1. BACKGROUND
    2. APPLICABLE STATUTES AND REGULATIONS
    3. STANDARD OF REVIEW
    4. PAUL JOHNSON INC.’S PETITION FOR EXCEPTION
    5. Arbitrary and Unreasonable Hardship
    6. Best Available Technology Controls Economically Achievable
    7. Pump and Treat
    8. Electric Resistive Heating
    9. Relocation
    10. In-Situ Bioremediation
    11. Maximum Feasible Setback Will be Used
    12. Location Will Cause No Significant Hazard
    13. Proof of Notice to Affected Potable Well Supply Owners
    14. AGENCY RESPONSE
    15. ISSUES DISCUSSED AT HEARING AND IN POST-HEARING BRIEFS
    16. PJI
    17. The Agency
    18. Village of Waterman
    19. BOARD DISCUSSION
    20. ORDER
      1. Date: _______________________________

ILLINOIS POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
May 19, 2005
 
PAUL JOHNSON INC.,
 
Petitioner,
 
v.
 
ILLINOIS ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY and CITY OF
WATERMAN, ILLINOIS,
 
Respondents.
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
PCB 05-109
(Water Well Setback Exception)
 
RICHARD M. SAINES, BAKER & MCKENZIE, APPEARED ON BEHALF OF
PETITIONER;
 
CHARLES W. GUNNARSON, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, APPEARED
ON BEHALF OF RESPONDENT ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY; and
 
KEVIN E. BUICK, CLIFF, FOSTER, CORNEILLE, & BUICK, APPEARED ON BEHALF OF
RESPONDENT VILLAGE OF WATERMAN.
 
OPINION AND ORDER OF THE BOARD (by N.J. Melas):
 
On December 10, 2004, petitioner Paul Johnson Inc. (PJI) filed a petition for an
exception from Section 14.2 of the Environmental Protection Act (Act) and the Board’s water
well setback regulations to enable it to lawfully use “direct push” technology for in-situ
remediation of hydrocarbon contamination.
See
415 ILCS 5/14.2 (2002); 35 Ill. Adm. Code
106.300
et seq
. The petitioner seeks to remediate contamination of a shallow aquifer at the site
of its former truck leasing and fueling operation in Waterman, DeKalb County. Pet. at 9. The
petition identifies the owner of the only affected water well as the Village of Waterman
(Village),
1
and states that the affected well is a community water supply well. Pet. at 1. Today
the Board grants the petitioner’s requested relief subject to the conditions contained in this order.
 
The Board accepted the matter for hearing on December 16, 2004, simultaneously
granting the petitioner’s motion for expedited review.
See
Pet. at 11. On January 31, 2005, the
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (Agency) recommended that the Board grant PJI’s
requested relief subject to certain conditions (Resp.). The Village deferred to the Agency’s
1
The caption on PJI’s petition identified Waterman, Illinois as the “City of Waterman.”
However, Waterman identifies itself as the Village of Waterman throughout this proceeding.
Although the caption remains unchanged, the Board refers to Waterman as the “Village of
Waterman” in this opinion and order.

 
 
2
assessment of the petition, commenting that its primary concern is for the integrity and
monitoring of its water supply wells.
 
Board hearing officer Bradley Halloran held hearing on March 8, 2005, in Sandwich,
Illinois.
2
The petitioner presented one witness, Mr. Steven R. Swenson, of Clayton Group
Services, Inc, PJI’s environmental consultants. Mr. Lynn Dunaway, a geologist with the division
of public water supplies groundwater unit, testified on behalf of the Agency regarding his
technical review of the Paul Johnson petition for the Agency. Mr. Norman Beeh, an engineer for
the village, testified on behalf of the Village. The hearing officer found all witnesses credible
and admitted five exhibits into the record.
 
PJI and the Village filed post-hearing briefs on March 25, 2005 (PJI Br. and Village Br.,
respectively). The Agency filed a post-hearing brief on March 29, 2005 (Agency Br.).
 
