RECEIVED
BEFORE THE ILLINOIS POLLUTION CONTROL
BOARD
CLE1~K’SOFFICE
BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF SOUTHERN
ILLINOIS UNIVERSITYGOVERNING
SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY,
EDWARDSVILLE
Petitioner,
ILLINOIS ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY,
Respondent.
)
NOV 032004
PCB 02-105
(NPDES Permit Appeal)
NOTICE OF FILING
Dorothy Gunn, Clerk
illinois Pollution Control Board
James R. Thompson Center
Suite 11-500
100 West Randolph Street
Chicago, IL 60601
Carol Sudman
Hearing Officer
illinois Pollution Control Board
1021 N. Grand Ave. East
P.O. Box 19274
Springfield, IL 62794-9274
Joel A. Benoit
MOHAN, ALEWELT, PRILLAMAN & ADAMI
First ofAmerica Center
1 N. Old Capitol Plaza, Ste. 325
Springfield, IL 62701
KimL. Kim
Southern Illinois Universit~jEdwardsville
Office of the General Counsel
Rendleman Hall, Room 3311
Edwardsville, IL 62026-10 19
PLEASE TAKE NOTICE that I have today filed with the Office of the Clerk of the
Pollution Control Board an original and four (4) copies of the AGENCY RESPONSE
TO
SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY
AT
EDWARDSVILLE’S REQUEST
TO PRODUCE
DOCUMENT, REQUEST
TO ADMIT,
AND INTEROGATORIES of the Illinois Environmental
Protection Agency, a copy of which is herewith served upon you.
ILLINOIS ENVIRO
R~ECTIONAGENCY
y._________________________________
Sanjay K. Sofat, Assistant Counsel
Division of Legal Counsel
Dated: November 1, 2004
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
1021 North Grand Avenue East
Springfield, Illinois 62794-9276
(217) 782-5544
THIS FILING PRINTED ON RECYCLED PAPER
v.
STATE OF ILLINOIS
Pollution Control Board
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
1
~CE~VED
CLEFIK’S OFFICE
BOARD OF
BEFORETRUSTEES
THE
OF SOUTHERN
ILLINOIS POLLUTION
)
CONTROL BOARD
p~
NOV03
lNO~
2004
ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY GOVERNING
)
OdI(
SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY,
)
EDWARDSVILLE
)
)
Petitioner,
)
)
v.
)
PCB02-105
)
(NPDES Permit Appeal)
ILLINOIS ENVIRONMENTAL
)
PROTECTION AGENCY,
)
)
Respondent.
)
ILLINOIS EPA’S
RESPONSE
TO
PRAIRIE RIVERS
NETWORK’S
INTERROGATORIES AND DOCUMENT REQUEST
NOW COMES the Respondent, the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (“Illinois
-
EPA” or “Agency”), by one of its attorneys, Sanjay K. Sofat, Assistant Counsel and
Special Assistant Attorney General, and pursuant to the Illinois Pollution Control Board
(“Illinois PCB” or “Board”) Regulations at 35 Ill. Adm. Code 101.614, 101.616,
105.202(a)-(b), and 105.204(b), the Illinois Code of Civil Procedures, the Illinois
Supreme Court Rules, and the Hearing Officer’s Order dated August 12, 2004, hereby
responds to the Board of Trustees of Southern Illinois University Governing Southern
Illinois University at Edwardsville’s (“Petitioner” or “SIUIE”) request to produce
documents, request to admit, and interrogatories with regard to this proceeding and the
issuance of NPDES permit 10075311.
GENERAL
OBJECTIONS
The Illinois EPA objects to each of the Petitioner’s request to produce documents,
request to admit, interrogatories, definitions, and instructions to the extent that,
2
individually or cumulatively, they purport to impose upon the Illinois EPA duties or
obligations which exceed or are different from those imposed upon the Illinois EPA by
the Illinois Administrative Code and the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure.
The Illinois EPA further objects to each of the Petitioner’s request to produce
documents, request to admit, interrogatories, definitions, and instructions to the extent
that they call for attorney-client communications between or among Illinois EPA’s
counsel, attorney work product, or any other privileged matters.
THE AGENCY’S
RESPONSE
TO
SOUTHERN
ILLINOIS
UNIVERSITY
AT
EDWARDSVILLE’S REOUEST
TO PRODUCE
ARE IN
BOLD LETTERS:
The answers to the request to produce are made by Blame Kinsley, Unit Manager, Bureau
ofWater, Illinois EPA, in accordance with his Verification below. The objections to the
request to produce are made by the Illinois EPA’s attorney, Sanjay K. Sofat.
1.
All documents submitted by SIUE to IEPA concerning orrelating to SIUE
obtaining a NPDES permit for the cooling plant.
See the Agency
Record. Blame
Kinsley.
Objection: Section 40(d) of the Illinois Environmental Protection Act
(“Act”) requires the Board to base its decision “exclusively on the record
before the Agency including the record of the hearing.” 415 ILCS 5/40(f)
(2002).
2.
All documents submitted by JEPA to SIUE concerning or relating to SIUE
obtaining a NPDES permit for the cooling plant.
See the Agency
Record. Blame
Kinsley.
Objection: Section 40(d)
ofthe Illinois Environmental Protection Act
3
(“Act”) requires the Board to base its decision “exclusively on the record
before the Agency including the record of the hearing.” 415 ILCS 5/40(1)
(2002).
3.
All documents in IEPA’s possession or control concerning or relating to ShE
obtaining a NPDES permit, including, but not limited to, drafts ofdocuments,
notes ofJEPA employees, and internal communications.
See
the Agency Record. Blame
Kinsley.
Objection: Section 40(d) of
the Illinois
Environmental Protection Act
(“Act”) requires the Board to base its decision “exclusively on the record
before the Agency including the record ofthe hearing.” 415 ILCS 5/40(1)
(2002).
4.
All documents the IEPA will attempt to introduce into the record at any time.
See
the Agency Record. Blame
Kinsley.
Objection: Section 40(d) of
the Illinois
Environmental Protection Act
(“Act”) requires the Board to
base its decision
“exclusively on the record
before the Agency including the record ofthe hearing.” 415 ILCS 5/40(1)
(2002).
5.
Legible copies ofall JEPA reviewerhandwritten notes included in the “record”
filed by IEPA.
See
the Agency Record. If Petitioner
still has problems reading
the Illinois
EPA engineer’s notes, the Agency is willing, to make the original notes
available for Petitioner’s review. Blame Kinsley.
6.
All reports ofany Supreme Court Rule 2 13(g) witnesses.
Objection: Not applicable.
