduction or weight gain, but there was an in-

crease in fecal moisture content and water con-

sumption . Recently, Veenhuizen et al, (1992) reported

that weanling pigs tended to have better weight gain

over a 4-wk period when provided water with a

sulfate concentration of 600 or 1800 mg/L compared

with controls receiving water with 54 mg sulfate/L .

The prevalence of diarrhea was higher in pigs given

sulfate in the water than in the controls

.

No report has been found on the effects of high

sulfate levels in liquid diets fed to baby pigs in a

manner that would mimic situations encountered

with human infant formula feeding . Limited infor-

mation is available with respect to infants and

children . Because of the obvious limitations of using

infants as experimental subjects, this study used ar-

tificially reared neonatal piglets as a model to

evaluate the effect of inorganic sulfate on bowel

function in human infants .

Thus, the purpose of the present study was to

determine the dose of sulfate, as sodium sulfate, at

which diarrhea develops in neonatal pigs and to

ascertain the dose at which 50% of pigs had diarrhea

The experiments herein reported assessed the in-

fluence of sulfate on weight gain, feed intake and

feces consistency throughout the entire trial under

strictly controlled conditions

. The effect of sulfate on

kidney weight as well as on sulfate concentration in

urine of pigs at the end of the experiment was also

measured .

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental

animals . Gestating sows were ob-

tained from the North Carolina State University

Swine Farm and transferred to an isolated farrowing

facility, 5 d before farrowing

. Crossbred pigs carrying

no known or defined pathogens were farrowed in an

atiFiseptically clean (washed three times daily) stall

after 4 to 5 d of repeated bathing and sanitizing of the

sows, before delivery, with an iodinated detergent

(Wescodyne® , American Sterilizer Company, Medical

Products Division, Erie, PA) . Piglets farrowed by five

third-parity and five first-parity sows were used in

Experiments 1 and 2, respectively . Forty crossbred

piglets were used in each experiment

. Piglets were left

with their dams for -48 h after farrowing and then

transferred to an isolated room containing an auto-

matic feeding device (Autosow) . The temperature of

the room was maintained at 32'C during the first

week and lowered to 27-29'C throughout the re-

mainder of each experimental period The ambient

relative humidity in the room varied between 55 and

75% . Lights were on at all times. The protocol of this

research was approved by the NCSU Institutional

Animal Care and Use Committee

.

Feeding protocol and basal diet. The Autosow is a

machine containing individual cages (length, 0

.50 m ;

width, 0.30 in, and height, 0.40 m) and regularly

dispensing, aseptically, small volumes of liquid diet

according to the weight of each piglet

. Piglets were

fed liquid diets only and did not have access to

drinking water. The diet reservoir was refrigerated,

and therefore, bacterial growth in the diets, if any,

was minimal. The feeding pans were washed under

pressure after each feeding with a warm chlorinated

detergent (Td-Foam'", Diversey Corp ., Wyandotte,

MI) . Details of the characteristics of this device have

been previously reported (Coalson and Lecce 1973) .

Piglets were fed a daily volume of diet that was -30%

of their body weight, i.e., a I-kg piglet was fed 300 mL

of diet/d. Previous studies (Coalson and Lecce 1973,

Lecce 1969) have shown that this daily volume to

weight ratio is near optimum with regard to weight

gain and feed efficiency when diets are made from

milk solids and have a dry weight of -20% . The

feeding interval used in both experiments was 1 .5 h

.

In Experiment 1, the daily volume of diet was divided

into 16 equal portions during the first 8 d of the trial

and 13 portions thereafter (feeding schedule was from

0600 to 2400 h). In Experiment 2, piglets were fed 13

times per day throughout the entire trial . The calcu-

lated feed intake per pig is expressed as kilograms of

dry matter consumed per experimental period .

Once piglets were housed in the Autosow, they

were fed a basal diet (Table 1) with no added sulfate

and adapted to the new environment throughout a

3- to 4-d period . At the end of the adaptation period

(at an average age of 5 d), piglets were weighed and

distributed according to body weight, sex and litter

origin to four groups of 10 pigs each

. Piglets used in

Experiment 2 had lower initial body weights, at a

similar age, than those in Experiment I because they

were from first-parity litters curnpared with third-

panty litters in Experiment I .

Experimental diets

. The experimental diets were

randomly assigned to each one of the groups. In each

experiment four levels of added sulfate, expressed as

milligram per liter of diet, were evaluated as follows

:

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experimental and

experimental periods .

Every

morning, feces consistency scores of 2 or 3 were

further confirmed at the time of taking rectal swabs .

The results of feces consistency are expressed as the

daily relative proportion (percentage) of piglets

grouped according to their feces scores

. Rectal swabs

of pigs with feces consistency of 2 or 3 were taken,

placed in tubes containing 2 mL of 0.01

mol/L PBS,

pH 7.5, and assayed within a few hours after col-

lection for hemolytic Escherichia coil and rotavirus

assays to determine if these pathogens were the cause

of diarrhea . Rectal swabs were processed for bacterio-

logical culturing of hemolytic E . coli

using blood agar

with 5% sheep blood (Carr Scarborough Microbiolog-

icals, Decatur; GA) . After 24 h of incubation at 37'C,

the cultures were evaluated for presence of hemolysis

.

A commercial kit (Virogen RotatestS, Wampole

Laboratories, Cranbury, NJ), based on a rapid latex

particle agglutination slide test, was used for the

qualitative detection of rotavirus in fecal specimens

.

At the beginning of Experiment 1, urine samples

were obtained from 5 to 6 pigs of each group, using a

bladder puncture technique (Parker et al

. 1979) . At

the end of both experiments, urine samples of all

piglets were taken from the bladder after they were

killed and the abdominal cavity opened

. Urine

samples were frozen until they were assayed for inor-

ganic sulfate by a turbidimetric analysis (Jackson and

McCandless 1978)

.

At the end of each experiment, piglets were sedated

with an intramuscular injection of a mixture of 0

.8

mL of Ketamine hydrochloride (Ketaset ®,

100 g of

Ketamine per L, Fort Dodge Laboratories, Fort Dodge,

IA) and 0.2 m, of Xylazine (Rompune, 20 g Xylazine/

L, Mobay, Shawnee, KS), and killed with an in-

tracardiac lethal dose (1 mL/4 .5 kg body wt) of an

euthanasia

solution (Beuthanasia0-D

Special,

manufactured for Schering-Plough Animal Health, by

Steris Laboratories, Phoenix, AZ) . In each experiment,

five replicates (first, third, fifth, seventh and ninth) of

pigs, from the heaviest to the lightest, were used to

obtain kidney weight

. Kidneys were removed from

the abdominal cavity, connective tissue was trimmed,

and organs were blotted on paper towels and weighed .

Samples of each kidney were immediately taken,

weighed and placed in an oven (6S'C) for at least 48 h

to determine the dry matter content . Relative fresh

weights of kidneys are expressed as gram per kilogram

of body weight .

Statistical analyses . Data were analyzed as a ran-

domized complete block design, using individual

piglets as the experimental unit, and following the

general linear model procedures of SAS (SAS Institute,

Cary, NC) . Values are reported as means for each diet

group with either SEM or pooled SD

. Following a sig-

nificant F test (P c 0.05), the Duncan s multiple range

test (Steel and Torrie 19801 was used to identify differ-

ences among individual groups .

TABLE I

Caespoattfon of the basal diet[

Ingredient

Amount

per L of diet

840 mL

80 g

143 g

5 ml.

1 .6 g

Deionized, distilled water

8/50-SPL

2

Nonfat dry milk

Trace mineral premix3

Vitamin premix 4

'Calculated analysis ldry matter basial : dry matter, 20%, crude

protein, 28%;

lactose, 50%, ether extract, 20%, total energy, 4 .1 MI.

2A product supplying 8% crude protein and 50% ether extract

(Milk Specialties Company, Dundee, IL)

.

3Tracc mineral premix supplied the following (mg/L of dietk

CuSO45H20, 5.1 ) FeSO4 7H10, 78, ZnO, 12

.

4

Vitamin premix (MasterMix Miscible Poultry Vitamins,

Central Soya, Fan Wayne, IN) supplied the following lmg/L of dietk

retinyl acetate, 3 .6 ; cholecaleiferol, 0

.010,

all-roc-a-tocopheryl

•

acetate, 8.75, menadlone sodium bisulfite complex, 1

.87, thiamine,

11, riboflavin, 4.Z d-calcium pantothenate, 1Q5, pyndoxlnc HCL

•

2 .1, nicotinic acid, 42, folic acid, 1 .1, cyanocobalarnin, 0.035; biotin,

0 .175, ascorbic acid, 35

.

•

0,

for

1200,

Experiments

1600 and

1

2000and

;

2,

and

respectively0,

1800, 2000

.

and

Inorganic2200,

sulfate, as anhydrous sodium sulfate, was dissolved in

the deionized, distilled water before adding and

•

mixing the other ingredients . Water and liquid diets

were analyzed for inorganic sulfate by a private

laboratory (Roche Analytics Laboratory, Richmond,

VA) using an analytical technique based on ion chro-

matography

. The deionized, distilled water contained

ci mg inorganic sulfate/L In

- 4); the basal diets of

Experiments I and 2 contained 277 and 261 mg inor-

ganic sulfate/L (n -

2 each), respectively . Analytical

values corrected for the supply of inorganic sulfate in

the basal diet were 1283, 1663, and 1903 (n

- 2 each)

for expected sulfate contents of 1200, 1600 and 2000

mg/L, respectively, for Experiment 1 . In Experiment

2, the corrected analytical values were 1689, 1989 and

1999 (n - 1 each) for expected sulfate contents of

1800, 2000 and 2200 mg/L, respectively

. Results of

total inorganic sulfate analyses in the diets indicated

that values were within a range of t9% of the ex-

pected sulfate contents .

Experimental protocol. Pigs were weighed daily

and volume of diet for each pig was adjusted ac-

cording to its body weight . Feed scores were recorded

according to the following scale : I

- eating normally,

2 - off feed, and 3 - not eating. Feces consistency or

diarrhea scores were based on the following scale

: I -

normal, solid feces

; 2 - soft, looser than normal

stools; and 3 - liquid diarrheal feces

. Feed and feces

scores for each pig were recorded three times per day

)morning, afternoon and evening) throughout the pre-

c

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0

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•

00

00

n

g

20

I

40

•

0

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f *

• * * * PC -yA * * *

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1600

IqAtSS

s

12

Time, days

RESULTS

Food intake and weight gain

. By the end of the

adaptation period (from 2 to 5 d of age), piglets had

adjusted to the Autosow and were all eating the basal

diet normally (feed score of 1)

. From the beginning of

each trial, piglets consumed similar amounts (feed

scores of 1, not shown; P > 0.05)

of all four ex-

perimental diets throughout the entire experimental

periods, indicating that the levels of added sulfate did

not affect food intake

. The calculated overall food

intakes per pig were 3.76 ± 0.19 In - 40) and 3.10 ±

0

.10 in - 40) kg of dry matter for Experiments 1 and 2,

respectively

. Average initial body weights of piglets at

5 d of age were 1.94

10.08 kg In - 40) and 1.85 ± 0.07

kg (n

- 40)

for Experiments I and 2, respectively.

Final body weights were similar (P > 0

.50) among the

four experimental groups in each trial (6

.47 ± 0 .34 and

6.01 ± 0.41

kg, n - 40 each, for Experiments I and 2,

respectively)

. In each experiment, weight gains were

similar (P > 0

.05) for piglets fed the basal diet and the

sulfate-supplemented diets- The overall average gains

0

. - Normal

a - Soft

•

- Liquid

Is

100

50

60

40

20

0

100

so

so

40

20

0

1

s

12

Time, days

Is

relative

normal,

piglets

FIGURE

.

solid

Levels

proportion

1

feces,

(Experiment

of added

or

2 -

distribution

soft,

sulfate,

1) The

looser

effect

appearing

(%)

than

of

of

level

normal

piglets

in each

of

stools,

added

in

quadrant,

each

inorganic

and

diet

3

are

-

group

liquid,

expressed

sulfate

in

diarrheal

-

on

in

10)

feces

mg/L

according

fecesconsistency

of diet

.

to

Values

.

their

Feces

of artificially

are

feces

scores

expressed

scoreswere

reared

.

given

as the

neonatalasdaily

I -

were 267 ± 18 and 278 ± 24 g, n - 40 each, for

Experiments I and 2, respectively .

Feces

consistency.

At the beginning of the experi-

ments, between 80 and 100% of the piglets had solid,

normal stools . Figures 1 and 2 present the results for

feces consistency as affected by diets in Experiments

I and 2, respectively . In Experiment 1, the proportion

of piglets showing liquid feces consistency increased

as the level of sulfate was incremented, but diarrhea

response to the highest sulfate level (2000 mg/L)

varied between 40 and 80% of piglets in that group

throughout the experimental period IFig . 1). In Ex-

periment 2, practically all (90 to 100%) piglets fed

diets with added sulfate of 2000 or 2200 mg/L showed

liquid feces consistency beginning 2 d after the start

of the trial and persisting throughout the ex-

perimental period (Fig .

2).

In both experiments, rectal

swabs of piglets having softer than normal or liquid

feces (scores of 2 or 3) were negative for hemolytic E

.

coil and porcine rotavirus, indicating that piglets had

nonpathogenic diarrhea when fed high levels of inor-

ganic sulfate -

CO

3

a

0

2328

J

qO

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80

M

a

•

00

40

v

t>C•

20

9

0

q

a

Qq

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Electronic

GASTROINTESTINAL

Filing,

. . . .+*PC40,

Received,

EFFECTS

Clerk's

OF

3

INORGANIC

*„ .,

Office

.

.