BACKGROUND
 
PJI states that at one time it operated a truck maintenance and leasing operation in
Waterman, Illinois. PJI owned and operated several USTs used for storing fuel for the trucks.
Pet. at 3. Upon removal of the USTs, PJI states it discovered they had leaked. PJI asserts it
subsequently entered into the Leaking Underground Storage Tank program with the Agency
under which it is currently remediating soil and groundwater. 35 Ill. Adm. Code 742. PJI
believes that former underground storage tanks used to store fuel for vehicles likely
contaminated the shallow groundwater aquifer located at its property with hydrocarbons. Pet. at
1. During this process, PJI learned that part of the shallow groundwater contamination is within
approximately 150 feet of the existing community water supply well for Waterman, Illinois
(Well #2), which is within Section 14.2 of the Act’s setback zone of 200 feet. PJI asserts that its
environmental consultants, the Clayton Group Services, Inc., have installed additional borings to
determine the extent of the shallow groundwater plume.
 
The Village has three active wells, and Well #2 is one of them. Tr. at 51. Mr. Beeh, the
Village engineer, states the Village uses Well #2 “all of the time.” Tr. at 52.
 
PJI seeks to remediate the shallow groundwater contamination through in-situ
bioremediation by using direct push technology. The direct push method utilizes a Geoprobe to
inject microbes, nutrients, and oxygen release compound (ORC) directly into the plume of
impacted groundwater. Pet. at 1.
 
PJI states that before treating the hydrocarbon contamination, a series of injections must
be completed around the perimeter of the hydrocarbon plume to form a hydraulic barrier that
prevents lateral migration of the contaminant plume during remediation. Pet. at 4. Mr. Swenson,
of Clayton Group Services and on behalf of PJI, testified that existing contamination is located in
the shallow groundwater, within approximately 10 to 15 feet below the ground surface, whereas
the municipal well draws water from a depth of approximately 400 feet. Tr. at 37. He stated the
injections, will be between ten and 14 feet below ground surface. Tr. at 20. Upon reaching a
2
The Board cites to the March 8, 2005 hearing transcript as “Tr. at _.”

 
 
3
depth of 10 to 14 feet, explains PJI, the ORC, microbes and nutrients are injected in a horizontal
pattern to treat the surrounding area and control the depth of the injection. Pet. at 4.
 
According to PJI, after each Geoprobe injection, the open hole is backfilled with granular
bentonite and hydrated. According to PJI, this process eliminates the risk of the injection points
becoming future pathways of contamination into the shallow groundwater zone. Pet. at 2.
 
APPLICABLE STATUTES AND REGULATIONS
 
Section 14.2 of the Act states in part:
 
(a) Except as provided in subsections (b), (c) and (h) of this Section, no new
potential route or potential primary source or potential secondary source
may be placed within 200 feet of any existing or permitted community
water supply well or other potable water supply well.
***
(c) The Board may grant an exception from the setback requirements of this
Section . . . to the owner of a new potential route. 415 ILCS 5/14/2(a), (c)
(2002).
 
Section 3.350 of the Act defines “potential route” as:
 
[A]ll injection wells . . . . A new potential route is:
 
(1) a potential route which is not in existence or for which construction has
not commenced at its location as of January 1, 1988, or
 
(2) a potential route which expands laterally beyond the currently permitted
boundary or, if the potential route is not permitted, the boundary in
existence as of January 1, 1988. 415 ILCS 5/3.350 (2002).
 
Pursuant to Section 14.2(c) of the Environmental Protection Act (Act), as a “new
potential source or route” of contamination, PJI must file a petition with the Board that includes:
(1) a description of the potential impacts of the potential source or route on groundwater and the
affected water well; and (2) an explanation of the applicable technology-based controls the
petitioner will employ to minimize the potential for contamination of the potable water supply
well. 415 ILCS 5/14.2(c) (2002).
 
The Board’s rules for this proceeding are found at 35 Ill. Adm. Code 106.300
et seq
.
 
STANDARD OF REVIEW
 
The Board will hold at least one hearing in an exception proceeding and the hearing
officer will schedule the hearing. 35 Ill. Adm. Code 106.308. The Board will grant an exception
where the petitioner has presented adequate proof:
 

 
 
4
[T]hat compliance with the setback requirements of this Section would pose an
arbitrary and unreasonable hardship upon the petitioner, that the petitioner will
utilize the best available technology controls economically achievable to
minimize the likelihood of contamination of the potable water supply well, that
the maximum feasible alternative setback will be utilized, and that the location of
such potential source or potential route will not constitute a significant hazard to
the potable water supply well. 415 ILCS 5/14.2(c) (2002).
 