Section 40(d) of the Illinois Environmental
Protection Act (“Act”)
requires the Board to base its decision “exclusively
on
the record before the Agency including the record of the hearing.” 415 ILCS
5/40(1) (2002).
7.
All documents the JEPA relied upon in making its final decision
See
the Agency Record. Blame Kinsley.
Objection: Section 40(d) of
the
Illinois Environmental Protection Act
(“Act”) requires the Board to base its decision “exclusively on the record
before the Agency including the record of the hearing.” 415 ILCS 5/40(f)
(2002).
4
8.
All documents identified in IEPA’s answers to interrogatories.
Not
applicable.
THE AGENCY’S RESPONSE TO SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY AT
ED
WARDS
VILLE’S REQUEST TO ADMIT
ARE
IN BOLD LETTERS:
The name ofthe Illinois EPA employee making response to the question is provided at
the end ofthe response. A Verification from each of the respondent is enclosed.
1.
SIUE’s lake is not used as a source ofdrinking water.
Admit. Therese Holland.
2.
SIIJE’s lake is located on property owned by SIUE
Admit. It appears from the information available to
the
IEPA that the lake
in question
is located
on SIUE
property.
Blame
Kinsley.
3.
SIUE’s lake was constructed for the purpose ofproviding a source ofwater for
SIUE’s cooling plant.
Deny. The Illinois EPA has no direct knowledge that SIUE constructed the
lake to provide a source of water for SIUE’s cooling plant. Blame Kinsley.
4.
Section 302.211(e) has not been previously applied via a NPDES permit to a
discharge ofheated water into a lake, other than artificial lakes.
Deny. The Illinois EPA
has indeed applied 302.211(e) to heated discharges
into a lake via NPDES permits. Blame
Kinsley.
5.
The potential, detrimental impact to a water body which may be caused by
discharging water whose temperature is greater than set forth in Section
302.211(e) is affected by both the volume ofheated water discharged and its
temperature.
-
It is true that the volume and temperature of the discharge is needed
information in determining potential detrimental impact on a water body.
5
The nature, size, and temperature ofthe receiving water body are important
factors in determining the potential detrimental impact of a discharge on a
water body. Bob Mosher.
6.
Where the receiving body of water for a discharge ofwater exceeding the
temperatures set for in Section 302.211(e) for any month in a river, it is not
possible to determine whether a violation ofSection 302.2 11(e) is occurring
without monitoring water temperature at representative locations in the main
river.
-
Deny. It
is
not true that river temperature must be known when assessing
302.211(e) attainment because if no mixing
zone
is
granted, river
temperatures at all points must meet the water
quality standard.
Bob
Mosher.
7.
Special condition 2 of the NPDES permit states that the thermal limitations are to
be met “at the edge ofthe mixing zone.” Admit or deny that testing at a point
representative ofthe discharge, but prior to entry into SIUE’s lake, will provide
no information concerning whether thermal limitations are met at the edge ofthe
mixing zone.
Deny. No
mixing zone was granted to the SIUE discharge, end-of-pipe
thermal limits were
established in the permit. Testing at a point
representative of the
discharge
will therefore supply all needed thermal data.
Bob Mosher.
8.
Testing a point representative ofthe discharge, but prior to entry into SIUE’s lake,
will provide no information concerning ShE’s lake’s temperature.
Deny. Testing at a point representative ofthe discharge will indicate
whether the SIUE Lake’s temperature will or will not exceed water quality
standards and thus the permit limit. Again, this is so because there is no~
mixing zone granted. Bob Mosher.
THE AGENCY’S RESPONSE TO SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY AT
ED
WARDSVILLE’S
INTERROGATORIES ARE IN BOLD LETTERS:
The name ofthe Illinois EPA employee making response to the interrogatory is provided’
at the end ofthe response. A Verification from each ofthe respondent is enclosed. The
Illinois EPA’s attorney, Sanjay K. Sofat, makes the objections to the interrogatories.
6
Identify
every IEPA employee who had any involvement with SIUE’s NPDES
permit application or the IEPA’s decision to issue the NPDES permit at issue, and
as to each person identified, set forth their involvement in the permitting process.
Bob
Mosher:
Water
quality standard related issues.
Fred Rosenblum:
Permit Engineer
2.
Identify all Illinois facilities (by name and address) with NPDES permits
regulating the discharge ofheated water, other than those facilities discharging
heated water into streams, rivers, Lake Michigan, or artificial cooling lakes. As to
each facility identified, set forth where the facilities NPDES permit requires that
water temperature be monitored to determine compliance with Sections 302.22 1
(d) and (e).
The information requested requires the Agency to review a list of over 300
dischargers to determine which ones fit the criteria listed above. Once the
facilities are identified a review of each and every permit file must be
performed to determine how the dischargers are to comply with 302.211(d)
and (e). Blame Kinsley.
.
Objection: .The request is overly broad and thus, unduly burdensome. In
the alternative, the Illinois EPA is willing to provide access to the
information on Illinois facilities meeting the criteria described above for the
Petitioner’s review.
3.
To the IEPA’s knowledge, have Sections 302.2 11 (d) and (e)’s temperature
restrictions been previously applied to facilities discharging heated water into
lakes, other than artificial cooling lakes? Ifso, identify each facility and the lake
into which it discharges.
Yes. See attached list. Blame Kinsley.
4.
Identify all Illinois facilities with NPDES permits regulating the discharge of
heated water into rivers and streams. As to each facility identified, set forth
where the facility’s NPDES permit requires that water temperature be monitored
to determine compliance with Sections 302.211(d) and (e).
The information requested requires the Agency to review a list of over 300
dischargers to determine which ones fit the criteria listed above. Once the
facilities are identified a review ofeach and every permit file must be
performed to determine how the dischargers are to comply with 302.211(d)
and (e). Blame Kinsley.
Objection: The request is overly broad and thus, unduly burdensome. In
the alternative, the Illinois EPA
is
willing to provide access to the
7
information on Illinois facilities meeting the criteria described above for the
Petitioner’s review.
5.
Does the IEPA contend that 35 Ill. Adm. Code 302.211(e) applies to lakes? If so,
set forth where (including depth at location(s) identified) in the lake the IEPA
contends watertemperature is to be monitored, the basis for the IEPA’s
contention, and identify all guidelines, regulations, manuals, or other authoritative
sources which support the IEPA’s contention.
Yes, 302.211(e) applies to lakes. All
waters of lakes are subject
to this
standard unless a mixing zone has been granted. If a mixing zone were
granted, monitoring conditions would be specified in the permit pertaining to
the location, depth, frequency and number ofsamples to show compliance.
with the permit limits. The Illinois Environmental Protection Act and the
Illinois Pollution Control Board regulations give the Agency authority to
establish monitoring requirements in NPDES permits. Bob Mosher.