SULFATE

May 1, 2007

2329

Relative kidney

weight and sulfate concentration

in urine

. The relative kidney weights along with their

dry matter concentration and the inorganic sulfate

concentration in urine at the end of the experimental

periods are given in Table 2

. There were no differ-

ences (P > 0

.05 in fresh kidney weights nor in their

dry matter content.

Sulfate concentration in urine of piglets at the

beginning of Experiment 1, at 5 d of age, was 2.4

± 0.2

mot of inorganic sulfate per L (n - 22) . By the end of

the experimental periods, the sulfate concentration in

urine of piglets fed the basal diet rose to 8.7± 1 .1 (n -

10) and 8 .8 ± 1.1 (n - 10) mol/L for Experiments 1 and

2, respectively. Concentration of inorganic sulfate in

urine was affected (P < 0

.05) by dietary levels of

inorganic sulfate (Table 2)

. The highest sulfate con-

with

centrations

added sulfate

were found

levels

in urine

of 1600

of

and

piglets

1800

fed

mg/L

dietsfor

Experiments I and 2, respectively .

DISCUSSION

A national secondary drinking water standard

(NSDWS) of 250 mg sulfate/L has_ been established by

the U .S . Public Health Service (1962)

. The appropriate

regulatory limit is uncertain because adequate studies

have not been performed. The present research was

conducted to provide preliminary estimates of the

level of sulfate that may be tolerated in human infant

TABLE 2

tVducs are mean, n - 5

for kidney data and n - 10 for sulfate

concentration to

urine, except for the group fed the diet with ISM

mg added sulfatelL in Experiment

2 in which n -

9

. Values in a

celumn of

,

.,h

expn^invent with unlike superscripts .arc signiIi

candy different

P .

11(151

from each other

formula. Neonatal piglets were selected because their

size and intestinal physiology is similar to those of

human infants.

All former studies on the effect of sulfate in

drinking water in pigs (Anderson and Stothers 1978,

Patterson et al. 1979, Veenhuizen et al . 1992) have

been performed with older weanling pigs . In those

studies, pigs were fed dry diets and the inorganic

sulfate source was incorporated in the drinking water,

r which was supplied separately . In our study, artifi-

cially reared neonatal piglets were fed the ex-

perimental liquid diets only, and did not have access

to any separate source of drinking water. The use of

younger pigs reared under strictly controlled condi-

tions with a combined source of nutrient as con-

ducted in our study mimics situations encountered

with

The

human

concentration

infant formula

of inorganic

feeding

sulfate in the

deionized, distilled water used was <1 mg/L, whereas

the basal diet supplied, on the average, 270 mg/L .

Most of the inorganic sulfate in the basal diet origi-

nated from the milk-derived ingredients (nonfat dry

minute

milk and

amounts

8/50-SPL)

of sulfate

and to

salts

a minor

incorporated

extent from

in

thethe

trace mineral premix . Therefore, between 82 and 89%

mg/L,

(for added

respectively)

sulfate

of

levels

the total

of between

inorganic

1200

sulfate

and 2200in

the diets was contributed by the sulfate added to the

basal diet

.

Apparently, high sulfate concentration imparts a

bitter taste to drinking water (Peterson 1951)

. The

human taste threshold for sulfate in water, deter-

mined as the concentration at which it affected the

taste of brewed coffee, is between 300 and 400 rngJL

(Lockart et al . 1955) . The concentration of sulfate at

which

Thus,

anion

depends

it

sulfate

concentration

upon

could

the

from

be

nature

detected

sodium

range

of

sulfate

the

by

between

taste

sulfate

was

in

169

detected

salts

drinking

and

present372

at

watermg/an

.

L, and sulfate from magnesium sulfate was detected

between 320 and 479 mg/L (Whipple 19071 . However,

the palatability of high sulfate waters seems to be an

adaptable phenomenon . Thus, although high sulfate

water was considered tasteless by -50% of the resi-

dents in Saskatchewan who regularly drank it, it was

not as palatable to the general public (Chien et al .

1968) . Our results show that levels of added sulfate as

sumption

high as 2200

by artificially

mg/L of diet

reared

did not

neonatal

affect

pigletsdiet .

con-

Addition of 1200 mg sulfate/L had essentially no

effect on feces consistency (Fig. 1) . Added sulfate

levels >1200 mg/L increased the prevalence of di-

arrhea as evidenced by the higher proportion of piglets

showing liquid feces consistence (Fig . 1 and 2) . The

dose at which 50% of pigs had diarrhea seemed to be

between the levels of 1600 and 1800 mg added

sulfate/L (Fig . I and 2) . In both experiments, rectal

swabs of piglets that had liquid or softer than normal

feces

and rotavirus,

consistency

indicating

were negative

that the

for

diarrhea

hemolytic

observedE

.

cob

was not due to these pathogens .

level

sulfateof

added

Fresh wtKidneys

Dry matter

sulfateUrine

mg/L

g/kg body

wt

g/100 s

mol7L

Experiment 1

0

7 .3

17 .33

ii 7d

1200

7

.5

17

.00

30.2'

1600

6 .8

17.29

45 .5-

2000

6

.9

17 .46

37,21,

Pooled so

0 .7

0.71

6,8

Experiment 2

0

7

.4

17

.25

8 .8c

1800

7

.3

17,64

56 .1'

2000

7 . .5

17 .36

32 .66

2200

7

.1

17.96

354 6

Pooled so

0 .4

0 .77

10 .7

Effect of

enic satiate level a relative

kidney weights

cad

calf

tc coaceotrotiao in urine of

artificially

reared pisleter

---

I

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S

ofm

100

nnOU

a0

0

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.

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.+a

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0

. - Normal

. - Soft

L a - Liquid

/,-"*N" /

t r.

Time, days

The results of this study indicate that nonpatho-

genic diarrhea was caused when sulfate levels were

>1200 mg of added sulfate/L of diet. Chien et al.

(1968) described three cases in Saskatchewan of in-

fants who developed diarrhea when given formula

made with water containing between 620 and 1150

mg of sulfate/L. Peterson 119511, using survey data

collected from water consumers in North Dakota,

indicated that a laxative effect was perceived at 750

mg sulfate/L but not at 600 mg/L or less . In a detailed

analysis of these data, Moore (1952) concluded that

most people experienced a laxative effect when

sulfate plus

magnesium exceeded 1000 mg/L .

However, these conclusions are based on uncon-

trolled data . The results of the present study suggest

that under controlled conditions, neonatal piglets did

not experience a laxative effect until the added sulfate

concentration in the food formula reached 1200 mg/L

.

This study confirms previous reports that high

levels of inorganic sulfate did not affect the rate of

growth of weanling pigs (Anderson and Stothers 1978,

Patterson et al . 1979, Veenhuizen ct al . 1992)

. No

100

so

s0

.a

20

100

so

so

40

20

0

1800

k~*,

410

40*e

a

is

Time, days

is

normal,

relative

piglets

FIGURE

.

solid

Levels

proportion

2

feces,(Experiment

of added

or

2 -

distribution

sulfate,

soft,

2) The

looser

effect

appearing

(%l

than

of

of

level

piglets

normal

in each

of

stools,

added

in

quadrant,

each

inorganic

and

diet

are

3group

-expressed

sulfate

liquid,

(n -on

diarrheal

in

101

feces

mg/L

according

consistency

of

fecesdiet.

to

Values

.

their

Feces

of artificially

are

feces

scores

expressed

scoreswere

reared

.

given

as the

neonatalasdaily

I -

significant differences among treatments occurred in

the body weight of piglets throughout the entire ex-

perimental periods, nor in their overall daily gains

.

Furthermore, the levels of added sulfate assessed did

not affect kidney weights of artificially reared piglets

(Table 2) .

At the end of the trials, the concentration of inor-

ganic sulfate in the urine of piglets fed the basal diet

(8.7 t 1.1 and 8.8 t 1.1

mol/L for Experiments I and 2,

respectively) was -3 times higher than the average

concentration found in the urine of 5-d-old piglets (2 .4

t 0.2

mol/L, n - 22, Experiment 11. The inorganic

sulfate concentration in the urine increased (P < 0 .05)

as the level of added sulfate in the diet was in-

cremented, reaching maximum values in urine of pigs

fed diets containing between 1600 and 1800 mg added

sulfate/L and declining at higher levels (Table 2) .

These results suggest that levels of added sulfate

>1600 mg/L resulted in an apparently higher ex-

cretion of sulfate in the feces, which caused the

cathartic effects associated with diarrhea .

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GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS

OF

3

INORGANIC SULFATE

2331

Sulfate is absorbed by the intestine at a relatively

slow rate and, henceforth, sodium and particularly

magnesium sulfate are effective osmotic laxatives .

There is no information in the literature on the effect

of continuous administration of high levels

of inor-

ganic sulfate either in the diets or in drinking water

on sulfate absorption and excretion. Cocchetto and

Levy (1981) studied the absorption of a large amount

of sodium sulfate 118

.1 g as decahydrate, equivalent to

8 .0 g of the anhydrous salt) when administered orally

either as a single dose or as four equally divided

hourly doses to five healthy men

; the 72-h urinary

recovery of free sulfate was 53.4 ± 15.8 and 61.8 ±

7 .8% for single and divided doses, respectively . Fur-

thermore, whereas the single dose produced severe

diarrhea, the divided doses caused only mild or no

diarrhea

. A study on the absorption of sulfate from

orally administered magnesium sulfate )Morris

and

Levy 1983) in human subjects indicated that the bi-

oavailability of sulfate from magnesium sulfate was

lower and more variable than that found with sodium

sulfate (Cocchetto and Levy 1981) . Magnesium sulfate

seemed to be absorbed less completely and more er-

ratically, and produced more adverse effects on bowel

function than sodium sulfate (Cocchetto and Levy

1981, Morris and Levy 1983) . Although this study was

not intended to assess the absorption and excretion of

•

sulfate in artificially

reared neonatal piglets, the

•

results suggest that levels of added sulfate, as sodium

•

sulfate, >1800 mg/L of diet altered bowel function,

•

producing a laxative or cathartic effect in practically

all piglets that persisted throughout the

duration of

•

the feeding trials .

The contribution of dietary sulfate from food

sources is considered to be negligible

; thus human

exposure to sulfate is limited mainly to drinking

water

. The importance of sulfate as it affects water

quality is contingent upon its taste and laxative

properties

. The reports in the literature indicate that

taste as well as laxative properties of sulfate

ions

depends upon their concentration and the nature of

the sulfate salts present in drinking water . Our results

were obtained with sodium sulfate only, which seems

to have milder laxative properties than magnesium

sulfate (Cocchetto and

Levy 1981, Morris and Levy

1983) .

This study demonstrated

that added inorganic

sulfate levels as high as 2200 mg/L of diet did not

affect growth of artificially reared neonatal

piglets .

Although 1200 mg added sulfate/L of diet had essen-

tially no effect on feces consistency, levels >1800 mg/

L of diet resulted in a persistent, nonpathogenic di-

arrhea in neonatal piglets

. On the basis of the results

of this study as well as on the available reports on the

effects of sulfate in drinking

water, the national

secondary drinking

water standard set by the Ii S.

Public Health S,-rvice (1962) at 250 mg sulfate/L is a

safe quality standard for drinking water furnished by

public water supply systems, and this safe limit could

probably be set higher .

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We express special appreciation

to William D .

Heizer of the School of Medicine, University of North

Carolina, Chapel Hill, for his critical review of the

manuscript; J . G . Lecce for his support to this study,

R. Goforth, N . Carbajal, 0 . Thirakoune, and J

. Xu for

technical assistance; L. Enzor-Manzon for preparation

of figures; and Milk Specialties and Central Soya for

supplying the 8/50-SPL and vitamin premix, respec-

tively .

LITERATURE CITED

Anderson, D. M . & Stothers, S. C . 11978/ Effects of saline water

high

young

in

weanling

sulfates,

pigschlorides

. 1 Anusand

. Sci

nitrates

. 47 : 900-907

on the performance

.

of

o

Chins, L., Robertson, H . & Gerrard, J . W. (19681 infantile gas-

o

troenteritis due to water with high sulfate content . Can

. Med .

Assoc

. 1.

99 : 102-104

.

Coalson, 1 . A . & Leece, J

. G. 119731

Herd differences in the ex-

pression of fatal diarrhea in artificially reared piglets weaned

a

after 12 hours vs. 36 boars of nursing

. 1

. Anim . Sci . 36 :

b

1114-1121 .

Cocchetto, D . M . A Levy, G . 11981) Absorption of orally ad-

'a

ministered sodium sulfate in humans

. 1 .

Pharm

.

Sci . 70 :

331-333 .

Durfor, C. N . A Becker, E . (1964) Public Water Supplies of the

100

Largest Cities in the United States,

1962

. U .S . Government

0

Printing Office, Washington, DC

.

Jackson, S . G

. &

McCandless, E. L . (19781 Simple, rapid, turbid,_

metric determination of inorganic sulfate and/or protein . Anal .

Biochem . 90: 802-808

.

Lecce,

1.

G . 119691 Rearing colostrum-free pigs in an automatic

feeding device

. 1

. Amen. Sci . 28 : 27-33 .

Lockart,

E

. E .,

Tucker,

C .

L. & Merritt, M .

C. 11955) The effect of

water impurities on the flavor of brewed coffee. Food Res . 20-

598-605 .

McCabe, L . ) .,

Symons, J

. M

., Lee, R . D. & Robeck, G

. G . 11970)

Survey of community water supply systems . J. Am

. Water

Works Assoc . 62: 670-687 .

Moore, E . W. (19521 Physiological effects of the consumption of

saline drinking water. m: Bulletin Subcommotee on Water

Supply, National Research Council

. Appendix

B, pp . 221-227 .

National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC .

Morris, M E . & Levy, G. (19831 Absorption d sulfate from orally

administered magnesium sulfate in man

. 1 .