PAUL JOHNSON INC.’S PETITION FOR EXCEPTION
 
PJI states that in attempting to obtain a No Further Remediation (NFR) letter from the
Agency for its site, the location of PJI’s former truck maintenance and leasing business, PJI
discovered the extent of petroleum contamination at the site. PJI learned that current
contamination of shallow groundwater on the site extends within 150 feet of the existing
community water supply for the Village. PJI proposes the use of direct push bioremediation
technology to remediate the petroleum hydrocarbon contamination. Pursuant to Section 3.350 of
the Act, the direct push remediation technique falls within the definition of a “new potential
route” to groundwater. 415 ILCS 5/3.350 (2002). PJI claims that because it must install the
remediation technology within 150 feet of the Waterman community water supply to adequately
remediate the contamination, PJI requests an exception from the 200-foot water well setback
rule.
 
Arbitrary and Unreasonable Hardship
 
PJI argues that the Board should grant the requested relief allowing the bioremediation to
avoid delaying cleanup and adding significant costs. With each of the other remediation
alternatives, PJI asserts the negatives outweigh the respective benefits. Pet. at 4.
 
PJI argues that three primary factors would make adhering to the setback requirements
arbitrary and unreasonable. Pet. at 5. First, the reason for seeking an exception from the setback
requirements is to remediate the site and improve water quality. Second, within the setback
zone, only the shallow groundwater zone must be remediated. The shallow groundwater zone is
not hydraulically connected to the deeper aquifer from which the Waterman community supply
well draws its water.
Id
. Therefore, asserts PJI, the injection wells will not affect the
groundwater zone from which the community draws drinking water.
 
Third, PJI contends the longer it takes to complete remediation, the longer PJI’s assets
remain undistributed to the beneficiaries of Mr. Johnson’s estate. Mr. Johnson, the sole
shareholder of PJI, died in 2002. PJI states that it must obtain an NFR letter before the
beneficiaries of the estate can receive assets. Pet. at 5.
 
For these reasons, PJI argues, preventing PJI from locating injection wells within the
setback zone of the community water supply in order to remediate the nearby shallow aquifer
would be arbitrary and unreasonable. Pet. at 6.
 

 
 
5
Best Available Technology Controls Economically Achievable
 
PJI contends that in-situ bioremediation is the best available technology economically
achievable. PJI considered several factors in choosing the proper technology to remediate the
site. First, PJI considered which remediation technology would be most effective in cleaning up
the existing contamination without increasing the risk of worsening the contamination. PJI also
considered the “economic achievability” of any potential technology. Pet. at 6.
 
In addition to in-situ remediation, Clayton evaluated the following three alternatives: (1)
installing a traditional pump-and-treat system; (2) attempting to use Electric Resistive Heating
(ERH); and (3) relocating the community supply well to an area free of existing contamination.
As discussed below, PJI determined that each of the alternatives presented technical, practical, or
financial obstacles that eliminate them as the preferred approach. Pet. at 6.
 
Pump and Treat
 
PJI claims that the pump-and-treat alternative is neither technically feasible nor
economically reasonable. For example, the estimated cost to design and install the pump-and-
treat system is $100,000 to $150,000 with long-term operation and maintenance costs of
approximately $400,000 to $500,000 over 20 years. Pet. at 7.
 
Electric Resistive Heating
 
According to PJI, ERH is an emerging in-situ remediation technology that uses the heat
generated by the resistance of the soil to the flow of electrical current to raise subsurface
temperatures and force the contaminant into the vapor phase. A vapor recovery system then
removes the vapor from the subsurface. Pet. at 7. PJI claims that to date, ERH has not been used
to remediate residual hydrocarbon contamination in a shallow aquifer. PJI estimates that the cost
to complete the site using this technology would be between $600,000 and $700,000 and take
approximately one to two years. PJI states that because of the high cost and uncertainty of this
type of application, ERH is not the preferred alternative. Pet. at 7-8.
 
Relocation
 
PJI estimates that relocating and replacing the municipal well would cost between
$750,000 and $1,000,000. PJI states that in addition, there are several unknowns involved. For
example, the list of unknowns include: the number of test borings and pump tests to determine
the sustainable yield of the aquifer; the distance required to connect the new well to the existing
water supply network; the need to purchase property on which to install the well; and whether
easements or condemning property will be necessary to locate the pipeline. PJI states that
replacing the municipal well is cost prohibitive and too uncertain. Pet. at 8.
 