6. The IEPA’s January 2, 2002, letter accompanying the NPDIES permit at issue
states, in part: “Also, for clarificationpurposes, temperature monitoring will be
required at a point representative ofthe discharge(s) but prior to entry into Tower
Lake.” Identify all guidelines, regulations, manuals, or other authoritative sources
which support this directive.
The Illinois Environmental Protection Act and the Illinois Pollution Control
Board regulations give the Agency authority to establish monitoring
requirements in NPDES permits. Bob Mosher.
7.
Regarding “Special Condition 2” ofthe NPDES permit, identify which provision
ofSection 302.211 defines the mixing zone.
No Mixing
zone
is
granted in the permit. Monitoring for compliance with the
temperature limit is to be accomplished at a location in the effluent before
discharge to the lake. Bob Mosher.
8.
Describe the method(s) the JEPA uses or approves offor testing the temperature
of lakes. As to each method described, identify all guidelines, regulations,
manuals, or other authoritative sources which support the IEPA’s use or approval
ofthe method.
The method for measuring temperature in
lakes depends on the purpose
for
which it is measured.
See Attachment
A for the Illinois EPA methodology
for performing temperature profiles. Also
see
Attachment B for USGS’s
-
field methods. The Illinois Environmental Protection Act and the Illinois
Pollution Control Board regulations give the Agency authority to establish
monitoring requirements in NPDES permits. Therese Holland.
8
9.
Identifyby name and address all the facilities required by their NPDES permit to
comply with 35 Ill. Adm. Code 302.211(e) at a point prior to the heated water
being discharged into the receiving water body.
The information requested requires the Agency to review a list ofover 300
dischargers to determine which ones fit the criteria listed above. Once the
facilities are identified a review of each and every permit file must be
performed. to determine how the dischargers are to comply with 302.211(e)
at the end ofpipe. Blame Kinsley.
Objection: The request is overly broad and thus, unduly burdensome. In
the alternative, the Illinois EPA is willing to provide access to the
information on Illinois facilities meeting the criteria described above for the
Petitioner’s review.
10.
Identifyby name and address all facilities required by their NPDES permit to
comply with 35 Ill. Adm. Code 302.211(e) at the edge ofa mixing zone lOcated
in the receiving body ofwater.
The information requested requires the Agency to review a list of over 300
dischargers to determine which ones fit the criteria listed above. Once the
facilities are identified a review ofeach and every permit file must be
performed to determine how the dischargers are to comply with 302.211(e)
at the edge of a mixing zone. Blame Kinsley.
Objection: The request is overly broad and thus, unduly burdensome. In
the alternative, the Illinois EPA is willing to provide access to the
information on Illinois facilities meeting the criteria described above for the
Petitioner’s review.
11.
For each “lay witness”, as that term is defined in Supreme Court Rule 213(1)(1),
identify the lay witness and identify the subjects upon which the lay witness will
testify at the hearing.
1. Bob Mosher- the water quality standard related issues.
2. Blame Kinsley- the permit conditions related issues.
3. Fred Rosenbium- the NPDES permit in question
4.
Ten Holland- Aquatic life in lakes; methods of measuring
temperatures in lakes
12.
For each “independent expert witness” as that term is defined in Supreme Court
Rule 213(f)(2), identify the independent express witness and identify the subjects
on which the independent witness will testify and the opinions the IEPA expects
to elicit from the independent expert witness at the hearing.
9
None
13.
For each “controlled expert witness” as that terms is defined in Supreme Court
Rule 213(f)(3), identify the controlled expert witness, his or her employer, arid
identify: (I) the subject matter on which the witness will testify; (ii) the
conclusions and opinions of the witness and the bases therefore; (iii) the
qualifications ofthe witness; and (iv) any reports prepared by the witness about
this permit appeal.
1. Bob Mosher- Illinois EPA:
(i) the water quality standard related issues;
(ii) water quality standards apply to waters of the State including lakes,
location of the monitoring point to show compliance with the water
quality standards is the end of pipe, where no mixing is allowed;
(iii)Maters Degree in Zoology
(iv) Not applicable
2. Blame Kinsley- Illinois EPA:
-
(i) the NPDES permit conditions related issues;
(ii) water quality standards apply to waters ofthe State including lakes,
location ofthe monitoring point to show compliance with the water
quality standards is the end ofpipe, where no mixing is allowed;
(iii) Engg
(iv) Not applicable
3. Ten Holland- Illinois EPA:
(i) the effects oftemperature on aquatic system in lakes related issues;
(ii) the method for measuring temperature in lakes depends on the
purpose for which it is measured.;
-
(iii) Masters Of
Art
Degree in Environmental Studies;
(iv) Not applicable
14.
Ifthe body ofwater to which heated water is discharged is a lake (other than Lake
Michigan), set forth the monitoring procedure (including the locations and depth
temperature must be monitored) to determine compliance with Section
302.211(d). Identify all guidelines, regulations, manuals, or other authoritative
sources supporting your answer.
Temperature profiles would be collected at a location in the lake unaffected
by the thermal discharge. The profiles would include depth and season.
Some lakes receiving thermal effluents may not contain areas ofnatural’
background temperatures. Bob Mosher.
Respectfully submitted,
10
Date: November 1, 2004
1021 North Grand Avenue East
P.O. Box 19276
Springfield, Illinois 62794-9276
(217) 782-5544
11
ILLINOIS ENVIRONMENTAL
AGENCY
Sanjay K. Sofat
Special Assistant Attorney General
STATE OF ILLINOIS
)
)
SS
COUNTY OF SANGAMON
)
VERIFICATION
Blame Kinsley, being duly sworn, states that he is the Unit Manager ofWater Pollution
Control Program, Illinois EPA; that he is duly authorized to provide the foregoing
answers to request to produce documents, request to admit, and interrogatories on behalf
of Illinois Environmental Protection Agency; and that he makes said answers based upon
his personal knowledge, his review ofdocuments that he reasonably believes to be
accurate, and information provided to him by other section units that he reasonably
believes to be accurate.
Blame Kinsley
Subscribed arid sworn to before me, a notary public in and for said County and
State, this
______
day ofNovember 1, 2004.
UNDA J LAWS
,
~ NOT~Y
~.muc.
STATE OF WNO
.
My commission Expires:
/ ~
/~~boi
12
STATE OF ILLINOIS
)
)
SS
COUNTY OF SANGAMON
)
VERIFICATION
Bob Mosher, being duly sworn, states that he is the Manager ofthe Water Quality
Standards Section within Water Pollution Control Program, Illinois EPA; that he is duly
authorized to provide the foregoing answers to request to produce documents, request to
admit, and interrogatories on behalf ofIllinois Environmental Protection Agency; and
that he makes said answers based upon his personal knowledge, his review ofdocuments
that he reasonably believes to be accurate, and information provided to him by other
section units that he reasonablybelieves to be accurate.