Toxacoi Chat

Toxicol

. 20

: 107-114 .

National Research Council

119771

Drinking Water and Health, pp .

425-428

. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC

.

Parker, R . 0., Williams, P . EN, Aheme, F . X, N Young B . A.

11979)

An efficient method for collecting urine from neonatal piglet

.

Can . I . Anion . Sci . 59: 457-458 .

Patterson,

D. W.,

Wahlstrom, R . C, Libal, C W

& Olscm, 0 . E .

{19791 Effects of sulfate in water on swine

reproduction

and

young pig performance I . Anim . Sci .

49.

664--66'

Peterson, N L .

119,11

Sulfates in drinking water .

Othual Bulletin

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2332

Electronic Filing, Received, Clerk's Office May 1, 2007

* * * a * *GOMEZ

PC

a

ET

2 a

AL

3

*

.

* * * a

*

North Dakota Water and Sewage Works Conference 1& 6-11

.

Steel, R .G .D

.

at

Tome, J

. H

. (1980) Principles and Procedures of

Statistics-A Biometrical Approach, 2nded McGraw-Hi1L New

York, NY .

Printing Office, Washington, DC .

Veerthuizen, M . F ., Shurson, G . C. & Kohler, E . M

. 11992) Effect of

concentration and source of sulfate on nursing pig performance.

1 .

Am. Vet

. Med

. Aasoc

. 201 : 1203-1208 .

U . S Public Health Service 11962) Drinking water standards, pp

.

3236. U. S

. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare .

Public Health Service Publication no. 956, U .S

. Government

Whipple, G. C. 11907) The Value of Pure Water, pp. 62-67

. John

Wiley & Sons, New York, NY

. Reprinted

: Clean Water and the

Health of the Cities 119771 Amo Press, New York, NY

.

C0

:.7

0

.-1

0

W

x

C

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3

Response of Cow-calf Pairs to Water High in Sulfates'

Hubert Patterson2 , Pat Johnson

3 , George Perry2 , Roger Gates', and Ron Haggh 4

Department of Animal and Range Sciences

BEEF 2005 - 05

Summary

Data from our laboratory showed water sulfate

levels of 3,000 ppm reduced performance and

health of growing steers during summer months .

In addition, water averaging 2,600 ppm in

sulfates for cow-calf pairs had little impact on

calf growth or milk production, but caused small

reductions in cow BW and body condition score

(BCS) . This experiment

was conducted to

evaluate the effects of high sulfate water on cow

and calf performance, milk production, and

reproduction . Ninety-six crossbred, lactating

cows (ages 2-13 ; average calving date of April

14) and their calves were

assigned, after

stratifying by age, weight, and previous winter

management, to one of six

pastures (16

cows/pasture) .

Pastures

were randomly

assigned to one of two water sulfate levels

(three pastures/level)

.

Treatments were low

sulfate (LS) water (average 368 ± 19 ppm

sulfates) or high sulfate (HS) water (average

3,045 ± 223 ppm sulfates) . The HS water was

created by adding sodium sulfate to the LS

water

. Cows grazed native range and received

a conventional mineral supplement ad-libitum

from June 3 to August 26, 2004 . Water was

provided in aluminum stock tanks . Cow 12-h

milk production was estimated by the weigh-

suckle-weigh method on August 7

. Cows were

synchronized with a single injection of

prostaglandin and bred by natural service

. There

were no differences in cow weight or BCS

change during the trial (P > 0

.15) . Twelve-hour

milk production in August was higher (P = 0 .02)

for LS (9 .0 Ib) than HS (7

.5lb) . Calf ADG tended

to be higher (P = 0.14) for LS (2.56

Ib/d) than HS

(2.45 Ila/d).

The percentage of cows that

became pregnant during the first 25 days of the

breeding season was higher (P = 0 .06) for LS

(81%) than HS (64%), and final pregnancy rates

(55-d breeding season) were 92% and 83%,

This project was funded by the

5D Ag 1 xperiment

Station

Assistant Professor

' Professor

Sr . Livestock Superin'.endent,

Cottonwood Research

Satiun

respectively (P = 0 .20) . Sulfate levels averaging

3,045 mg/L in the drinking water of cow-calf

pairs during the summer reduced cow milk

production and the number of cows bred early in

the breeding season

.

Introduction

Our research group continues to evaluate the

effects of high sulfate water on cattle, with a goal

of defining critical levels of total dissolved solids

(TDS) and sulfates in the drinking water.

Patterson et al

. (2002) reported that water with

3,000 ppm sulfates or greater reduced ADG,

DMI, water intake, and gain/feed of growing

steers in confinement compared to water with

approximately 400 ppm sulfates .

Additional

work showed a quadratic decline in ADG, DMI,

and gain/feed as sulfates in water for confined

steers increased from approximately 400 to

4,700 ppm (Patterson et al ., 2003) . These

reports also showed that cattle in confinement

consuming water with 3,000 ppm sulfates or

greater

were

at a

higher risk of

polioencephalomalacia (PEM

;

Patterson et al .

2002 ; 2003)

. Based on these studies, we have

concluded that the critical level of sulfates in the

water for growing cattle during the summer

months is 3,000 ppm . Since water requirements

increase with elevated temperatures (NRC,

1996), this critical level may be different in

various environments .

Johnson and Patterson (2004) reported that

water with 3,941

ppm sulfates

or greater

reduced performance of grazing stocker steers

in South Dakota

. Few health problems were

observed in stocker cattle receiving the high

sulfate water over that two-year

study .

In

addition, intermediate levels of sulfates were not

tested,

so a "critical" level could not be

determined .

Patterson et al . (2004) reported

that water averaging 2,600 ppm sulfates for

cow-calf pairs resulted in reduced cow weights

but had little impact on reproduction or calf

growth .

The objective of this study was to

evaluate the effects of sulfates in water

averaging 3,000 ppm for cow-calf pairs grazing

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native range during the summer on cow and calf

performance,

milk production, and cow

reproduction .

Materials and Methods

The study was conducted from June 3 to August

26, 2004 at South Dakota State University's

Cottonwood Range and Livestock Research

Station, near Philip, SD .

Ninety-six crossbred,

lactating cows (ages 2-13 yr

; 1261 Ib) and their

calves (average birth date April 14

; ages 18-80

days

; 181 Ib) were assigned, after stratifying by

age, weight, and previous winter management,

to one of six pastures (16 cows/pasture) .

Pastures were randomly assigned to one of two

water sulfate levels (three pastures/level).

Treatments were low sulfate (LS) water or high

sulfate (HS) water. Water was provided daily in

aluminum

stock

tanks

(round

tanks ;

approximately 98 inches in diameter) .

The LS water was from a rural water system,

and the HS water was created by adding sodium

sulfate to LS water to a targeted 3,000 ppm

sulfate level . LS

water was added to two

storage tanks (one provided water for two HS

pastures and one provided water for the

remaining HS pasture) .

Sodium sulfate was

added to LS water in the storage tanks during

the afternoon of each day .

Stock tanks were

filled the following morning with either LS water

or the previously-mixed HS water from the

storage tanks

. Samples from each water source

were taken as stock tanks were being filled .

Water samples were composited weekly and

sent to the Water Resource Institute

in

Brookings, SD for sulfate analysis

. A locally

available commercial mineral was provided to

cows in each pasture ad-libitum (13% Ca', 12%

P; 13% salt; 2,000 ppm Cu

; 8,000 ppm Zn) .

On June 3 (trial initiation) and August 26 (trial

termination),

both cows and calves were

weighed and cows were assigned a body

condition score (BCS

; 1-9 scale ; Richards et al .,

1986) by two trained technicians (to the nearest

0

.5 of a BCS) . Cow-calf pairs were all on LS

water and grazed native range prior to trial

initiation . Cows and calves were separated and

not allowed access to feed or water for

approximately

12 h prior to initial weight

measurements . At the end of the trial, all cows

and calves were placed on LS water for three

days prior to final weight measurements

. Cows

and calves were separated and housed in a

drylot without access to feed or water for

20

3

approximately 12 h prior to final weight

measurements

.

On August 7, all cows were used to estimate

twelve-hour milk production by the weigh-suckle-

weigh method (Boggs et al ., 1980)

. In brief,

calves were separated from cows

at

approximately 0800 the day prior

to

measurements . Calves were returned to dams

at 1800, allowed to suckle until content, and

again removed

.

Calves were weighed the

following morning at 0600, returned to dams and

allowed to suckle until content,

and then

weighed again . The difference in calf weight

prior to and post-suckling was used as an

estimate of 12-h milk production .

There were

two calves in the LS group that did not suckle

their dam, so their data were removed from

analysis (LS : n = 46 ; HS : n = 48).

One two-year-old bull was turned into each

pasture on July 2 . On July 6, cows were given

an injection of prostaglandin F2a (25 mg i .m .

ProstaMate, Phoenix, Scientific, Inc

., St. Joseph,

MO) to synchronize estrus . Bulls were rotated

between pastures within treatment on July 29 .

Bulls were removed from pastures on August

26

. Pregnancy was determined by rectal

uttrasonagraphy 55 and 88 days following bull

turnout . Pregnancies detected at 55 days were

determined to be conceived in the first 25 d of

the breeding season .

Water disappearance was measured by the

daily change in water depth in the tank located

in each pasture . This was adjusted for

evaporation and precipitation using data

collected at a weather station located near the

experimental pastures .

Data were analyzed as completely randomized

design . Cow and calf weight and cow body

condition score data were analyzed by ANOVA

in PROC GLM of SAS (SAS Inst . Inc., Cary, NC)

with pasture as the experimental unit . Twelve-

hour milk production data were analyzed by

ANOVA with animal as the experimental unit .

Cow pregnancy rates were analyzed by Chi-

Square in PROC GENMOD of SAS, with pasture

as the observation and animal as the event

within observation .

Results and Discussion

Compiling all weekly water composite

sample

results revealed the LS water averaged 368

r 19

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Electronic Filing, Received, Clerk's Office May 1, 2007

ppm

3,045

sulfates,

± 223 ppm

and

sulfatesthe

HS

.

treatment

The HS target

averagedof

3,000 pprn was achieved . Patterson et al .

(2004)

the

tanks

target

instead

added

sulfate

sodium

of storage

level

sulfate

tanks

of

directly

3,000

and reported

ppm

to

was

stockthatnot

achieved (average 2,608 ± 408 ppm) . Letting

the water set in the storage tanks during the

afternoon and overnight after mixing salts may

have allowed more sulfates to go into solution in

this experiment

.

One cow from the HS treatment died two weeks

prior to the end of the experiment

. Diagnostics

of

did

brain

show

tissue

high brain

revealed

sodium

no

levelsindication

.

of PEM but

Cow weight change from June 3 to August 26

was not different between treatments (P = 0

.17

;

Table 1)

. In addition, both groups of cows

maintained body condition over the experimental

period (P = 0

.93

; Table 1)

. Patterson et al .

had

(2004)

higher

showed

weight

that

and

cows

body

on

condition

2,600 ppm

score

sulfatesloss

sulfatesover

the

. Calves

summer

in this

than

study

cows

tended

on 390

to have

ppma

lower ADG (P = 0.14) when the cow-calf pair

was

was

= 0on

supported

.02)

HS

12-h

water

by

milk

(Table

the

production

HIS

1),

cows

and

having

the

than

differencelower

LS cows(P

(Table 2)

. Patterson et al

. (2004) did not report

a significant effect of high sulfate water on calf

performance or milk production

. There was no

difference in water disappearance (Table 1)

.

A higher (P = 0.06) percentage of cows on the

the

the

LS treatment

breeding

HIS treatment

season

were bred

(63(81.8%)in

.3%)

the

. This

than

first

difference

were

25

cows

days ofonin

early-season pregnancy could impact

reproduction and weaning weights the following

year

. Overall pregnancy rates were not

different (P = 0 .20) between treatments (LS

92%

; HS = 83%)

.

f f w * M * PC 4 ' i * * * * #

3

It is not evident why results varied between this

study and those reported by Patterson et al.

(2004)

. The water in the current study was

higher in sulfates and more consistent (narrower

range) than Patterson el . (2004) reported . In

addition, there were more two-year-old cows in

former

the current

study

study

(17/96(34/96

; 2-3/pasture)

; 5-6/pasture)

.

than

Weatherin

the

patterns and forage conditions are other

possible

studies . Indeed,

reasons

Johnson

for differences

and Patterson

between(2004)

reported a vegetation type by water quality

interaction for ADG in yearling steers .

It is important to note that in the current study

treatments were applied in a very specific and

rather narrow time frame (one to four months

post-calving)

. If the cattle were exposed to the

HS water at different times, influences of

different

physiological

responsesstate . For

and

example,

temperature

at four

may

to

causesix

months post-calving, calves would be expected

to consume less milk (as a % of 8W) and more

water, which could make them more directly

affected by water sulfates . Finally, the bull to

cow ratio used in this study was approximately

1

:16 . Lower bull to cow ratios could potentially

impact reproduction in high sulfate situations .

We conclude that water provided to cow-calf

reduced

pairs that

milk

averaged

production,

3,045

calf

ppm

gains,

in sulfatesand

the

percentage

season .

of cows bred early in the breeding

Implications

receiving

reproduction

High sulfate

high

and

water

sulfate

calf

had

gainswater

negative

.

may

Grazing

not

impacts

have

cattletheon

degree of reduction in gain that cattle in

confinement have. Additional work should

address whether the effects of high sulfate water

on reproduction are due to direct of effects of the

water, induced trace mineral deficiencies, or

both

.

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3

Literature Cited

Boggs, D . L ., E. F . Smith, R . R. Schalles, B . E. Brent, L . R . Corah, and R . J . Pruitt . 1980 . Effects of milk

and forage intake on calf performance . J . Anim . Sci . 51 :550-553 .