In-Situ Bioremediation
 
PJI describes in-situ bioremediation as using direct push technology to deliver microbes,
oxygen, and nutrients directly to the areas of contamination. Pet. at 8. In this process, soil

 
 
6
microorganisms convert the hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide, water and biomass. Pet. Exh. C.
According to PJI, treatment will consist of multiple injection points via direct push equipment.
Each injection point will first undergo a pre-injection pathway development, which is a 10
second blast of a 175 pounds per square inch (psi) air stream. Pet. at 8-9. Next, PJI states that
approximately 100 gallons of bio-slurry and 10 gallons of liquid hetertrophs, hydrocarbon
degrading bacteria, will be injected into the subsurface in a horizontal pattern outward from the
injection point. Pet. at 9.
 
After the bio-slurry injection, PJI states the remediation consists of injections of ORC and
a mixture of nutrients and dilute hydrogen peroxide to accelerate the degradation process, done
in the same manner as the bio-slurry injections. Pet. at 9.
 
PJI asserts that each ORC injection will consist of approximately 15 pounds of ORC and
50 gallons of water. The bio-slurry injections will consist of approximately 9.6 gallons of bio-
slurry and approximately 100 gallons of water. PJI states it will place ORC injection points
around the edge of the excavation in order to provide hydraulic control of the contaminated
shallow groundwater. Pet. at 9.
 
PJI estimates the remediation to cost $210,000 and take approximately one year to
complete. Pet. at 8.
 
Maximum Feasible Setback Will be Used
 
PJI states that the edge of the plume closest to the community supply well is
approximately 60 feet southeast of the municipal well. Pet. at 9. PJI states it is making every
effort to minimize the number of injections within the setback of the municipal well and will
work with the Agency to finalize the locations of each ORC injection well. Pet. at 10. Locations
of proposed injection points were presented at hearing. Hearing Exh. 3.
 
Location Will Cause No Significant Hazard
 
Again, PJI states that because the natural features of the site provide a barrier between the
shallow and deep groundwater aquifers, the two zones do not appear to be hydrogeologically
connected. Pet. at 10; PJI Br. at 3. Further, PJI asserts that there is no evidence of hydrocarbon
contamination in the deep groundwater zone from the existing municipal well monitoring data.
PJI Br. at 3; citing Tr. at 30-31. Therefore, states PJI, in-situ remediation of the shallow aquifer
will not influence the deeper aquifer from which the community supply well draws water. Pet. at
10.
 
PJI states that soil borings completed by Clayton show that the site to be remediated is
underlain by approximately 12 feet of silty clay. Underneath the silty clay is approximately two
feet of medium to fine-grained sand, and below the sand lies eight to ten feet of silty clay.
Below the silty clay, sand was found to the termination of the soil boring at 24-29 feet below
ground surface. Groundwater was found at 10 feet below ground surface. Pet. at 10.
 

 
 
7
The well log for the community municipal well #2 shows two shale units between the
unconsolidated overburden and bedrock. According to PJI, these shale units are evidence that
the shallow groundwater in the unconsolidated overburden and the bedrock aquifer used by the
Village are not hydraulically connected. Pet. at 11.
 
Proof of Notice to Affected Potable Well Supply Owners
 
PJI states that, in accordance with Section 106.302(b) of the Board’s rules regarding
water well setback exception procedures, it has notified Mr. Tom Difasio, Director of Public
Works for the Village of Waterman about the petition. Pet. at 11.
 
AGENCY RESPONSE
 
The Agency states that a review of the petition and supporting documents shows that PJI
has adequately demonstrated that the use of a remediation alternative to in-situ bioremediation
would pose an arbitrary and unreasonable hardship. Resp. at 5.
 
In its response, the Agency noted that PJI’s petition indicated that some areas have
already been treated with ORC, but that PJI has not demonstrated that the injections to date are
having the desired effects. Resp. at 5. Further, the Agency states PJI had not provided a
monitoring plan or schedule.
Id
. The Agency asserts it would support PJI’s choice of direct
push bioremediation as the best available technology control provided PJI entered data
demonstrating the effectiveness of the direct push technology and a monitoring plan or schedule.
Id
.
 
Regarding the maximum feasible alternative setback, the Agency agreed with PJI’s
proposal. The Agency stated: “In the case of injection wells used for remediation, the maximum
feasible distance is, by necessity, the same proximity as the contaminants in the groundwater to
be remediated.” Resp. at 6.
 