Bob Mosher
Subscribed a~dsworn to before me, a notary public in and for said County and
State, this
______
day ofNovember 1, 2004.
0 ary u
f
OFF2CgAL
U~3D~JLA~
SEAL
I
~
.
My Commission Expires:
/ ~-
/ ~
13
STATE OF ILLINOIS
)
)
.
SS
COUNTY OF SANGAMON
)
VERIFICATION
Ten Holland, being duly sworn, states that she is the Environmental Specialist ofWater
Pollution Control Program, Illinois EPA; that she is duly authorized to provide the
foregoing answers to request to produce documents, request to admit, and interrogatories
on behalfofIllinois Environmental Protection Agency; and that she makes said answers
based upon his personal knowledge, his review of documents that she reasonably believes
to be accurate, and information provided to her by other section units that she reasonably
believes to be accurate.
Therese Holland
Subscribed and sworn to before me, a notary public in and for said County and
State, this
______
day ofNovember 1, 2004.
OFFICIAL
SEAL
UNDA J LAWS
NOTARY PUBLIC, STATS OF tUNOIS
MYCOMM*SSIOC~E~WIRES:I2/2$~
.
/
)
My Commission Expires:
/
2/c257O~S’
14
STATE OF ILLINOIS
COUNTY OF SANGAMON
)
)
SS
PROOF OF SERVICE
I, the undersigned, on oath state that I have served the attached AGENCY
RESPONSE
TO SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY AT ED
WARDSVILLE’S
REQUEST TO PRODUCE DOCUMENT, REQUEST TO ADMIT, AND
INTEROGATORIES upon the persons to whom it is directed, by placing a copy in an
envelope addressed to:
Dorothy Gunn, Clerk
Illinois Pollution Control Board
James R. Thompson Center
Suite 11-500
100 West Randolph Street
Chicago, IL 60601
Carol Sudman
Hearing Officer
Illinois Pollution Control Board
1021 N. Grand Ave. East
P.O. Box 19274
Springfield, IL 62794-9274
Joel A. Benoit
MOHAN, ALEWELT, PRILLAMAN &
ADAMI
First ofAmerica Center
1 N. Old Capitol Plaza, Ste. 325
Springfield, IL 62701
Kim L.Kirn
Southern Illinois University Edwardsville
Office ofthe General Counsel
Rendleman Hall, Room 3311
Edwardsville, IL 62026-1019
and mailing it from Springfield, Illinois on November 1, 2004, with sufficient postage
affixed as indicated above.
~—Ic\LTh
I~Rt~-
I
SUBSCRIBED AND SWORN TO BEFORE ME
this day of November 1, 2004.
Notary Public
:~
BRENDA
OFFICIAL
BOERNER
SEAL
Z
THIS FILING PR~TED ON RECYC~
?MY A~’~~tCOMMISSIONPUBLIC, STATEEXPIRESOF11-14-2QQ5~~ILLINOIS
15
LIST
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10/14/04
PAGE;
1
ACTr.t 5252C5TRIALS
WITH NPDES TEMPERATURE REQUIR52~S
0
QL
FACELITY NAME
NPDES
R~IVIR2O0.TERS
PIPE PIPE DESCRIOTLIN
PARA.’OCTLR
P0.OC 114 AV(Q) 196 8O~Q) LW P08(C)
124 AV(C) 196 P02(C)
REQ BOOTHS
.
REPORT EEYY’/VEV/EE?
REPORT
EERYYY’STYYEY
REPORT
YEYRYY’SSYYTY
REPORT
EEYYYYEYEEYE
REPORT
REPORT
NNNNNYY’52NNN
REPORT
REPORT YEmNNNNYSY
REPORT
REPORT WNNNNS’/SENNN
REBOOT
REPORT YYIYYNNNNEYY
REPORT
REPORT NNNNNYYVENNN
REPORT
REPORT
EYEYENNNNERY
REPORT
REPORT
HNS8NVYYYYNNN
REPORT
REPORT
EYEYNNNNNRRE
REPORT
TVEYYITYYYYY
REPORT
YRTOTSYTTEEY
‘
A~L~
I~L c1~0 ~
J~~I~I~f.r4tiJ111±111 111111~ IuIIIJ± ~1I..
10/14/04
PAGE;
2
ACTIVE INDUSTRIALS WITH HEIDI TEMPEROTERE REOQIREMENTS
0*
IL
PACILITY NAME
NPIEI
RECIIVING HATERS
PIPE PIPE DESCRIPTION
PARAMETER
IO,OC LII AV(Q)
LII 001(0)
LII
Ml4)C)
LII AV(C)
LM 041(C)
REQ MONTHS
0020 MAIN CONDENSER CN
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DEG.
PARR 0
REPORT
111 YYYYYYOQYYYT
ROll MACN CONDENSER CW
TEMPENATIRE,
WATER
PEG. EARN 1
102
111 YYYYYYYOYYYY
ARENEN ENERGI—MENIDOSIA
01.0000114 ILLINOIS RIVER
0010
COND
COOLING UNITS 1,2,3
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DEG.
PARR
1
REPORT IEEYYOYIYEIY
AMEREN ENEROI-PINCEO4EYV ILLE
ILEO7G006
THIN
TO WALNOT CREEK
0010
COOLING T041 NE4M150
EQ DRAINS
TEMPENATENE,
WATER
lEG. PARR 0
REPORT
IYYITEYIYIIY
5520 EVAPORATIVE
COOLERS NLOWDOWN
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DEC. PARR 1
NEP000
UIIYIIYIYYIY
P,MERENOE—VENICE
PONER PI.RNT
11.0110171 M05115SIPPI
NINTH
0030
CONDENSER
CN,PEMP LIOE,CAISSON TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DEC. PARR 1
REPORT
UIEYYIYYOYYY
0040 CONDENSER CN,PEMP LQRE,CAISSON TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR 1
REPORT IEQYYYUYYYYY
A CL AMERGEN0020
QISCNARGEENERGY
CO,LLC-CLINTONFLUME
EL5G36R19(~T~~TEM
RE7~~RAER lEG. PARR 1
REPORT
110.7 IYYYEYTSYYSY
OMEROCK CORPORATION
1L0012344
NORTH RRARCN KENT CREEK
OHIO ROOP DRAINAGE;
NC
COOLING WTR
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
DIG.
PARR
1
REPORT
EIIYEITGYIIY
0040 ROOF DRAINAGE;
NC COOLING 14TH
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DEl.