Johnson, P .S. and H . H . Patterson . 2004. Effects of sulfates in water on performance of steers grazing

rangeland

. Proc . West. Sec, Amer . Soc. Anim . Sci . 55:261-264

.

NRC . 1996 . Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle . 7 1° ed . National Academy Press, Washington, DC .

Patterson, H. H ., P . S . Johnson, and W . B . Epperson . 2003 . Effect of total dissolved solids and sulfates in

drinking water for growing steers . Proc . West . Sec . Amer. Soc

. Anim . Sci . 54

: 378-380 .

Patterson, H . H ., P . S . Johnson, T . R. Patterson . D . B . Young, and R . Haigh . 2002 . Effects of water

quality on animal health and performance . Proc . West . Sec

. Amer

. Soc

. Anim

. Sci : 53:217-220 .

Patterson, H . H ., P . S . Johnson, E

. H . Ward, and R . N . Gates . 2004 . Effects of sulfates in water on

performance of cow-calf pairs . Proc . West . Sec . Amer . Soc . Anim . Sci . 55 :265-268 .

Richards, M . W., J . C . Spitzer, and M . B . Warner . 1986 . Effect of varying levels of postpartum nutrition

and body condition at calving on subsequent reproductive performance in beef cattle . J . Anim .

Sci . 62 :300-306 .

Tables

Table 1

. Performance of cow-calf pairs grazing native range and supplied water with low sulfates (average 368

ppm) or high sulfates (averaqe 3,045 ppm) during the summer (Least Squares

Means)'

Trial lasted from June 3 to August 26, 2004 (84

days) : Average calving date of April 14 .

bcWithin a row, means with unlike superscripts differ (P = 0

.14).

Table 2

. Estimates of twelve-hour milk production using the weigh-suckle-weigh method for cow-calf pairs

grazing native range and supplied water with low sulfates (average

368 ppm)

or high sulfates (average 3,045 ppm) during the

summer (Least Squares Means ± SEM)'

Treatment

Low Sulfate (LS)'

_

High Sulfate RSy

9 .0 r .49`0

7 .5 + 0.46

Item

- -

12-h Milk, lb

46

. - _

48

`'' Within a row, means with unlike

superscripts differ (P=0 .02) .

_

Treatment

_ Item

Low Sulfate (LS)

High Sulfate (HSL

SEM _

Cow initial weight, Ib

1279

1283

16 .8

Cow final weight, to

1305

1290

21 .0

Cow weight change, lb

26

9

17 .4

Cow initial body condition score

5 .54

5,46

0 .088

Cow final body condition score

5.45

5 .38

0 .122

Cow body condition score change

-0

.09

-0 .08

0 .059

Calf initial weight, lb

181

181

6 .8

Calf final weight, lb

397

388

8 .2

Calf ADG, Ib/d

2 .56 b

2 .45`

0 .042

Water Disappearance, gallons/d

18.6

18.2

0 .58 _

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TIII'% tlNIVNRSII')' Or

BRI'I'InII COI.tr,M111A

Vol 2 No 9

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++++++PCReceived,

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++++ •+

3

Water Quality Affects Cattle Drinking Behaviour and Consumption

Amanda Zimmerman, Doug Veira, Marina von Keyserlingk, Dan Weary and David Fraser

Water forms the largest component of an ani-

mal's body and is an essential nutrient required

for all biological functions including temperature

regulation, digestion, fetal development, and milk

production . Dairy cattle require an adequate sup-

ply of fresh water-from 75 to over 100 L per day .

We know that water consumption is closely tied to

feed dry-matter intake and that milk production is

dependent upon access to large volumes of

water. Thus, if water intake declines due to

restricted access or inferior quality, both feed con-

sumption and milk production can be negatively

impacted .

It is well established that water quality is one of

the most important factors affecting water intake

which in turn can affect herd health and milk pro-

duction . There are two further aspects to consid-

er regarding water quality: what causes water

quality to decline, and what happens when cows

only have access to poor quality water?

Water quality is reduced when it contains

either biological or inorganic contaminants . One

of the main biological contaminants found in

water available to dairy cows is manure

. Manure

may contain pathogenic bacteria and when it con-

taminates drinking water disease can easily

spread between animals drinking from the same

trough

. Inorganic contaminants such as sul-

phates, which occur naturally in many water

sources, also decrease water quality and can

lead to nutritional disorders .

Previous research has shown that cattle do not

like bad smelling" water and, riot surprisingly, find

it unpalatable . We also know that they can learn

to associate illness with water flavour

. Once cat-

RESEARCH

REPORTS

tie establish this link it has been shown that they

will actually refuse to continue drinking the water

.

Water quality is an issue that affects both the

beef and dairy industries . All cattle are sensitive

to decreasing water quality whether it is through

biological or inorganic contamination

. Our

research was conducted using beef heifers and

steers but the findings apply equally to dairy cat-

tie

. We conducted several trials to examine the

effect of contaminated water on intake and drink-

ing behaviour of cattle . Our research has shown

that cattle respond to decreases in quality by

changing their drinking behaviour and reducing

their water consumption . In particular, cattle given

water containing sulphate compounds such as

sodium sulphate and magnesium sulphate found

it unpalatable and reacted to their presence in

water by changing their drinking patterns, drinking

more often at night when compared to the animals

that had access to good quality water . Additionally,

as sulphate concentration in the water increased,

cattle reduced their water consumption (Figure 1) .

UBC Dairy Education & Research Centre

i~nciilly of Agricullurnl °r cnc c

NeIci ;, Diri M uriger Err,A r u nr

,

sl . :obbit r . ;i

rJlNC

iI%In•>mry. .Jnox707Agaccr,RC, OMr,VI Tlrrh.one0(I4

.9t V,i7i

www .~ns'

. .I ., .

~,u

:,i ,,y rcicrc,

r4~tir-~

eduGatir,n

ri. .i: ;n

al centre.

December 2002

---

25

Y

15

n

m

10

A

3 s

Electronic Filing, Received, Clerk's Office May 1, 2007

* w * w **PC

+ * + i*

0

Tapwater

I

1500

3200

4700

Sulphate Concentration (ppm)

Figure 1 . Average water intake per drink, when drink-

ing twice daily, declines as concentration of sulphate

(in the form of MgSO4) in drinking water increased .

Other researchers have demonstrated that the

presence of manure in water also drastically

reduces how much cattle will drink . As manure is

one of the most common water contaminants in a

dairy barn, it is important to recognize the poten-

tial for reduced water intake and impaired milk

production .

Additionally, our research demonstrated that

some cattle are particularly sensitive to declining

water quality and that water intake was reduced

when cattle had access to water only twice daily

as compared to free access (Figure 2) .

60

Y

a

Y-

5o

ao

30

m

20

i

10

0

Tapwaler,

Sulphate,

Tepwaler,

Unresldctod

Unrestricted

Restricted

Treatment

L .

RestrictedSulprate,

Figure 2 . Cattle drink less water per day when it con-

tains sulphate compared to tapwater, and less water

when access is restricted to twice daily compared to

unrestricted access .

NEXT MONTH : Neck Rail Placement

If cattle do not have access to good quality

water, their behaviour is affected . When cattle

were forced to drink sulphate-contaminated water,

we saw a shift towards more aggressive encoun-

ters . This could result in even lower water intakes

in some animals, negatively impacting milk pro-

duction and decreasing animal welfare .

Not only is it important that good quality water

be provided to dairy cattle, but this clean water

must be available at all times .

Even if water

troughs are dirty only part of the day, cattle may

refuse to drink enough water to maintain milk pro-

duction . The quality of the water supplied to the

herd must be carefully monitored, which can be

done through visual inspection for manure and

simple chemical testing for minerals

.

Contamination can result in herd health problems

or cause cattle to drink less water, negatively

impacting feed intake and milk production .

We thank Lavona Liggins and the staff of Agriculture and

Agn-Food Canada - Kamloops Range Research Unit for the

use of their facilities and their assistance with this research .

We are grateful for the financial support of the Beef Cattle

Industry Development Fund, the British Columbia

Cattlemen's Association, and the dairy industry through the

funding of the Animal Welfare Program by the Dairy Farmers

of Canada, the British Columbia Dairy Foundation, and the

many others listed at www .agsci .ubc .ca/animalwellare .

This article is based on thesis research of graduate stu-

dent Amanda Zimmerman . Dr

. Veira is an adjunct professor

at The University of British Columbia and works closely with

the UBC Animal Welfare Program . He is based at the AAFC

Kamloops Range Research Unit . Dr. von Keyserlingk is an

assistant professor, Dr. Weary an associate professor, and

Dr

. Fraser a professor in the UBC Animal Welfare Program .

For more information on this research, please contact

Amanda at amandaz a© i nterchange .ubc .ca .

33eot WioIsea (on a Vwule4ue

CAthItitnaai and a J'cote penaux

JVCUL yea%

cam the 3.aeae*,,

Students, and Stag o f the

'US/IC 1?ai q

. Cducatian and

2e&jca" Qentxe.

---

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* # * +Received,

• ~' PC 3(~

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i

Office May 1, 2007

"p- 3

---

ldleton and

J .

M . Me-

mo acid .studies. If. Ef-

concentration, sex, and

nee lysine and threonine

ioehem . Physlol. 39 :1675 .

Sabry . 1963 . Factors in-

sulfur

value of

amino

fish

acidsflour.

.

Can

II1

.

9 .

and Feeding . (22nd Ed .) .

Co

quirements

., Ithaca,

of

N-

DomesticY

.

Requirements of Swine.

i

. Pub.

1599

. Washington,

landndels,

.

J

1970

. T

.

.

Influence

Typpo, R

. Jjof

I and stage of fast on

free amino acids in the

J .

31

A

:874

. Cray

.

and H . D .

dietary protein level on

amino acids in the blood

Ici . 38 :1234. (Abstr .) .

C .

Speer, J . D . Jones

The free blood plasma

related to the source of

6 :11 .

ylnck and C . M . Lyman .

amino acid supplements

in the blood plasma of

'ailability

growth of

of

chickstryplophan

. Arch .

tical Methods . (5th Ed .)d

ress,

MeadeArnes,

.

1970

Iowa

.

Meat

.

and

.in,, acids for the grow-

In

diet to predict amino

of plasma free amino

56.

! .de and A . L. Mellirm

t of the growing rat

:

spouse criterion . J .

Nude .

do and J . W. Nordstrom .

gals as sources of amino

Use of a reference diet

equaey by plasma levels .

q

nfluenre

J . W .

of

Nordstrom

time of fastand

,

amino

liver protein

acids in

of

plasmayoung

is .

M . Scott .

1965

. Inteere-

no acid levels and weight

cured by suboptimal oil

entrations of single amino

DRINKING OF SULFATE-WATER BY CATTLE''

H. J. WEETH AND J . E . HUNTER

University

of

Nevada, Reno 89507

A

CCORDING to the drinking water stand-

ards of the U. S

. Public Health Service

(1962) sulfate should not be present in a

drinking water supply in excess of 250 mg/

liter if more suitable supplies are or can be

made available

. What the physiological ef-

fects of such a drinking water might be are

not too apparent

. Surface and ground waters

which contain sulfate in excess of this maxi-

mum do occur . Miller, Hardman and Mason

(1953) analyzed 1,006 water samples taken

from wells, streams and lakes in Nevada

.

Twenty-three percent of these samples con-

tained more than 250 ppm sulfate . More re-

cently six samples taken from the Stillwater

Wildlife Management Area in Nevada con-

tained 364 to 4,757 ppm sulfate (D . Thran,

unpublished data) . Cattle graze on the area,

drinking the water . Macfadyen (1953) anal-

yzed water from an area of large gypsum de-

posits in British Somaliland . Many of the

samples contained between 2,000 and 3,000

ppm sulfate and the water from one Village

well contained 4,400 ppm sulfate

.

There is information on the tolerance of

animals (Heller and Paul, 1934 ; Heller and

Haddad, 1936 ; Ballantyne, 1957 ; Peirce,

1960) including cattle (Embry

et al., 1959)

for sulfate in the drinking water . From a

review of information available in 1963, Mc-

Kee and Wolf assumed that water containing

500 mg/liter of sulfate would not be detri-

mental to livestock . Reported below are the

results of a study designed to characterize

some of the effects on cattle of drinking water

contaminated with a known concentration of

sulfate

.

112 ppm sulfate

. The length of each water-

treatment period was 30 days

. Feeding was

mixed grass hay ad libitum . Proximate anal-

ysis of the hay was : protein, 11 .7% ; ether

extract, 2.8°/0 ; fiber, 29.2%x ; ash, 14.2%

;

and sulfate, 0.75% on a dry matter basis . It

contained 5 .1% water .

The experiment was conducted during sum-

mer . The heifers were in individual, partially

shaded pens

. Average daily maximum and

minimum temperatures were 31 and 8 C, and

relative humidity at 4 pal averaged 21%e .

Water loss from a nearby evaporating pen

averaged 7.6 mm per day . Sun was .shining

91% of the possible time,

During the last 7 days of each period the

heifers were haltered and total urine was col-

lected via indwelling, inflation-type catheters .

Collected urine was weighed and sampled

twice daily . A portion of the sample was acidi-

fied for calcium analysis . Samples were stored

frozen . On the sixth day of each urine collec-

tion week a 2-hr, clearance observation was

made, as previously described (Weeth and

Lesperance, 1965) on each heifer

.

For evidence of dehydration plasma pro-

tein concentration was estimated by refrac-

tometry (Weeth and Speth, 1968)

. Osmotic

pressures of plasma and urine were determined

with a vapor pressure osmometer . Concen-

trations of total hemoglobin, methemoglobin

and sulfhemnglobin were estimated by the

method of Hainline (1965) . Sodium concen-

trations were determined by atomic absorption

.spectrophotometry, calcium by the alizarin

method of Natelson and Penniall (1955), and

inorganic sulfate by the turbidimetric method

of Berglund and Sorbo (1960) . Renal clear-

ance and reabsorption estimates were made

as suggested by Pitts (1963) .