In order to ensure that remediation will pose no significant hazard to the potable water
supply well, the Agency concluded that PJI’s sampling period should be longer. The Agency
states that because of the geology at the site, groundwater moves relatively slowly through the
area. Resp. at 8. The Agency asserts it supports PJI’s proposal so long as PJI continues
remediation efforts, including sampling, until petroleum hydrocarbon levels show no
exceedences of Class I groundwater quality standards under Part 620, or an acceptable remedial
objective under Part 742, for a minimum of two consecutive quarters.
 
In conclusion, the Agency recommended the Board grant the exception subject to three
conditions:
 
1. PJI enter data demonstrating the effectiveness of the direct push bioremediation
technology into the record;
 
2. PJI enter data demonstrating any environmental impact or potential hazard to the
potable water supply well from the direct push bioremediation technology; and

 
 
8
 
3. The Board order PJI to continue groundwater remediation efforts for petroleum
hydrocarbons for a minimum of two consecutive quarters with no exceedence of a
Class I groundwater quality standard (35 Ill. Adm. Code 620.410) or an
applicable remedial objective (35 Ill. Adm. Code 742) before bioremediation is
considered complete. Resp. at 9.
 
ISSUES DISCUSSED AT HEARING AND IN POST-HEARING BRIEFS
 
PJI
 
As an additional measure, PJI stated it would add an additional monitoring well between
the area with the currently impacted groundwater and the municipal well. PJI Br. at 3. PJI
claims this additional well would allow PJI to identify whether any bioremediation constituents
migrate outside of the treatment area towards the municipal well.
Id
. Prior to initiating
remediation, PJI states it would sample and analyze groundwater from this monitoring well to
establish background water quality. The monitoring well would be sampled for hydrocarbon
degrading bacteria, DO, ammonia, nitrate-nitrite, and ortho phosphates. PJI states that
subsequent to the first treatment and until three months following the final treatment, PJI would
sample the groundwater on a monthly basis and submit the analytical results to the Agency and
the Village. PJI Br. at 3.
 
At hearing, PJI submitted a groundwater monitoring plan that shows a schedule for
injections, groundwater sampling, and compliance with Class I groundwater standards and 35 Ill.
Adm. Code 742 remediation objectives. See Tr. at 23; citing Group Exh. 1; Att. C. PJI states
that before treatment, Clayton, will collect groundwater elevation measurements and dissolved
oxygen (DO) readings from the eleven monitoring wells and six sumps at the site. Clayton will
also collect total and selective bacteria plate counts from monitoring wells MW-10, MW-16, and
Sump 1. Pet. Group Exh. 1, Att. C. Following treatment, PJI states Clayton will again collect
groundwater elevation measurements and DO readings from the eleven wells and six sumps
monthly for three months.
Id
.
 
After the third month, PJI states Clayton will collect groundwater samples from the
eleven monitoring wells and six sumps. Pet. Group Exh. 1, Att. C. The wells and sumps will be
purged, then samples taken and sent for laboratory analysis for the presence of benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xzylene (BTEX) and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNAs). Clayton
will submit the groundwater samples to the Agency for review. According to the groundwater
monitoring plan, if the groundwater samples are below the Class I groundwater remediation
objectives for BTEX and PNAs, PJI will proceed with closure. If the results identify one or
more BTEX or PNA compounds above Class I groundwater remediation objectives, PJI will
repeat the ORC and bioslurry direct push injection process.
Id
.
 
According to the groundwater monitoring plan, once the site meets the applicable
groundwater remediation objectives, Clayton will sample groundwater for BTEX and PNAs
quarterly, rather than monthly. Pet. Group Exh. 1, Att. C. PJI will consider remediation
activities complete following two consecutive quarterly groundwater sampling events

 
 
9
demonstrating that all groundwater samples are below the applicable Class I groundwater
remediation objectives.
Id
.
 
PJI also entered additional data into the record demonstrating the effectiveness of the
bioremediation at the site. Tr. at 25-26; citing Group Exh. 1; Att. A, Table 1 at 5. Mr. Swenson
explains that following removal of the impacted soil and source material, ORC was placed in the
bottom of the excavation before backfilling. The data shows that, after treatment with ORC, the
level of contamination in the groundwater in the sumps of the excavation decreased over time.
Tr. at 26. In order to clarify the extent of the shallow groundwater plume, Clayton used a
Geoprobe to complete seven additional borings. Tr. at 27. Mr. Swenson stated that after using
the Geoprobe, a one-inch monitoring well was placed in the open hole and groundwater samples
were taken.
Id
. Mr. Swenson stated that from the new borings and new round of sampling and
monitoring, Clayton Services was able to define the lateral extent of the contamination. Tr. at
28-29.
 