PARR 1
REPORT UIYIEYIEYIQY
SI4STED RURGESS NORTON
1—GENEVA
1L003633G
POE RIVER
0010 OPPICE A/C,RLO DWN,PERE TEIT N TEMPERATURE,
MATER
DEC. PARR 1
REPORT OETEEEIIYEOI
0020 NCCW;PIRE
TEIT
NTR;ECE MACNINE TEMPERATURE,
MATER
lEG.
PARR
1
REPORT OIYEIYYTUEOE
ARSTER INDUSTRIES—PLART
2
01.0040221
STORM SENER TRIR TO MILL CREEK
0011
NCCW,
ROlLER RD,SOP’ENER HASTE TEMPERATURE,
MATER
lEG. PARR 1
REPORT IITYIQYYTVYY
ARSS4ET ELECTRICAL
1L000404U WILEY CREEK
0010 NON-CONTACT COOLING HATER
TEMPERAUQRE,
WATER
lEG. PARR 1
REPORT IIIYYTEYYIQY
ARONEM CORPORATION
11.0004012 UPRING CREEK;
HARLEY CREEK
0010 CONTACT COOLING HATER;
SN
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
DEC. PARR 1
REPORT ITYYYEYYOYTY
ANN PIPELINE CO—REW WINDSOR
IL006012R
PARNER RUN CREEK
0000 ROlLER RLOWOOWN E FLOOR DRAINS TEMPERATURE,
MATER
lEG. PARR 1
REPORT YYYYYYYYIOYY
ARTIOON PACKING HOUSE,
INC.
1L0S10173
STORM SEWER TREN TO POE RIVER
0010 NON-CONTACT COOLING MATER
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
DEG. PARR 1
REPORT YIYYSEYYIYYY
ARCHER DAREELS MIDLAND COMPARY IL0044ONO TRIR TO SORTN PORE SARGAO41N RIVER
0000 NCCW A MISC. AUIOILLARY STREAMS TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DEC. PARR 1
REPORT YYYYIYYSYTYI
ARCHER DARIELS MIDLAND-PEORIA
IL0001O3O ILLINOIS RIVER
0020 NON CONTACT COOLING MATER;
SW
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
DEG. PARR 1
REPORT TYYYYTEIYYSY
— ~i: ii::
I::
--
- -
10/14/04
PACE;
3
ACTIVE INDISTRIALS WITR NPDES TEMPERATURE REQUIREO41RTS
O
CL
PACILITY NAO4E
NPDES
RECEIVING WATERS
PIPE PIPE DESCRIPTION
PARAMETER
O4LIC EM AV(0( 0.04 000(0)
LII P10(C) EM AV(C( LII 000(1)
REQ MONTHS
0040 NON CONTACT COOLING MATER
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
DEO. PARR 1
REPORT TIVEIVESYTVE
ARCHER DARIELS MIDLAND—QUONCY
IL0003UHH MISSISSIPPI
RIVER
0010 NONCONTACT COOLING WATER
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
DEC. PARR 1
REPORT IIVETYTYYYII
APO4STRONG WORLD INDUSTRIES
11.0002330
SOLDIER CREEK
0010 CONTACT COOLENG HATER
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
EEG. PARR 1
REPORT IYIYTYTYTYYT
ATWOOD MORILE PRODUCTS
ELHI6OS3S
ROCK ROVER
0010 NOW-CONTACT COOLING MATER
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
DEO. PARR 1
REPORT TITYITYTTYYT
AENRET MANUFACTURING,
INC.
1L003R121 TRIR TO KISHMAUREE
RIVEN
OO1N N0NC0NTACT
COOLING MATER
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR 1
REPORT TIOYIYIYETSY
AURORA TEXTILE FINISHING
1L0015057
POE RIVER
0010 NCCW A INCESS WELL PEMPAGE
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
DEG.
PARR 1
REPORT YTYYYSYTTYOY
ANT SARLE LIQUID PROPUCTS,
LP
ILOO2HNR1
ILLINOIS ROVER
0020 COOLING TOWER RD,NACEMASN,DR
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR 1
00
03 NNRTTSYYTYSN
GO1H
COOLINO TONER RD,RACEMASH,DR
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG.
PARR 1
HO
RI STI7ONNNOUG404Y
AVERTINE RENEWARLE ENERGY
EL0001HR3
ILLINOIS ROVER
0010 TR PROCESS,COOLE HG WTRS,RR,SW
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
lEG. PARR 1
REPORT TYVESYOYRYYY
0020 NON-CONTACT COOLING MATER
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
EEG. PARR 1
REPORT TYTYYI’CETTYT
RAM. HORTICULTURAL CO.-W CWICA EL0004712 CRESS CREEK
0010 RRP, PLT IRRIGATION A WATERING TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR 1
REPORT YTYSTYTSYSTY
RANK OP WAUKEGAS4—NEST SIDE
1L0070025 SEOKIE ROVER
0010 NON-CONTACT COOLING MATER
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR 1
REPORT YSYTTYYYEYYE
RARRER-COLMAS4
COMPANY-LOVES
PK IL00034HO
LOVES PARE CREEK TRER TO ROCK RIVER
0010 NOR-CONTACT COOLING MATER; SW TEMPERATURE,
MATER
DEG.
PARR 1
REPORT TTVEYIYYYYYY
OSlO WON-CONTACT COOLING MATER; SW
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. EARN 1
REPORT VE1YT’OYIYTYT
0130 NON-CONTACT COOLING MATER; SW TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR 1
REPORT TYYTT~RYYTYYY
0040 NON-CONTACT COOLING MATER; SW
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR 1
REPORT EYEYYYY’ITIIY
0010 NON-CONTACT COOLING MATER; SN TEMPERATURE,
MATER
lEG. PARR 1
REPORT TYSYTRYTYTIY
0060 NON-CONTACT COOLING MATER; SW
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
DEC. PARR 1
REPORT EYTSYYYPTYYY
NAPNEO INTERNATIONAL
1LG100077
KERT CREEK
0010 NONCONTACT-COOLI WG MATER
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR 1
REPORT TYYEYYYYYYYY
RILTRSTE METAL PRODUCTS.
INC.
1L0210124
LITTLE INDEAR CREEK
0010 NONCONTACT
COOLING WREEN
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
DIG. PARR 1
REPORT TTYTTYYYEYYO
NLACNPORS,
INC-NEST CNICAOO
ILOOE74ON
STORM SEWER TRIR TO NRESS CREEK
11. I.±~1±I111 - I
80/14/04
PAGE;
4
ACTIVE INDUSTRIALS
WITH NPIES TEMPERATURE REQUIREMINTS
O
01.