The various items observed were subjected

to analyses of variance, and differences among

means were tested for significance using Dun-

can's new multiple-range test (Steel and

Torrie, 1960) .

Experimental Procedure

Nine Hereford heifers averaging 256 kg

body weight were offered

ad libitum either

tap-water, 4,110 ppm NaCI-water or 5,000

ppm Na2SOs-water in a 3 x 3 latin square

with three replicates experiment

. The salts

were added to the tap-water which contained

- .

Results and Discussion

3`11,l„r

„awlm

W -,'[45

45

i rooa<,auon

Far,,, ci r

silt,

:n .,rmn

W

nnne

o

rmtai

Sri,,"

Region

oo

Re¢m

esner

.R

In a preliminary siudv with wcooling rats

moos

1, n,iShrre.mer

o

rr«i~gJor_uo

. 16,

-

it was found that their growth was onafkcted

277

'I .

lce(J acct;;o S

.

.MJap

. . Z#3d'paAiaoa$

'6u11!

j aiuoJ;3813

JOURNAL UV ANIMAL SCIFNUt coi

. 3'., no . 2

---

Electronic Filing, Received, Clerk's Office May1

t r

218

W EETII

by 7,500 ppnl Na2 SO,

in the drinking water

.

Total hemoglobin and methemoglobin con-

centrations were unaltered

. There was no de-

tectable stilfhemoglobin in any blood sample

.

The smallest amount of sulfhemoglobin de-

lectable

by the technique used was 1.46

mg/100 nil

. On the basis of these observa-

tions and those of Embry

et at

. (1959) with

cattle, the study described above, but using

7,500 ppm Na2SO 4

was initiated

. Some of the

heifers refused to drink this water for 24 hr

. ;

therefore, the experiment was restarted using

5,000 ppm NaSO 4 .

The concentration of

NaCl in the chloride-water was adjusted to

provide the same sodium concentration

( 1,619

ppm) as in the sulfate-water

.

Water consumption was reduced .75!- ;

oil

the sulfate-water and increased 19% on the

chloride-water treatment (table 1)

. Feed con-

sumption was reduced 30% by sulfate-water,

but unaffected by

chloride-water

. As a con-

sequence, the heifers lost weight while drink-

ing the sulfate-water, but gained weight in

equal amounts on the tap- and chloride-water

treatments.

As expected (Weeth, Lesperance and Bob

man, 1968) the heifers were diuretic when

drinking 4,110 ppm NaCl-water (table I)

.

Urine excretion on the sulfate-water treatment

******PC

AND

HUNTER

;g *******

3

did not differ from the excretion on tap-water,

although the Na

SO, reduced water consump-

tion

. The percentage of free-water intake lest

in urine was significantly higher with sulfate-

water than with tap-water

. Boyazoglu, Jordan

and Meade (1967) noted increased urine ex-

cretion without increased water intake by

sheep fed 7 .6 g sulfate sulfur per day .

Plasma protein concentrations were not al-

tered by the saline waters . Apparently the

reduced consumption of sulfate-water caused

no anhydremia

. That the heifers were able

to maintain nsmo-equilibrium is also suggested

by the unaltered plasma sodium concentra-

tions and osmotic pressures

. Both saline waters

were hypotonic, the 5,000 ppm Na_SO4-water

having an osmotic pressure of 101 mOsm/kg

and the 4,110 ppm NaCl-water 146 mOsm/kg

.

There were no differences among water

treatments in total hemoglobin, all values

being within a normal range (Schaler, 1965)

.

Drinking the sulfate-water caused a 450%

increase in methemoglobin concentration, at

which concentration it was 2.8%

of total

hemoglobin . The NaCl-water had no effect

on methemoglobin concentration, therefore,

the sulfate ion was involved in the formation

of methemoglobin

. Finch (1948) stated that

certain oxidizing drugs which produce suit

.

- Nine ohylvallon

. Iwr item Irealmpnl mean .

.Crine wafer nlimaled b1t

refraclomelry (Wee

II, R'iuon and Si,rlh 19601 . Free water is water drunk plus

Seed waler .

hemoglobin also prod

hemoglobin did appe

;

drinking sulfate-wale

the blood of any hl

sumed the sulfate-w

drinking the sulfat

concentration averag,

globin

. Methemoglnt

are incapable of ref

oxygen (Finch, 1948)

study there was no ua

Hematocrit values v

sulfate-water treatm

3 .5 .8±1

.31% tap-watt

Wintrobe (1967)

of hypoxia are seen to

prises more than 20-

a percentage consider

these heifers

. Scerley

and Emerick and En

nitrate ingestion to c

methemoglobinemia,

toms of hypoxia . Oxi,

methemoglobin occur .

(Smith and Beutler,

the natural reduction

curs most readily in

1

(1968) observed a

oxygen transport by

I

hemoglobin comprises

small and highly vari

.

TABLE 1

. EFFECTS OF DRINKING TAP-, 4,110

ppm NaCI- or 5,000 pp-

Na,SO,-WATER ON

globin. In the presen

concentrations of non

were only approaching

The sulfate-water

1

rum sulfate 63%

. Inl

is readily absorbed b

and Mohammed, 1969

HEREFORD HEIFERS

Mean

Tap

37

Drinking water treatment'

Na,SO,

Mean

S . E .

-

Item

Water consumption, kg/day

S E .

1 .6

Mean

44

S . E. -

2 5

24 . .

1.9

Feed consumption, kg, 30 day

203

5

.2

197

9 .4

14 .3

7 .1

alimentary tract

. Ser

Sulfate intake, g/day

52

2 .4

120

8 .3

lions reflect dietary i

:

Urine

Weight

excretion,change,

kg/30

pi/dayday

+199

.2

3 .4

+22

5 .0

-15

3 .5

and Rendig, 1954) .

S

22 .1

0 .51

1 .59

3416.0.8

1

.23

3,12

9 .3

31,8

0 .72

Plasma

Urine/free

protein,

waterg/100

." %

ml

7

.9

0.10

8 .0

0 . 12

8 .0

01 .15.72

reduced

and absorbedto

sulfide

. Some

in

ofIf

Plasma sodium, mg/

I W ml

359

4 .6

352

3

.2

354

6 .7

in amino acids (Block

Plasma osmnlality, mOsm/kg

294

2 .1

296

1 .7

298

2

.6

observed by Evans a

Total hemoglobin, r/100 ml

12 .1

0

.42

11.8

0

.52

12 .2

0 .44

Methcmoglobin,

mg/

1W ml

61_4

14 .39

55,2

18 .42

337,7

64 . 75

in the present study,

sulfhemoglobin, mg/100 ml

30 .9

21 .2a

92

.5

33A0

416 .9 85

.55

amounts of sulfate la

Serum sullaia, mg/100 ml

16 .8

1 .00

15 .3

0 .96

27 .4

2 .09

pronounced hydrogen ,

Plasma calrium, mg/loo mi

9 .9

0 .18

10.0

0 .19

10.0

0 .22

of the odor was not

Urine calcium, mg/l00 ml

Creatinio, clearance, liter/hr .

2 .8

24 .4

0 .39

0 .88

252

.0.8

0

.30

0 .99

3 .1

21.4

0,761

.05

Brav (1969) stated

Urine osmnlality, mOsm/kg

976

25 .6

845

25 .0

966

42 .3

could he detected on I

Osmolal clearance, liters/hr

1 3

0.09

1 .9

0 .17

1 .2

0.12

fused intraruminally y

Free water clearance, m1/hr

.

-876

62 .4

205

103 .8

-775

78 .0

From the

Sodium clearance, ml/hr

.

165

42 .2

840

100 .4

60 .3

270 .4

present st

Filtered sodium reabsorbed, %

99 .31

0 .190

96 . 77

0 .328

97 .18

0 .381

that the chronic cons

Urine sulfate, mg!1W ml

373

28 .9

1 91

14 .8

928

72 .4

NaSO4

-water caused

Sulfate filtered, g/hr .

4 .06

0 .141

3 .93

0 .252

5 .90

0,561

hypercalcuria in the

Sulfate reabsorbed, g'hr

.

2 .91

0 .127

2 .80

0 .193

2 .11

0 .204

concentration of rule,

---

775

73 .0

603

97 1x

270 4

928

0 341

90

72 .4

_..

0 .561

2_11.__ 0 .204

,tar d,unt plus

teed sate,

.

From the present study it does not appear

that the chronic consumption of 5,000 ppm

\ayS0 4 -water caused any hypocalcemia or

hypcrclcuria in the heifers (table I) . The

concentration of calcium in the urine was

small and highly variable on all treatments .

epcl* 3

plasma concentration iu dogs was fncreacd

by sulfate infusion . Wolf and Ball (1050)

concluded that the sulfate ion was diuretic

with n low threshokl . The peelliar problem

which 'Ii,- bovine with

:I high pot isuiunl in-

take could have in the renal excretion of ex-

* * * * * * *Z# 3d * * *

*

f`eW aol);O S.MJa13

`paAlaaa8'6ull!d3!uod! 3 a13

SULFATE WATER FOR CATTLE

279

xcretion on tap-water,

hemoglobin also produce methemoglubin, Sulf- Others have shown that intravenous infusion

duced water consump-

hemoglobin did appear in the blood of heifers

(Wolf and Ball, 1950 ; Walser and Browder,

free-water intake lest

drinking sulfate-water . It was not detected in 19 .59) or feeding (Goodrich and Tillman,

ly higher with sulfate-

the blood of any heifer before it had con- 1966) of inorganic sulfate adversely affects

ter

. Boyaxoglu, Jordan

sumed the sulfate-water . After 30 days of absorption and retention of calcium .

ed increased urine ex-

drinking

the sulfate-water, sulfhemoglohin

Endogenous crealinine clearance was re-

sed water intake by

concentration averaged 3 .4`% of total hemo- duced 12% (P< .05) by the sulfate-water,

sulfur per day .

globin . Methemoglobin and sulfhemoglobin but unchanged with the chloride-water treat-

mlrations were not al-

are incapable of reversibly combining with ment . The reason for the reduced creatinine

aters . Apparently the

oxygen (Finch, 1948), however, in the present clearance of heifers while drinking sulfate-

I sulfate-water caused

study there was no overt evidence of hvpoxia, water, is not apparent. Clearance urine vol-

the heifers were able

Hentatocrit values were unchanged by the times were not lower on the sulfate-water .

brium is also suggested

sulfate-water treatment (36 .2±1 .26 ;% vs . Walser and Browder (1959) state that glo-

na sodium concentra-

35 .8±1 .31°/ tap-water) .

mender filtration rates usually remained

Ires

. Both saline waters

Wintrobe (1967) states that no symptoms within normal limits when dogs were infused

100 ppm Nx SO4-water

of hypoxia are seen until methemoglobin corm with sulfate salts

.

sure of 101 mOsm/kg

prises more than 20% of total hemoglobin,

As seen in previous studies (Weeth

et al.,

'1-water 146 mOsm/kg

.

a percentage considerably above that seen in

1968

; Thornton, 1970), heifers had a saline

crences among water

these heifers . Seerley et al . (1965) used sheep diuresis while consuming the chloride-water .

emoglobin, all values

and Emerick and Embry (1961) cattle with This is indicated by the decreased daily urine

range (Schalm, 1965)

.

nitrate ingestion to develop a more marked osmotic pressure, increased osmulal clearance

vater caused a 450°/

methemoglobinemia, but reported no symp- and increased reabsorption of .wlute-free water

obis concentration, at

ones of hypoxia . Oxidation of hemoglobin to

(table 1)

. Similar effects were not seen with

t was 2

.8% of total

methemoglobin occurs rapidly in ruminants sulfate-water drinking . Both saline waters af-

'1-water had no effect

(Smith and Beutler, 1966) but fortunately fected renal clearance, reabsorption and ex-

ncentration, therefore,

the natural reduction of methemoglubin oc- cretion of sodium in a manner expected with

olved in the formation

curs most readily in ruminants . Harris ci al. sodium loading of cattle (Weeth et al ., 1968) .

ch (1948) stated that

(1968) observed a significant reduction in

Drinking water containing 5,000 ppm

s which produce sulf-

oxygen transport by human blood when met- Na 2

SO, increased

the concentration of in-

hemoglobin comprised 7 .6`/0 of total hemo- organic sulfate in the urine (table I) . Urinary

pm Na,50,-WATRR ON

globinconcentrations

. Tn the present

of non-functional

study with

hemoglohinscattle

the

sulfate-water

excretion of sulfate

increased

was

the

increased

renal filtration

150% . Thisof

were only approaching this level .

sulfate by 45% . Sodium chloride loading had

nt

'--

Na,50.

rum

The

sulfate

sulfate-water

63% . Ingested

treatment

inorganic

increased

sulfatese- The

no effect

sulfate-water

on sulfate

treatment

filtering

reduced

or reabsorptionthe

renal

.

Mean

5 E .

is readiy absorbed by the bovine (Hansard reabsorption of sulfate . Consequently, as a

24

and Mfohammed, 1969), perhaps in the upper result of the increased filtering and decreased

143

1 .9

7 .1

alimentary tract . Serum sulfate concentra- reabsurption, the percentage of filtered sulfate

0

3 .3

tions reflect dietary intakes of sulfur (Weir which was reabsorbed was only 36 for the

-t5

9 .3

3

.5

and Rendig, 1954) . Some ingested sulfate is

sulfate-water treatment vs . 72 for tap-water

.