The Agency
 
In its post-hearing brief, the Agency noted that the information it requested was entered
into the record during the March 8, 2005 hearing. Agency Br. at 2; citing Tr. at 61. Further, the
Agency noted that PJI agreed to continue its proposed remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons
for a minimum of two consecutive quarters with no exceedences of a Class I groundwater quality
standard or applicable remedial objective before remediation is considered complete. Agency
Br. at 2; citing Tr. at 63.
 
Village of Waterman
 
At hearing, the Village engineer provided some additional information regarding the
regional geology. He noted that the Village had installed a new well in 2002 located 1500 feet
north/northwest of the current well and did not encounter shale until below 400 feet below the
ground surface. Tr. at 51.
 
In its post-hearing brief, the Village generally defers to the Agency regarding the
technical points of the petition. Village Br. at 1. Nonetheless, the Village concurs with the
Agency’s request that PJI continues groundwater remediation efforts for a minimum of two
consecutive quarters with no exceedence of Class I groundwater quality standards before
considering bioremediation complete.
Id
.
 
The Village states its primary concern is monitoring the Village’s community water
supply well #2. Village Br. at 2. The Village urges the Board to require additional monitoring to
ensure that no migration of the ORC into the Village water supply is occurring.
Id
. The Village
also requests that PJI, not the Village, pay the cost of any additional monitoring.
   
BOARD DISCUSSION
 
As noted above, Section 14.2 of the Act prohibits any new potential route from being
placed within the minimum setback zone, 200 feet, of any community water supply well. 415

 
10
ILCS 5/14.2(a) (2002). Section 14.2, however, also gives the Board authority to grant
exceptions from the setback requirements to owners of a new potential route. 415 ILCS
5/14.2(c) (2002). The owner of a new potential route seeking an exception must file with the
Board and the Agency, show proof that each owner of an affected well was notified with a copy
of the petition, generally describe the potential impacts of the potential route on groundwater and
the affected well, and explain the technology that will be utilized to minimize the potential for
contamination.
Id
. The Board finds that PJI fulfilled these general requirements in the petition.
 
The Board further agrees with the Agency that PJI has met its burden of proving, under
Section 14.2(c) of the Act, that: (1) compliance with the setback requirements of this Section
would pose an arbitrary and unreasonable hardship upon the petitioner; (2) the petitioner will
utilize the best available technology controls economically achievable to minimize the likelihood
of contamination of the potable water supply well; (3) the maximum feasible alternative setback
will be utilized; and (4) the location of such potential source or potential route will not constitute
a significant hazard to the potable water supply well.
 
Based on the record, the Board finds that PJI would suffer arbitrary and unreasonable
hardship if it was not granted an exception from the water well setback requirements. PJI
discovered that petroleum hydrocarbon contamination exists in a shallow aquifer underlying
PJI’s property and lies within 150 feet of the Village of Waterman’s community water supply.
Further, PJI cannot obtain an NFR letter from the Agency without remediating the
contamination. For these reasons, the Board finds that not only would PJI suffer hardship if it
were not granted an exception, but the Village of Waterman would benefit from the remediation,
as well.
 
The Board finds that, out of the possible remediation technologies presented, in-situ
bioremediation is the best available technology economically achievable to both achieve PJI’s
remediation goals and minimize the potential for contamination of the community water supply.
Out of the other possibilities that PJI explored, the pump and treat option is not technically
feasible, ERH has never before been utilized to remediate hydrocarbon contamination in a
shallow aquifer, and moving the municipal well would cost at least three to four times the cost of
in-situ bioremediation. In addition, the installation of an additional monitoring well between the
area with currently impacted groundwater and the municipal well will provide the opportunity
for early contaminant detection to minimize the likelihood of contamination of the potable water
supply.
 
The Board finds, as the Agency notes, that “the maximum feasible distance is, by
necessity, the same proximity as the contaminants in the groundwater to be remediated.” The
record indicates that the edge of the plume closest to the municipal well is approximately 60 feet
away. From the known geology of the site, and the shallow aquifer to be remediated does not
appear to be hydrogeologically connected to the deep aquifer that supplies the community
drinking water. Given these factors, the Board finds PJI has shown it will utilize the maximum
feasible alternative setback to remediate the contamination.
 