PACELITY NAME
NODES
RECEIVING WATERS
PIPE PIPE EESCREPTION
PARAMETER
PO.OC EM AV(Q( EM 000(0)
EM 004(C) EM AV(C(
EM P11(C)
REQ MORTHS
ROEO NONCONTACT COOLING NATIP; SW
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DIG. PARR 1
REPORT ETTETTYTTEUT
RLACEMAWE MOLDING CIMPART
:1.0000021
SALT CREEK
0010 NON-CONTACT COOLING MATER
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR
YTYTTTTTTTTT
0010 NON-CONTACT COOLING MATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG. PARR 1
REPORT TETTETETETTE
0010 NON-CONTACT COOLING MATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DEC. PARR H
NNNTYTTTISEM
0010 NON-CONTACT COOLING MATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG. PARR H
TTINNNNNWONT
ROMRARDIER—WAUEE OAR
IL00022H7 ~~~RSOR
(LAKE MICWIGAR(
0010 NON-CONTACT COOLING WATER
T1111ERATO
,
ER PEG. PARR 1
REPORT YTTTTTSTTYTT
0070 NON-CONTACT COOLING WATER
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PlO. PARR 1
REPORT YTSTTYSTTYTY
0080 NON-CONTACT COOLING MATER
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR 1
REPORT SEETY1YTTSTY
0140 NON-CONTACT COOLING MATER
TEMPERSTURE,
MATER
OEG. PARR 1 -
YESTYITTYSEP
NP NAPERVILLE COMPLEX
flOO4SS41
NEST NRRNCH OP PUPAGE RIVER
0010 NOS-CONTACT COOLING MATER
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR 1
REPORT ITYYTSTYYTTY
NP PRODOCTS—MOOD
RIVER
11.0000031
PCSSISSEPPO RIVER
0020 W SURGE POND EMERGENCY CVE.SFLO TEMPERATURE,
MATER
DEG. PARR I
REPORT
TITTYTTOYSTY
HRANCNPIELS CARTING COMPARY,IN :1.0210171 INNPS4EP TRIR TO EDWARDS RIVER
0010 NOR-CONTACT COOLING MATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DEG.
PARR 1
REPORT
YTTTSSTYYTOY
RVE TECRNOLOGIES COMPARY
:1.0074349
UNNAMED TRIO TO EISWWAUKEE RIVER
0010 NON—CONTACT
COOLING WATERS
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
DEG.
PARR 1
REPORT TEITTESTYTEY
CM. PRODUCTS,
INC.
:LEOHH31O
UNIOAMED TRIN OP PLINT CRERE
0011 NON-CONTACT COOLINI MATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG. PARR I
REPORT TUTTTTTTTTTT
CARNURT AIASIS USA LLC-ROCEPOOD IL5503RHR
ROCK RIVER VIA DRAINAGE DITCH
0020 NONCONTACT
COOLING WATER; SW
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
DEG.
PARR 1
REPORT
TT1ETTYTTTTT
CARAL RARGE INC.-CMP.NNARON
:LOO2RSHO
112 PLAINKS RPVER
REDO STEAM CONDENSATE
T1100ERATURE,
MATER
PEG.
PARR 1
REPORT
EOTTT0YYTTTY
0020 STEAM CONDENSATE
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR 1
REPORT YSITYSTYYYVE
CARGIL MEAT—RERADSTOWN
LI023R14 ILLINOIS RIVER
A010 NCCW,SW, INTERNAL
OETPSLT.
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR H
REPORT YTETITTEYTTY
CARGILL INC. SOERERE PLANT
::000HO57
CALUMET RIVER
0010 INDUSTRIALR
SAR WWR TARS :RAIN TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR 1
RE!ONT ETYETSTSYTYY
CARGILL,
INC.
Z.000S077 SUGAR CREEK
0010 NON-IUNTACT
COOLING MATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG. PARR 1
REPORT TTTTYETTETSY
CARMI CITY POWER PLANT
=0030488
LITYLE MARASW ROVER
5/
- ii: -
:::
---
- ACTIVE ISPUSTRLSLS WOTO NPPES TEMPERATURE- REQUIREMENTS
O
IL
FACILITY
WANE
NPPES
RECEIVING WATERS
PIPE
PIPE PESCRIPTION
PARAS4ETER
I4LOC EM AV(Q( EM PN(O(
0010 GENERATOR COOLING WATER;OVERPL TEMPERATORE,
WATER
PEG. PARR
0010 DENERATOR COOLING WATER;OVERPL TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG. PARR 1
0020 ONCE—THROUGH NC COOLING WATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG. PARR
0020 ONCE—TWR000W NC COOLING WATER
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
DEG. PARR 1
CARUS
CNEMICRL—LASALLE
1L0002H23 LITTLE VERMILION RIVER
0010 SOUTF8 LAGOON PISCWARGE
TEMPERATIRE,
WATER
PEG. PARR 1
CATERPILLAR INC.-MAPLETON
IL000183R ILLINOIS RIVER
RIb
NCCW (PORMER OREN)
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DEO. PARR 1
HEIR NCCW (FORMER 0008)
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR H
ROb
NCCW (FORMER OOIR)
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR H
CATERPII.LAR INC—PONTIAC
ILOORO3HN VERMILION RIVEN
0010 RON-CONTACT COOLING MATER
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR 1
CATWOLIC DIOCESES OP ROCEPORP
ILOO71RDO MANNING CREEK TRIR TO KIONNAUREE
NV
0010 NON-CONTACT COOLING WATER; SW
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG.
PARR 1
CCL CUSTOM MAO4UPACTURINO,
ONC.
IL00041H2 GRAPE CREEK VIA SNNPO4EP PITCH
0020 REVERSE OSMOSIS & NC COOLING
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
DEG.
PARR N
CENTER POINT PROPERTIES
IL0001341 SUINIIT—LEONS PITCH
0020 NONCONTACT
COOLING AWl STRMWTR TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR 1
0031 NON-CONTACT COOLING MATER; SW
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR 1
CENTRAL ILL LIGHT CO-DUCK CE
IL0055H2O ILLINOIS RIVER VIA PUCE CREEK
0020 COOLING POND OVERFLOW
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG.
PARR 1
CENTRAL LAEE COUNTY JAWA
ILGOHN951 SKOKIE PITCH
0010 NON-CONTACT COOLING WATER
TEMPERATUBE,
MATER
P
. PARR 1
I
CENTURY0010
NON-CONTACTTOOL
ARD MANUFACTURINGCOOLING
MATER
ILRG73505TEMP STORNWATER
,
NATRER’IENTION
POND
1
CP INDUSTRIES
— PERU
IL00017N3 ILLINOIS RIVER
0020 NON-CONTACT
COOLING MATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG.