33 .8

0

.72

reduced to sulfide in the rumen (l .ewis, 1954) This is, of course, advantageous to the animal

8 .0

1 .77

0 .15

and absorbed . Some of the sulfide can be fixed ingesting large amounts of sulfate . Goudsmit,

354

6 .7

in amino acids (Block and Stekol,

1950) .

As

['(over and Bollman (1939) noted with dogs

299

12 .2

2 .8

observed by Evans and Davis (1966), and the ratio of sulfate to crealinine clearance was

.337_7

0 .44

in the present study, cattle ingesting large normally about 0

.10 and reached 0

.70 when

416 .9

64 .76

85 .55

amounts of sulfate occasionally produced a plnsnm sulfate increased from 9 .3 up to 21

.8

27 4

2 .0')

pronounced hydrogen sulfide odor . The source

niEq,liter . In the present study the ratio in-

10_0

3 .1

0_22

of the odor was not established, however, creased froln 0 .27 to 0 .63 as seruot sulfate

21 4

0 .76

lirav (1969) stated that hydrogen sulfide

rnncentaations increased from 10

. .5 to 17 .1

966

I Os

42 4

mold he detected on the breath of sheep in-

mEq,'liter . Lotspeich (1947) observed

that

1 .2

0_12

(used intraruminally with ,sodium sulfide .

reabsorption of sulfate was not increased as

---

280

Electronic Filing, Received,

PC BClerk's

3

Office May-T,

vi

WEETH AND HUNTER

cessive sulfate has been mentioned by Dicker-

ing (1965) .

The adverse effects

noted when heifers

drank water containing 5,000 ppm Na 2

SO,

appear to be at variance with observations of

Embry et al . (1959)

. They observed definite

toxicity when growing cattle were watered

with 10,000 ppm Na,SOs, but animals were

unaffected

by 7,000 ppm Na2SO4-water.

Furthermore, a 10,000 ppm solution of mixed

salts containing 6,817 ppm of sulfate was not

deleterious . The season was summer, but water

consumption appears slightly lower than in

the present study

. Their data do indicate,

as dues this experiment, that there is a tox-

icity with the sulfate ion not seen with chlo-

ride

. Peirce (1960) offered mature sheep a

mixed NaCI-Na aSO,

saline drinking water

containing 5,000 ppm NaS0 4 in a 15-month

study, Body weight was unaffected, although

water consumption and plasma sulfate were

increased . There was no hypocalcemia

. Lot-

speich (1947) has shown that an excess of

chloride anion in tubular fluid of

the dog de-

creased the transport maximum for sulfate

ion

. It is apparent, however, from this study

that growing Hereford heifers were unable to

tolerate during summer drinking water con-

taining

.1,493 ppm of inorganic sulfate .

Summary

Nine growing Hereford heifers were offered

as drinking water either tap-water, 5,000 ppm

Na .SO4-watcr or 4,110 ppm NaCl-water . The

experimental design was a 3 x 3 latin square

with replicates.

Experimental periods were

30 days

. Total urine was collected on the last

7 days with renal clearance observations be-

ing made on the sixth day

. The season was

summer .

The heifers drank less, ate less and lost

weight while consuming the sulfate-water.

The sulfate ion caused a relative diuresis .

Percent urine water of free-water intake was

33,8 with sulfate-water, but only

22 .1% with

tap water . Total hemoglobin concentration

was unaffected by the saline drinking waters,

however, the sulfate-water caused a 450%

increase in methemoglobin concentration and

the development of 416 .9 mg/l00 ml of sulf-

hemoglobin . The two nonfunctional hemo-

globins comprise 6

.2%

of

total hemoglobin at

this time .

Drinking the sulfate-water in-

creased serum sulfate concentration 63 .1%,

increased renal filtration of sulfate 45 .2%,

but decreased renal reabsorption of sulfate by

27 .5% . Drinking sulfate-water did not alter

plasma calcium concentration or renal excre-

tion of calcium . A specific toxic effect of

drinking the Na_S04-water was not apparent,

however, the adverse effects seen were related

to the sulfate ion, Only a slight polyposia and

diuresis were observed with drinking of the

NaCl-water .

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.

---

Ite-water did not alter

itration or renal excre-

Jlecific toxic effect of

cater was not apparent,

ffects seen were related

a slight polyposia and

I with drinking of the

ire Cited

Drinking waters toxic for

,. Med, 2L :254 .

rin . 1960serum,

. Turbidimetric

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. J . Meade .

itamin F interrelations in

t . Sci . 26 :1390 .

metabolism in sheep . II1

anic sulphate and inorganic

'a rumen . Australian J

. Age .

i

,elscher, K . C . Wahlslrom,

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n . 1959. Salinity and live-

Dak . Age . Fan. Sin . Bull.

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. Embry . 1961 .

resultingEffect

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en nitrate by ruminants. J .

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noglobinemia and sullhemo-

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sulfates by the dog

.

Amer .

lethemoglobin . In S . Mcites

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of

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.

Chemistry,

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aalernal-fetal

Mohammed

.

Anim

. Sci .

.

28utilisation

1969:283.

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D5 :655 .

duct ion ,d sulphate u, the

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normal dog

. Amer

. J . Phys-

Macladyen, W . A . 1953 . Sulphate in African inland

waters . Nature 172 :595 .

McKee, J . E . and H. W. Wolf. 1963 . Water Quality

Criteria, Second Ed . Calif . Water Quality Control

Board Pub . No

.3-A .

Miller, M. R ., G

. Hardman and H

. G

. Mason . 1953 .

Irrigation waters of Nevada. Nev . Air. Exp . Stn .

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. 187,

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mation of ultramicro Qualities of calcium in human

serum as the complex with alizarin . Anal. Chem .

27 :434 .

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. W . 1960. Studies on salt tolerance of sheep .

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. The tolerance of sheep for mixtures of sodium

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. 1965 . The role of the kidney in so-

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. Mc(;mw-Hill

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.,

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excretion

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urea

F . 1970nitrogen

. Factors

in cattleaffecting

. 1 . Sodium

the urinarychlor-

ide and water loads . Australian J . Agr. Res . 21

:1.71

.

U . S, Public Health Service. 1962 . Drinking Water

Standards . Jn Federal Register : 2152 .

Walser, M. and A . A . Browder. 1959, Ion association .

111 . The effect of sulfate infusion on calcium excre-

tion . J . Clin, Invest . 38 :1404 .

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. 1965 . Renal func-

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of

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cattle

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., A24.

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growing

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. Bohmanloadsbeef

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heifers

. J . Anim . Sid

. 27 :739 .

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.,

27-146R

. Motion and C

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:66

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sulfate

sheep J

sulfur

. Nutr .54as :87a

measure

.

of the sulfur intake of

Wintrohe, M

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dog. Amer, J . Physiol . 160

:353

.

LAM.

LAew

aa3;p

s,jsa13 epaAiaaaa'BuifiJ DIUOfaal3

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EFFECTS OF SULFATE IN WATER ON SWINE REPRODUCTION AND

YOUNG PIG PERFORMANCE'

D. W. Paterson2 , R, C . Wahlstrom 2 , G . W . Libal2 and O

. E

. Olson'

South Dakota State University, Brookings 57007

Summary

Thirty-one sows and 27 gilts were each al-

lotted to three treatments to study the effect of

water quality during gestation and lactation .

Sodium sulfate was added to the water to give

sulfate and total dissolved solids in ppm as fol-

lows : (1) 320, 620, (2) 1,820, 2,840 and (3)

3,320, 5,060. Water was offered ad libitum

from about 30 days postbreeding through 28

days lactation. There were no significant differ-

ences in gestation or lactation gains and number

or weight of pigs at birth or at weaning . Fecal

consistency was normal in all treatments . Water

consumption did not differ during gestation but

increased during lactation as salt level increased

.

These results suggest that sulfates up to and in-

cluding 3,320 ppm in water have no significant

effect

on reproduction in the gilt or sow .

Fifty-four weaned pigs representing the

above three sow treatments equally were given

water with 0, 3,000 ppm added sulfate from so-

dium sulfate or 3,000 ppm added sulfate from

magnesium and sodium sulfate in a 1 :1 ratio for

a 28-day period

. No significant treatment dif-

ferences (P< .05) occurred in average daily gain

or feed to gain ratio . Scouring was more com-

mon with fecal condition less firm (P<

.01) and

water consumption greater (P<

.05) among pigs

that received water with added sulfates . No dif-

ferences were observed in pigs that received

water containing sodium sulfate or equal parts

of sulfate from sodium and magnesium sulfate

.

(Key

Words : Water Quality . Sulfates, Swine,

Reproduction, Pigs.)

Introduction

Highly saline water are found in many

parts

' Published with the approval of the Director of the

South Dakota Agr . Exp . Sta, as Publication No . 1631

of the Journal Series .

' Department of Animal Science.

'Department of Chemistry .

of the western half of the United States (Sub-

committee on Nutrient and Toxic Elements in

Water, NRC, 1974) . Often these are the most

readily available or the only sources of livestock

water

. Several studies on the tolerance of live-

stock for saline waters have been reported as re-

viewed by Anderson and Stothers (1978)

. Of

the salts naturally present, chlorides and sul-

fates predominate . It has been suggested that

the sulfates are the more harmful (HelIer, 1933

;

Weeth, 1973), and that cattle and sheep are

more resistant to the effects of saline water

than are swine (Heller, 1933)

.

Experimental data on the effects on swine of

drinking waters of high sulfate content are

limited

. Such data are essential to the evalua-

tion of drinking water involvement in poor per-

formance or actual losses in swine . What data

are available are confined to wcanling pigs . Em-

bry et al. (1959) reported the addition of up to

6,300 ppm of a salt mixture to the drinking

water of wcanling pigs increased water intake

and caused a temporary diarrhea but had no

harmful effect on performance during the 80-

day trial . The salt mixture and the water to

which it was added gave a sulfate content of

4,400 ppm . Anderson and Stothers (1973) re-

ported similar findings with weanling pigs

allowed water containing about 6,000 ppm of

total dissolved salts (TDS) containing up to

2,400 ppm of sulfate . Their data did suggest

some slight but not statistically significant re-

duction in feed intake and increase in feed to

gain ratio

. Although the effects of salinity and

sulfate on reproduction and the rearing of the

young have not been reported for swine, The,

Committee on Water Quality Criteria (1972)

suggest that water containing over 5,000 ppm

of TDS should be avoided for pregnant animals-

Unconfirmed reports have suggested that a con-

centration of about one-half this level might be

harmful

. This experiment was conducted to in-

vestigate the effects of high sulfate waters given

to swine during gestation and lactation and to

their offspring when weaned at 28 days

.

664

JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE, Vol . 49, No

. 3 (1979)

a

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SULFATESIff

* * * *

ROFSWINE

31,

665

Experimental Procedure

The reproductive trial involved 31 sows and

27 gilts of Hampshire X Yorkshire X Duroc

breeding

. Sows and gilts were grouped sepa-

rately on the basis of ancestry and weight . Out-

come groups were randomly assigned to the

three treatments, shown in table 1, about 30

days postbreeding . The local water supply was

used as a control and for making up the experi-

mental waters. Sodium sulfate was selected as

the salt for addition. A 10% solution of the salt

(analytical grade) was added as appropriate to

give the desired concentrations . Sulfate content

was determined weekly by a turbidimetric

method (Anonymous, 3973) . The averages with

their standard deviations for the entire experi-

mental period were as follows : control, 320 t

24 ppm

; low sulfate, 1,790 ± 35 ppm and high

sulfate, 3,298 ± 139 ppm .

During gestation, all animals were housed in

uninsulfated, wooden, colony type houses lo-

cated in dry lots . Feed was restricted to 1 .8 kg

per head daily and fed in individual feeding

stalls

. Water was available ad libitum from 227

liter circular tank waterers . Self-feeders contain-

ing the lactation diet and the 227-liter waterers

were located in concrete lots outside the far-

rowing house . Sows were allowed access to this

lot for feed and water each morning and eve-

ning for 2 .0 and 1

.5 hr, respectively . Saline

water was available in the creep area for pigs

after 10 days of age . Fortified corn-soybean

meal diets with 10% alfalfa meals (gestation)

and 10% beet pulp (lactation) included

.5%

trace mineralized salt . Calculated crude protein

content was 12 .65 and 15 .70% for gestation

and lactation diets, respectively .

At parturition, the number of live and still-

born pigs as well as litter weight and average pig

weight were obtaieed . Litter weight at 14 days,

number of pigs at 28 days, litter weight and

TABLEAND

AND

SODIUM

1 . TOTAL

EXPERIMENTAL

CONCENTRATIONS

DISSOLVED

WATERSSOLIDS,

IN

(PPM)'

CONTROLSULFATE

'Values for control water by analysis . Values for

low

analysisand

high

of the

sulfate

water and

treatments

[he known

were

salt

calculated

additionsfrom

.

average pig weight at 28 days were recorded

.

To determine the effect of water quality on

the offspring after weaning, 54 4-week-old pigs,

initially averaging 7 .5 to 8 .0' kg, were allotted

into nine groups. Each group consisted of two

pigs from each of the three sow treatments .

These groups were randomly allotted to three

replications of three treatments ; (1) control

water, (2) 3,000 ppm of added sulfate from

sodium sulfate and (3) 3,000 ppm of added sul-

fate supplied equally from magnesium and

sodium sulfate . Each 2 .4 X 3 m pen contained

six pigs . All pigs were offered water and an 18%

protein, fortified corn-soybean meal diet ad

libitum for the 28-day trial . Fecal condition

was scored on a one to five basis, with one

being most firm .

Data were analyzed by least squares analysis

of variance . Least square means arc presented in

all tables

.