Finally, the Board finds that the “new potential route” required to remediate the site
would not be a significant hazard to the community water supply. As discussed above, the

 
 
11
shallow aquifer to be remediated does not appear to be hydrogeologically connected to the
aquifer from which the community water supply well draws its water. The Board also
incorporates as a condition to the exception, the requirement that PJI install an additional
monitoring well between the area currently contaminated and Well #2. As explained in is post-
hearing brief, PJI will bear the costs of installing the additional well and of associated
groundwater monitoring and sampling.
 
Accordingly, the Board finds that PJI has met its burden to of proof under Section 14.2 of
the Act and the Board grants the requested water well setback exception subject to the conditions
stated in the order. PJI will be required to execute a certificate of acceptance of the conditions.
 
This opinion constitutes the Board’s findings of fact and conclusions of law.
 
ORDER
 
The Board grants Paul Johnson, Inc. (PJI) a water well setback exception from Section
14.2 of the Environmental Protection Act to utilize in-situ bioremediation via the direct push
Geoprobe method for the property located at 340 West Adams, Waterman, DeKalb County,
subject to the following conditions:
 
1. PJI must continue bioremediation activities until groundwater sampling results
show no exceedence of any Class I potable resource groundwater quality standard
(35 Ill. Adm. Code 620.410) or applicable remedial objective pursuant to 35 Ill.
Adm. Code Part 742, for a minimum of two consecutive quarters as provided in
PJI’s groundwater monitoring plan (Pet. Exh. 1, Att. C).
 
2. PJI must install an additional monitoring well between the area with the currently
impacted groundwater and the Village of Waterman’s municipal well #2. PJI
must perform monitoring before beginning bioremediation to establish
background groundwater quality, and on a monthly basis for a period of three
months following the first and final treatments. PJI must monitor the
groundwater quality at the additional monitoring well for the presence of
hydrocarbon degrading bacteria, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrate-nitrite, and
ortho-phosphate. PJI must submit the analytical results of groundwater sampling
to the Environmental Protection Agency and the Village of Waterman on a
monthly basis.
See
Pet. Br. at 3..
 
3. PJI must maintain the maximum setback practicable between its bioremediation
activities and the Village of Waterman’s well #2.
 
IT IS SO ORDERED.
 
If Paul Johnson, Inc. (PJI) chooses to accept this exception subject to the above
conditions, PJI must, within 45 days after the date of this opinion and order, file with the Board
and serve on the Agency a certificate of acceptance and agreement to be bound by all the terms
and conditions of the granted exception. PJI must forward the certificate to:

 
 
12
 
Charles W. Gunnarson
Division of Legal Counsel
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
1021 North Grand Avenue East
P.O. Box 19276
Springfield, Illinois 62794-9276
 
The certificate must be signed by an officer of PJI authorized to bind PJI to all of the
terms and conditions of the final Board order in this matter. The form of the certificate follows:
 
CERTIFICATE OF ACCEPTANCE
 
I (We), __________________________________________, having read
the opinion and order of the Illinois Pollution Control Board in docket PCB 05-
109, dated May 19, 2005, understand and accept the opinion and order, realizing
that this acceptance renders all terms and conditions of the water well setback
exception set forth in that order binding and enforceable.
 
Petitioner: PAUL JOHNSON, INC.
 
By: _________________________________
Authorized Agent
 
Title: _______________________________
 
Date: _______________________________
 
Section 41(a) of the Environmental Protection Act provides that final Board orders may
be appealed directly to the Illinois Appellate Court within 35 days after the Board serves the
order. 415 ILCS 5/41(a) (2002);
see also
35 Ill. Adm. Code 101.300(d)(2), 101.906, 102.706.
Illinois Supreme Court Rule 335 establishes filing requirements that apply when the Illinois
Appellate Court, by statute, directly reviews administrative orders. 172 Ill. 2d R. 335. The
Board’s procedural rules provide that motions for the Board to reconsider or modify its final
orders may be filed with the Board within 35 days after the order is received. 35 Ill. Adm. Code
101.520;
see also
35 Ill. Adm. Code 101.902, 102.700, 102.702.
 
I, Dorothy M. Gunn, Clerk of the Illinois Pollution Control Board, certify that the Board
adopted the above opinion and order on May 19, 2005, by a vote of 5-0.
 
Dorothy M. Gunn, Clerk
Illinois Pollution Control Board
 

Back to top