PARR 1
CF INDUSTRIES
INC—KINGSTON TIR ILOOHRS72 INNRPOEP CREEK TRIR TO ILLIN050
NVR
0010 NON-CONTACT COOLING WATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG. PARR 1
CP INDUSTRIES
INC—SENECA
1L00H9281 ILLINOIS RIVER
0010 RCCW,GW,SEPTIC
LEACW PEELP,SW
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR 1
CF
INDUSTRIES—CO WOEN TERMINAL
ILRO4NTO4 KASEASKIA RIVER
10/14/04
PAGE;
5
EM 004(C)
EM AV(C( EM 101(C(
REQ MONTHS
REPORT
TYTYYTYYEYTY
REPORT
TY3TYTTYTYYY
REPORT
YYYTYTTSTYTT
REPORT
YETTYTTYTYTY
REPORT
EYYYYEYYYTTT
REPORT
TYTTYYTYYTYY
NNNEEEEEYYYN
REPORT
YTTETYYYTYYY
REPORT
YYYYYYYYYYTT
REPORT
EYEYYEE3TYYY
REPORT
YTYTETTYTYTY
REPORT
YYEYYIYUEITE
REPORT
YEYTY0YYYEYY
REPORT
YYYYYEEYYYYY
REPORT
YTEYVEYYEYTY
REPORT
YYYYYYYYYYYY
REPORT
- TTYYYTTYYTYE
REPORT
TYYEYEEEYYYY
B~1Nh~Iy.
~
PACILITY NAME
NPDES
RECEIVING WATERS
PIPE POPE DESCRIPTION
PARAMETER
841CC EM AV(Q( LII 011(0)
5010 NON-CONTACT COOLING MATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG.
PARR 1
CPC INTERNATIONAL-CO IERIC HGTS 1LG2501R3 STATE STREET PITCH TRIR TO THORE CK
001K NCCW;
ROOF RUNOFF
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG.
PARR 1
CNEMTOOL, INC.
1LG250003
ERAINAGE DITCN
0010 NCCW;
SW
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DEG.
PARR 1
CWOCAOO COKE CCMPART
1L0001593 CRLOMNT RIVER
0040 NC COOLING,SN,GR OUNU NTN
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR S
CHICAGO SON TIMES RUILDISG
1LG255110 CHICAGO RIVEN
0000 NON-CONTACT COOLIUG MATER
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR 1
CHICAGO TRIRUNE—TR101NE
SQUARE ILOSUOLD2 CNICAOO RIVER
0010 NON-CONTACT COOLING WATER
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR 1
CHICAGO-DRARE
AIRPORT CITY OP
IL000SSN3 CRYSTAL CREEE
NODS WILLOW CREEK RACNGROOWP DATA
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG.
PARR I
Nob
SENSENVTLLE
lITER RACEGROUND
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
DEG.
PARR I
WQ3O NESSEOPPTLLE
PITCM OORMSTREAR
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG.
PARR N
CR0 ACQUISITION CORP
1L0001R78 STATE STREET PITCH TO THORN CREEE
ASiA NON-CONTACT COOLISG MATER
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR 1
CELCO—EDWARDS
IL000193G ILLINOIS RIVEN
0020 CONDENSER COOLISG WATER
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG.
PARR
0020 CONDENSER COOLING WATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DEG.
PARR C
0020 CORPENSER COOLING WATER
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG.
PARR 1
0020 CONPENSER COOLING WATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG.
PARR 0
0020 CONDENSER COOLING WATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG. PARR 0
CIVIC OPERA RUILPINO
ELG25002U SOOTH RRARCH CHICAGO RIVER
0010 NONCONTACT COOLING WATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG. PARR 1
CLARN IL MPG CO-ROCEPORS
1L0559598 STORM SEWER
REDO NON-CONTACT COOLISG WATER
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR 1
0030 NON-CONTACT COOLISG MATER
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
DEG. PARR 1
CLIMATE CONTROL, INC.-IIERTER
ILOGHH34R SPRING CREEK
0010 NON-CONTACT COOLING MATER
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR 1
CNO AMERICA LLC-NURE RIOOE
1L503UR25 PLAGG CREEK
5010 NON-CONTACT COOLISG WATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG. PARR 1
CNN AMERICA LLC-EAST OCLINE
IL000401H MISSISSIPPI ROVER
10/14/GO
PAGE,
H
ACTIVE INDUSTRIALS
WITH NPPES TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENTS
O
QL
EM 008(C)
EM AV(C( LII ME(C(
REQ MONTHS
REPORT
EYTYTYYEYUYT
REPORT
YYYYYYEYYTUY
REPORT
YYYYYEETETEE
REPORT
EUEYYEESYYEY
REPORT
IT1YYETYUYYY
REPORT
TYYTETYEYEYY
REPORT
TYTYTEYTYTEY
REPORT
UTEEEEEEVEEY
REPORT
TYEYYYYYYTYY
REPORT
TYEYYYYYETEE
N
YEYYYTETYTTT
REPORT
YEYYYYETYTYT
REPORT
YYYEYTTTYYTT
93
NSSEYEETETER
63
YYSSD8NNNNNNY
REPORT
YTYTTEYTETTY
REPORT
YYSTSEYUYTUE
REPORT
ETTETEYTYTTY
REPONT
UYTYYEYEYTTY
REPORT
UYEYTTYYYTYY
77
~Sjhe~i~isI~
ppl
1 H II :i-~ 111111- _1_ —~ II --
10/14/04
PAlE;
7
ACTIVE
INIPSTRIALS
WITR NPPES TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENTS
O
QL
PACILITY PlANE
NPPIS
RECEIVING WATERS
PIPE
PIPE DESCRIPTION
PARA84ETER
MLOC EM AV(I( EM 001(0)
LM 008(C)
EM AV(C(
EM 001(C)
REQ MONTHS
0010 NCCH & STORM WATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG.
PARR 1
REPORT TYEYYEETYYEY
0020 NCCN & STORM WATER
TEMPERATORE,
MATER
PEG.