Results and Disciassion

Sulfate content of water consumed during

gestation had no significant effect on gestation

gain, number of pigs per litter at birth (total

and live) or average pig and litter birth weights

(table 2) . Lactation gain, number of pigs at 28

days and average pig and litter weights at 28

days were not significantly affected by sulfates

in water during lactation . Slightly less saline

water was consumed during gestation . However,

in lactation, water consumption increased

(P> .05) as total dissolved solids increased . Gilts

consumed more water than sows during gesta-

tion but slightly less during lactation

.

Significant differences existed in gestation

and lactation gain between gilts and sows . Gilts

gained more during gestation and also gained an

average of 5

.5 kg during lactation, while sows

lost an average of 7

.0 kg during this time .

The general condition and performance of

the pigs during the 28-day nursing period were

similar among groups. No excessive scouring

was noted in any of the treatments . Roy and

Boyland (1964) also reported no excessive

scouring problem when 4,500 ppm total solids

were added to the water of four sows and their

litters over a 6-week period

.

No significant differences occurred at 28

days in average daily gain or feed to gain ratio

among weaned pigs that received the control

water and those that consumed saline water

containing 3,000 ppm of added sulfates (table

3). Sulfate was added as sodium sulfate or

Treatment

Totaldissolvedsolids

Sulfate

Sodium

Control

620

320

20

Low

sulfate

2840

1820

740

High sulfate

5060

3320

1460

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*Significant difference (P<

.01) between guts and sows

.

bSigniticant difference (P<

.05) between guts and sows.

equally from sodium and magnesium sulfate to

provide 5,080 ppm total solids

. Similar results

have been reported by Berg and Bowland (1960)

with 12-kg pigs supplied with 5,000 ppm of

TDS and Anderson and Stothers (1978) for 4-

to 6-kg pigs that consumed water with 6,000

ppm total solids

. These workers found no sig-

nificant differences in gains or feed efficiency

between control pigs and those that received

TABLE 3

. EFFECTS

PERFORMANCE

OF MAGNESIUM

OF WEANED

AND SODIUM

PIGS

SULFATES ON

*Three thousand ppm of sulfate

.

bThree thousand ppm of total sulfates from magnesium and sodium sulfates

.

°Three replications of six pigs per trcaunent

. Three pigs died, data nor included .

d

.e,fMean, on same line with different superscripts arc significantly different (P<05)

.

gBased on a score of I to 5, with I being firm

.

h. 'Means on same line with different superscripts are significantly different (P<

.01)

.

saline water .

Water consumption increased significantly

among treatments . Approximately 30% more

water was consumed by pigs that received saline

water that contained sodium and magnesium

sulfates and 50% more water was consumed by

pigs on the sodium sulfate treatment

. Ander-

son and Stothers (1978) reported a similar

magnitude of increase in water consumptionI

r

Water treatment

Parameter

Control

Sodiumsulfatca

Magnesium-sodiurrsulfate

No

. of pigst

16

18

17'

Avg initial wt, kg

7.5

8.0

7.7

Avg final wt, kg

13

.4

15.0

13

.8

Avg daily gain, kg

.21

.25

.22

Feed to gain ratio

2 .25

2.05

2.18

Avg daily warty consumption, liters

1.25pd

1 .89e

1 .63f

Avg fecal conditiong

1.7

3 .0

3.6'

666

~r

* * * *PATERMff,

TABLE 2 . EFFECT OF SULFATE CONTENT OF WATER ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE

Added sulfates (ppm)

Parameter

0

1500

3000

Gilts

Sows

NoWater

Avg

Avg

GestationLactation

.

lactation

gestation

littersconsumption,

gain,gain

.

liters/dayk

131213301.5.6.3.2

-514111327.2.5.5.2

162614101.7.6.8.0

141516415.1.5.4.0

-71518239.5.2.0.6

Avg

NoAvg

Pigs/litter28-day

TotalLive

.

litter

pig

pigs

pig

birth

at

birth

weight,

28

weight,

daysweight,

kgkgbkg

11136691.5.1.7.1.4.6

131010661.5.2.9.0.4.9

10116618.3.8.5.0.2.3

1196681.3.6.5.1.7.8

14119661.4.5.2.8.9.7

28-day litter weight, kg

40.4

42.2

40

.2

39 .5

42.3

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* * *SULFATEgIirtVATE *

* * * * *

I

during the initial week and an average 17% in-

3

R OF SWINE

667

crease during a 6-week trial

. Sulfate content of

their water was only 2,400 compared to 3,320

ppm in this experiment ; however, TDS was

higher in their water .

A significant difference existed in average

fecal condition between pigs that received con-

trol or saline water . Scouring was considerably

more evident during the first 2 weeks in pigs

that received saline water . High levels of sulfate

in water have been shown to cause scouring in

young pigs (Anderson and Stothers, 1978) and

growing-finishing pigs (Embry et at, 1959)

without affecting growth performance. Ander-

son and Stothers (1978) also reported fecal dry

matter was reduced 2 to 6% for pigs that re-

ceived water that contained TDS and sulfate

contents of 6,000 and 2,400 ppm, respectively .

Although saline water consumption of sows

also increased during lactation, there was no

evidence of scouring in either sows or their

nursing pigs. This study did not allow one to

determine the amount of total dissolved solids

in water necessary to cause problems in repro-

ducing swine

. However, the results confirm the

recommendation of the Committee on Water

Quality Criteria (1972) that water containing

5,000 ppm total solids is not harmful, even

when it contained 3,320 ppm sulfates

.

Literature Cited

Anonymous. 1973 . Water Analysis . Hach Chemical

Co ., Ames, [A .

Anderson,

saline

Dwater

. M, and

high

Sin

. C

.

sulfates,

Stothers.

chlorides

1978 . Effects

and ni-of

trates on the performance of young weanling

pigs. J . Anim . Sci . 47:900 .

Berg, R

. T. and J . P . Bowland. 1960 . Salt water toler-

ance of growing-finishing swine- Feeders' Day

Rep. 39:14, Univ . of Alberta, Edmonton .

Committee on Water Quality Criteria

. 1972. Water

quality criteria. National Academy of Sciences,

National

DC .

Academy of Engineering, Washington

.

EmbryWSalinity

.

. Carlson,

L . B.,

and

M.

L .

Alivestock

.

M.

Hoclscher,

Krista

water

and

R.

OC.

quality

.

E.

Washlstrom,

Olson,

. South1959C

.

.

Dakota Agr

. Exp

. Sta. Bull . 481 .

Hcller, V. G. 1933. The effect of saline and alkali

waters on domestic animals . Oklahoma Agr . Exp .

Sta. Bull . 217

.

Roy, G

. L . and W . J . Boylan . 1964

.

Performance of

swine on high salt content well water in the Red

River

Univ

.

Valleyof

Manitoba

. Annu

.

. Rep . Livestock Res . 14 :19

.

Subcommittee

Water .

1974on

.

Nutrient

Nutrients

and

and

Toxic

toxic substances

Elements inin

water for livestock end poultry . Committee on

Animal Nutrition, National Research Council -

National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC ..

Weeth, H . J .

1973 . Nonapplicability of federal water

quality standards when applied to cattle . In H . F .

Mayland (Ed.) Proc. Water Animal Relations .

Kimberly. ID.

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3

EFFECTS OF SALINE WATER HIGH IN SULFATES, CHLORIDES AND

NITRATES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF YOUNG WEANLING PIGS'

D. M Anderson and S. C. Stothers

University ofManitoba3

,

Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2

SUMMARY

Three experiments were conducted involving

162, 4 to 6 kg pigs group fed . Nine pigs were al-

lotted per treatment according to breed, weight

and sex and received feed and water ad libitum .

Each experiment had a control treatment (125

ppm total solids) compared to saline water

treatments (approximately 6,000 ppm total

solids) high in either sulfates or chlorides . In

addition the sulfate water was treated with 150

ppm nitrate nitrogen (N03-N) or with 300 ppm

INTRODUCTION

N03-N while the chloride water was also

treated with 300 ppm N03-N. Average final

weights in experiment I and III were 20 kg after

6 weeks on test while average final weights in

experiment II were 9 kg after a 3-week test No

significant treatment differences (P < .05) oc-

curred in average daily gain in any experiment

.

However, with the exception of the pigs given

the chloride water in experiment 111, the

control pigs tended to consume more feed,

gain faster and have a better F/G than those

receiving 6,000 ppm total solids, particularly

in experiment 1 .

Scouring was consistently more common

among the sulfate water fed pigs than either the

control of chloride fed pigs . Approximately

80% of the scouring occurred in the first week

on test

. Water consumption was generally

higher for saline water treatments . No treat-

ment differences occurred among liver vitamin

A values, kidney weights, or kidney histological

structure in the four pigs per treatment sacri-

ficed at the end of Experiment 1 . in conjunc-

tion with experiment 1, blood, fecal and urine

samples were collected from two pigs per treat-

ment housed in metabolic cages

. Urinary so-

dium was significantly higher (P<

.Ol) and fecal

dry matter percent tended to be less for pigs rc

ceiving the sulfate water with or without the

added N0 3 -N.

(Key Words

: Saline Water, Nitrates, Sulfates,

Chlorides, Weanling Swine, Water Consump-

tion .)

Heller (1933) reported that sodium chloride

at 15,000

parts per million (ppm) in water was

toxic to pigs, especially for pigs weighing less

than

45

kilograms . Subsequently several work-

ers experimented with saline water containing a

variety of pure and mixed salts at different

levels from 2,000 ppm to as high as 20,300

ppm total solids with pigs tested most com-

monly within the weight range of 20 to

90 kg

(Embry et al., 1959 ; Berg arid Bowland, 1960 ;

Stothers, 1960 ; Stothers and Palmer, 1961 ;

Stothers,

1970). Results ranged from slightly

improved average daily gain," feed consumption

and feed efficiency (Embry'et al ., 1959) when

pigs received up to 6,300 ppm total solids, to

decreased growth rates, poorer feed efficiency

and higher water consumption when the total

solids content of the water was

15,900 ppm or

higher (Stothers, 1960) .

Case

(1957, 1963) suggested that levels of

nitrate nitrogen (N03-N) above the recom-

mended maximum level of 10 ppm for humans

could be potentially hazardous for pigs . Seerley

et al, (1965)

administered i nitrate and nitrite

continuously in drinking water at levels up to

300 ppm NO, -N for growing-finishing pigs with

no performance differences among treatments

'Financial support for this project provided by

although they did note measurable but small in-

Feedritc mills (1962) Ltd ., Manitoba Pool

Elevators

creases in blood methemoglobin .

and the Manitoba Dcparanent of Agriculture .

'present address : Department of Animal Science,

Thus, separately, research has been reported

University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,

on the effects of high levels of total solids and

T6G 2E3 .

of N0 3 -N (saline waters) on the performance of

' Department of Annual Science_

9017" owing pigs . No studies have been reported

JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE

. Vol . 47, No . 4 (1918)

i

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EFFECTS OF SALINE WATt ON PIGS

901

considering the effects of these two factors in

combination

.

Field observations by producers and exten-

sion workers have related poorer pig perform-

ance to the use of saline waters. Most of the

data available are for older pigs and with the

trend to earlier weaning (3 weeks), information

is required on the response of the younger pig

which is generally more sensitive to its environ-

ment

. Since evaluation of water analyses re-

quested by producers indicated the predomi-

nant salts were chlorides, sulfates and minor

amounts of nitrates with the total of all salts at

a maximum of approximately 6,000 ppm total

solids, these experiments were initiated with

3- to 4-week-old weaned pigs (4 to 6 kg) to

study the effects of saline waters having a total

solid concentration of approximately 6,000

ppm, high in either sulfates or chlorides, alone

or in combination with either 150 ppm or 300

ppm N03-N

.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Three experiments, involving 162 Managra

or Managra x Yorkshire pigs, group fed, nine

per treatment, were conducted with a control

water treatment compared to saline water treat-

ments containing either sulfates or chlorides

alone or in combination with either 150 ppm

NOs-N or 300 ppm N03-N (table 1) .

of arc,

Newly

and

weaned

initially

pigs

weighing

between

4 to

3

6

and

kg,

4

were

weeksal-

lotted to treatment by weight, sex and litter

.

Saline water prepared in plastic containers was

available to pigs ad libitum from 64 liter

painted metal barrels fitted with watering

bowls . Feed was available ad libitum .

A corn-

mercial feed (18% protein) for early weaned

pigs was fed to an average weight of 7 kg at

which time the ration was changed to a pre-

starter (wheat-soybean meal-fish meal, 19% pro-

tein) . After reaching a weight of approximately

15 kg pigs received a starter ration (barley-soy-

bean meal, 18% protein) . All rations were bal-

anced to meet or exceed the NRC (1973) nutri-

ent requirements for swine with .5% trace

mineralized salt added to all rations

. Combina-

tion of the sodium chloride in the dry feed and

mixed salts in the water gave a total salt intake

equivalent to 11,000 ppm for the saline treat-

ments pigs and 5,000 ppm for the control

treatment pigs . fens were checked daily for

scouring and water consumption while pig

weight and feed consumption were recorded

weekly in Experiments 1, 11 and Ill

.

During Experiment I blood samples were

drawn on days 24 and 31 from three pigs per

treatment selected at random for analysis of

percent methemoglobin by the method of

Evelyn and Malloy (1938) . At the termination

of experiment I, four pigs per treatment (two

per replicate) were sacrificed . Liver samples

were taken, frozen and maintained at -20 C for

subsequent analysis of Vitamin A content by

the method of Gallup and Hoefer (1946)

. Kid-

ney weights were recorded and slices of kidney

were prepared for histological examination

using the standard Harris hernatoxylin and

eosin staining technique (American Registry of

Pathology, 1968) .

Concurrent with Experiment 1, an additional

two barrows per treatment were housed in

circular, adjustable wire mesh metabolism

cages, described by Bell (1948), fitted with bite

waterers, for a total of three 7-day periods for

collection, separation and subsequent analysis

of feces and urine . Test periods were days 1 to

7, 8 to 14 and 29 to 35 . Quantities of daily

urine and fecal excretions were recorded

. Rep-

resentative aliquots of urine and feces were re-

tained and stored at -20 C for future analysis

of sodium and potassium by flame photometry

using a Technicon 11 (Model AA11-07) .

Fecal samples retained from odd numbered

days were analyzed for percent dry matter by

freeze drying in a Virtis freeze dryer and for

percent ash by aching at 500 C for 15 hours . To

the ached samples 5 ml of demineralized water

was added and the samples shaken for 24 hr be-

fore analysis of sodium and potassium by flame

photometry, The remainder of the fecal sam-

ples, those collected and retained from even

numbered days, were subjected to a Carver lab-

oratory press (Model C) from which expressed

juice was diluted and analyzed for sodium and

potassium concentration, using the same proce-

dure as for the other fecal samples. Fecal so-

dium and potassium data were reported in milli-

equivalents excreted per day . Blood samples

were drawn from the anterior vena caves on day

15 of the rest and analyzed for percent hemato-

crit, plasma sodium and potassium ion concen-

trations .

Statistical analysis was accomplished by the

method of Steel and Tonic (1960) . If analysis

of variance was significant (1'< .05) means were

differentiated using Student-Neurnan-Keuls

Test (SNK)

.

---

'Salt quantities and total solids reported in parts per million (ppm)

.

b

Total solids concentration includes that found in control water plus added salts

.

C

Expcrimenn I and III were replicated with nine

pigs/art/replicate.

Experiment duration was 42 days for Experiments I and III and 21 days for Experiment it

.

d

Experimcnt I treatments also used in a metabolic cage

study

.

0be

m

m

aR

TABLE 1

. SALT COMPOSITION OF WATER TREATMENTS AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN USED IN WEANLING PIG EXPERIMENTS

1

3

n

Water treatments

*

Sulfate plus

Sulfate plus

Sulfate plus

*{Q

150 ppm

300 ppm

300 ppm

*

Item

Control

Sulfate

NO,-N

NO, -N

Chloride

NO, -N

fD

A . S

al t

composition of water treatments

Salts

Calcium chloride

780

780

780

780

780

d * ~

Magnesium Sulfate

1694

1694

1694

. . .

. . .

Sodium bicarbonate

2671

1844

1040

2671

1040

Sodium nitrate

910

1818

1818

Sodium

Sodium sulfatechloride

708

,,,708

709

.

2401

. .

.

2401

. .

C

Total solidsb

125

5978

6061

6065

6077

6164

B . Experimental design

Experiment aqd

18

18

18

18

rn

* 0

Experiment 11

9

9

9

9

Experiment III

18

18

18

---

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

No significant differences occurred in aver-

age e daily gain among treatments (table 2) . Feed

consumption and feed to gain ratio indicated a

similar result. These results are in general agree

meet with those of Berg and Bowland (1960)

using 12 kg pigs receiving 5,000 ppm of total

solids in the water with no supplemental salt in

the diets, Roy and Boylan (1964) using 6-week-

old, 13 kg pigs receiving a chloride water con-

taining 4,300 parts per million total solids and

Stothers (1970) using water containing 2,000

ppm total solids fed to 6.4 kg pigs who found

no significant differences between control pigs

and those receiving saline waters .

Although there

were no significant differ-

ences in experiment I there was a tendency for

ADG to be higher for the control pigs, whereas

in both experiment I and III the ADF were

slightly higher for the control pigs than those

receiving saline water treatments . FIG was gen-

erally more favorable for the control pigs with

the exception of chloride plus 300 ppm N0 3 -N

in experiments 11 and Ill . Stothers (1970) indi-

cated a similar trend towards decreased ADG

and FIG when pigs received saline waters

.

Water consumption was generally higher for

the saline treatments as compared to water con-

sumption by the controls with the difference

being most apparent during the initial week on

test. Although overall difference in water con-

sumption was 5 to 15% higher in favor of the

saline water treatments for the entire experi-

mental period the difference was most pro-

nounced during the initial week when saline

water consuming pigs recorded intakes 33 to

66% greater than the controls.

Similarily with respect to scouring, the inci-

dence was more pronounced during the initial

adaptation period (first week on test)

. Eighty

percent of all the scour days were observed dur,

ing the initial period. The pigs receiving sulfate

containing water had 148 to 182% more scour

days than the controls during the initial week

whereas the pigs receiving chloride containing

water had slightly fewer scour

days

. Since the

scour days did not persist and little or no loss

of condition accompanied their occurrence the

scouring could be considered to be of a dietary

nature . The work by Stothers (1970) and com-

ments by Ilerriek (1971) describe the cathartic

effect of high levels of sulfate in water on

young pigs evident only during the first week

nn experiment .

Performance of 3-week-old pigs as measured

Electronic Filing,

* * * *

Received,

* *

PC #.21*

Clerk's

*

* *

Office May 1, 2007

EFFECTS OF SALINE WATj ON PIGS

903

by weight gain and feed consumption was not

adversely affected by levels of N03-N up to 300

ppm

N03-N .

FIG for sulfate plus N03-N pigs

was slightly poorer than for sulfate alone . Inclu-

sion of NO 3 -N to the chloride water did not

produce the same results (table 2)

. Seerley et al.

(1965) supplied 300 ppm

N03-N or 100 ppm

NO, -N in water to older pigs with no resulting

reduction in weight gains or general thriftiness,

Concern has been expressed regarding the

conversion of nitrate to nitrite . Case (1963) re-

ported nitrite to be 10 to 15 times more toxic

than nitrate from farm water supplies

. Using

mixtures of minced grass and water Barnett

(1953) reported a range of 13 to 26% conver-

sion of nitrate to nitrite . Seerley et al

. (1965)

noted slight conversion of nitrate to nitrite

which they attributed to bacterial contamina-

tion of the drinking cups used resulting in sub-

sequent microbial reduction of the nitrate . In

our experiments, assuming a 25% conversion to

nitrite, the 300 ppm NO3-N water treatment

would result in a consumption of water con-

taining 75 ppm N02 -N. This level, significantly

higher than the 10 ppm NO3-N proposed by

Case (1963) as potentially hazardous did not re-

sult in reduced weight gains among the young

pigs .

Methemoglobin content of the blood ex-

pressed in gram per 100 ml of blood (table 3)

indicated elevated levels as the amount of NO 3 -

N increases

in the water . These values were the

same whether measured on days 24 or 31 of the

experiment

. Control animal values of .09 g

methemoglobin per 100 ml blood were identi-

cal to those reported by Seerley et al . (1965),

.09 g methemoglobin per

100

ml blood for

older pigs (32

.6 kg body weight) . Seerley et al

.

(1965) reported methemoglobin values of .34

and

.47 g/100 ml blood for pigs receiving 100

ppm N02-N

. Highest values obtained for 300

ppm NO3-N in this experiment were

.24 g/100

ml blood representing half the highest value

given by Seerley

et al.

Liver vitamin A stores were unaffected by

the levels of NO3

-N in the water (table 3) . Scer-

ley et al.

(1965) found similar results with

levels of (0, 25, 50, 100 ppm) N0

2-N given to

older pigs, although their vitamin A liver values

were lower (14 .4 to 17 .4 pg/g) than results re-

ported in this experiment

. According to Garris-

son et al.

(1966) growing and finishing pigs re-

ceiving N03-N at

420 ppm and 0

ppm showed

significant difference (P<MS) in liver stores of

vitamin A

. Since in our tests no significant dif-

b Y

---

TABLE 2

. PERFORMANCE OF WEANLING PIGS RECEIVING VARIOUS WATER TREATMENTS IN EXPERIMENTS 1, It AND III

a

ADG is average daily gain, ADF is average daily feed both reported in kg/day

.

b

ADIVC is daily water consumption (uteri day) reported only for first 3 Weeks since almost enire treatment differences occurred during this period

.

C

ADWC in parenthesis are consumption during the first week on experiment

d

scour days reported for first week only

; 1 scour day represents any amount of scouring occuring within a pen regardless of the number of animals involved

.

e

Scour days in parenthesis are for the total experimental period

.

o m

e

..

03

v

NOOV

Water treatment

Sulfate plus

Sulfate plus

Chloride plus

an

Item

Control

Sulfate

150 ppm

NO, -N

300 ppm

NO, -N

Chloride

300 ppm

NO, -N

*

*10

3

Experiment I

*

ADGa (kg/day)

.40

.33

.35

.37

ADFa (kg/day)

.79

.71

.75

.74

Feed/gain

1 .89

2.02

2 .32

2 .28

*0

ADWC

Scour

(1/day)bdaysd

1 .15 (

.66)r

1 .35 (1

.04)

1 .31 ( .85)

1 .36 (.86)

z*~

Experiment II

3 .5 (3.5)c

6.0 (8)

6.5

(8)

6.5 (6.5)

A

a

ADG

.19

.18

.19

.18

ADF

.45

.42

.45

.40

71

> -C

o

n

Fced/gain

2 .35

2 .41

2 .41

2.28

ADWC

.80( .63)

1 .24(1

.01)

1 .21(l .06)

1 .14 (1 .01)

Scour days

0

(0)

5

(5)

1

(1)

2 (2)

O

y

*

*

F

N

Experiment

ADFADG

III

.35.70

.62.31

.63.35

Ay

*

0

Fced/gain

2

.00

2.01

1 .84

*

ADWC

.88 ( .59)

.09

(

.72)

1 .15 ( .79)

Scour days

2

(4)

1

(2)

0 (0)

3

---

Electronic Filing,

* * * *

Received,

* * PC #2,*

Clerk's

* * * *

Office

* *

May 1, 2007

EFFECTS OF SALINE W,5ER ON PIGS

905 ,

g o e

ferences occurred among treatments it can be

n

E

'

r

assumed that very tittle nitrate was reduced to

8

a „

nitrite coinciding with little oxidation of vita-

6

'i

CI

?

min A in the gastrointestinal tract . This find-

v Z

ing is also supported by Emerick and Olson

t

(1962) who found liver vitamin A stores of rats

to be affected by dietary nitrite but not dietary

a

nitrate. Liver stores of vitamin A did not reflect

conversion of nitrate to nitrite therefore the in-

creasedcreased methemoglobin blood levels could be

due to the nitrate content of the water and not

caused by nitrite converted from nitrate by mi-

crobial reduction .

•

a az

r c

No apparent treatment differences occurred

•

o p"

in kidney weights (table 3) or histological sec-

<

n Z

`O

tions of kidney supporting the suggestion that

young pigs can adapt themselves to levels of sa-

z y

Wry of approximately 6,000 ppm

.

~

Performance data from the metabolic cage

v,

8

studies (table 4) support the data presented

F

2

from experiment I and 11 with the exception of

3

F/G where the metabolism caged pigs tended to

•

•

be more efficient . No apparent treatment

ferences in blood hematocrit, sodium and po-

tassiumtassium

were observed . Male pigs housed in the

circular cages minimized the possibility of con-

ramination of the urine by feces even during

the periods when scouring occurred . Urine

volumes were unaffected by treatment

. Urinary

potassium excretions were similar among treat-

ments but urinary sodium excretions were sig-

nifiantly higher (P< .01) in the saline water

treatments. No differences were observed in

fecal sodium and potassium values between the

two methods of preparing feces for analysis at-

though the expressed juice method required less

sample preparation time. Mean fecal sodium

values ±SEM were 38.3 ± 28.4 meq/day and

41.6

± 30.7

meglday while mean fecal potas-

sium values ±SEM were 77.1 ± 10.0 meq/day

and 80.5 t 10.6 meq/day for the aching proce-

dure and expressed juice procedures, respec-

tively.

Although there were no differences among

treatments for fecal % ash, fecal sodium and

fecal potassium, the fecal dry matter percent

seems to reflect the cathartic effect of the sul-

fate ion for the saline treatments tend to be

lower than the controls by 2 to 6%

. Pigs housed

in the metabolic cages showed a slightly greater

number of scour days with generally little ef-

o

E,cQ

u

feet on performance .

No marked adverse biological effects were

z

bc . a

a

observed

with or without

among the

addedpigs

N03

receiving

N

. The

saline

addition

watersof

<

3H

m

y".

.;

m

o

n

:.

3

Z

e m e

$

2

a

c

$c x

g

•~

.a

U

C

2

a

g0

z

e~'

6

p0

E

W

3°

•

°

<"'m

A

m 3!3g

pX=

x

K

° =~ E

---

TABLE 4

. PERFORMANCE, BLOOD, URINE AND FECAL DATA AS RELATED TO SALINE WATERS USED IN METABOLIC CAGE

STUDY OF EXPERIMENT I

aFrom blood samples drawn on day 15 .

bSteans

in the same row followed by different superscripts are significantly different (P< .01) using Student Newman Keuls (SNK)

.

3

V

aN00v

Water treatment

Item

Control

Sulfate

Sulfate plus

150 ppm

NO,-N

Sulfate plus

300 ppm

NO,-N

A . Performance

ADG (kg/day)

.33

.34

.28

.30

ADF (kg/day)

.48

.47

.41

.56

Feed/gain ratio

1 .45

1 .38-

1 .46

1 .87

ADWC (1/day)

1 .71

2.09

2 .05

1 .75

Scour days

1

9

11

7

B . Bloods

Hemarocrit (%)

31

.81

.4

28.6 1

.5

31.8 ±

1 .0

31.1 1 1.5

Serum sodium (meq/1)

140.11

1

.4

140.6 t 1.5

146.1 t 2.6

152.11 6.8

Serum. potassium (meq/1)

4.9 t

.4

4.9

1

.2

4.1

1

.5

4.8 1

.3

C . Urine and fecal

Urine volume (ml/day)

593 1 124

595 t 132

574

t 175

585

1

118