PARR 1
REPORT UYEYYYYYYYTT
0050 NCCW ARD STORMWATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG.
PARR 1
REPORT TYTTYEEYTYYU
COE—STARVED
ROCK LOCK ARP PAM ILGSSOO79 ILLINOIS RIVER
0010 NON-CONTACT COOLING WATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG. PARR 1
REPORT TYTETTYTITYT
COMDISCO-ROSEMON T
ILOOHOONH
STORM SEWER TRIN TO DESPLAISES
RVR
0011 NON-CONTACT COOLING WATER; SN
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG. PARR 1
REPORT TYYTYTYYYYYY
CONAGRA ENTEREATIOWAL—N
PEKINI
1L0073170
ILLINOIS RIVER
0010 NONCONTACT COOLING RATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG. PARR 1
REPORT
YYYTYYYYTYTE
COROCOPNILLOPS—W OOP RIVER
IL00051ON MISSISSIPPI RIVER
0010 TN PROCESS,
SARITART ARP SW
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR 1
REPORT
EYETTUYYTYUE
0011 TN PROCEGS,
SARITART ARP SW
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG. PARR 1
RIPORT YUETTUYYYYTT
0055 TR PROCESS,
SARITANT ARP SW
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
DIG. PARR 1
REPORT ETEETYSYTYTE
0021 TR PROCESS,
SANITARY ARP SW
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR 1
REPORT EYETTYTYTYUY
CONSOLIDATED
RISCUIT COMPANY
ILORNH3O3 STORM SENOR TRIN TO ROCK RIVER
0015 NON-CONTACT COOLING WATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEO. PARR 1
REPORT TYTTUTYTTYYY
CONTINENTAL TIRE—NT VEREON
ILUO3SUD7 CASEY FORE CREEK
0030 MIIING NON-CONTACT COOLING NTR TEMPERATURE,
MATER
DEG.
PARR 1
REPORT TY3YTYYYYYYE
COOE COMPOSITE&POLTR8E RS—LEMONT IL000SIUO PR DITCH TRIR TO ILL/MICR CARAL
0010 COOLING
TWR NP, NCCW,NOILIR NP TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG. PARR 1
REPORT TYYYTYYYYYYT
CGRECVA ENERGY COMPARE LLC
1L007443H MPSSISSIPPI
ROVER
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TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG. PARR 1
48 TYNNNNDNNNNN
0510 TOTAL PLANT EPPLUENT
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG.
PARR 1
ON NNNNNNDNNNNY
0010 TOTAL PLANT EPPLUENT
TEMPERATURE,
MATER
PEG. PARR 1
HO ND3N14O8NNNNNN
0510 TOTAL PLANT EFFLUENT
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG. PARR U
RN NNNNNNNNNDTN
0015 TOTAL PLANT EPPLUENT
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG. PARR 1
71 NNNYNNNRIO8OINN
0010 TOTAL PLP,S4T EPPLUENT
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DEG.
PARR I
78 N004NNNNNNTO08
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MATER
PEG.
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81 NNNNTRINWNNNN
0010 TOTAL PLART EPPLUENT
TEMPERATUPI,
WATER
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88 NDSNNUNNTNNN
0010 TOTAL PLANT EFFLUENT
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG. PARR 1
NO NNO8NNNYI14NNW
CORE PRODUCTS
INTERNATIONAL
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REPORT UTYEYOYYYYTY
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0010 NONCONTACT
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00/14/04
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DASCO
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REPORT YYYYETYTYESY
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1L000339S
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REPORT TYYTETYEYYEY
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5510 NONCONTACT COOLING WATER
T0011ERATURE,
MACER
CEO. PARR U
REPORT EYEYYTYUYEUY
0020 NONCONTACT COOLING WATER
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MACER
lEG. PARR E
REPORT YYYYYTTIYTTY
PEAR POOPS—PINON
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MACER
lEG. PARR 1
REPORT EYEUEUYYYTYY
PEAR POOPS—HURTLET
1L0003409 S NRARCN PZSMACNTT RIVER
0010 NON-CONTACT COOLING WATER;
SW
TEMPERATURE.
RUCER
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REPORT YYYYEYUUYYOT
DEAN POODS—RICKPORE
1L0003N41
NORTH ROLlER CT REST CREEK
SOON
NON-CONTACT
COOLING WATER
TEMPERATURE.
MACTA
DIG. PARR 1
REPORT YYYYETYTYTTT
PEAAI SPREEALTT
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ILIO3490N
PECATONICI, ACCTA
0010 NON-CONTACT COOLING WATER
TDEAERATURE,
MACER
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REPORT EYTYEYUOYEEY
DEERE WARVESTER MORES
IL0003O1N
MISSESSMPC PCRYR; NONEY CREEK
0010 NON CONTACT COOLING WATIR; SW
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T00GERSTURE, MACER
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REPORT YUUTIIYEETYT
0020 NON-CONTACT COOLING WATER
TUIEAERATURE,
MACER
DIG. PARR 0
REPORT TYTTTITEYTYY
DEL MONTE CORP—ME500TA
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RIVER
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MACER
lEG. PARR 1
REPORT YTYUUUYEEYYY
PEVLIEG-SUNDSTRA NP, INC.
ILOO37SR7
SISHWACNEE ACTOR
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COOLING MATER
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MACER
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REPORT TTTYTEYYUYYY
DIAL CORP-MONTGOMERY
11.0001899 OCLL CN~ CACS TO POl RIVER
0010 NCCW & STORMWATER
RUNOFP
T00CERATURE,
RICER
TUG. PARR 1
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300090
250929
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999
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910 99011003 23Y2003005 0100
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250990
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810199019
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022910 9091003 090092003 100 0100
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52915 9000—029 2020290 292020
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ACTIVE INURSTRIALS WITO OPPES TEMPERATURE REGUIREMENTS
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10/14/04
PAGE;
53
ACTIVE INDUSTRIALS HITO OPPES TEMPERATURE RECTCREAUI.’CS
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WATER
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IL0200L2N
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RIVER
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WATER
PEG. PARR 1
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WATER
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WATER
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INTIRS4ATEC INC.
1L0009545
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WATER
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INTERNATIONAL
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WATER
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WATER
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IL000SNO1 ILLINOIS RIVER
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IA. STEEL CHEMICALS, INC.
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WATER
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PARR 1
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WATER
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WATER
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TTTYYTTT’ISTY
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WATER
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TTTTYIYYYUUT
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WATER
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YTYTTUPUYIYY
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PACILITY NAME
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—
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PUPE PIPE DESCRIPTICS
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QL
PACTLITT NAME
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EM AV(C( EM 00(C)
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WATER
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PARR U
REPORT YTYYNTTYTYTY
ROOE PLASTIC PREDUCTS
ILRSNSRSN RENT CREEE
IllS
NOR—CONTACT COOLING WATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DEC. PARR S
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PSUEPURD ROLTNGTEEL—ROCEP ORE
IL52N0573 RUlE RIVER
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.
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
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PARR S
REPORT TYVETYTTYTTY
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ILSS73RRI RUIN RIVER VIA STUA14 SEHER
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TEMPERATURE,
WATER
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ACTIVE INDUSTRIALS
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TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DEC.
PARR S
REPORT NYVEYTTVEYVE
RICEPORE
PRODUCTS CORPORATION
ILUONIRRR ROCE RIVER
0010 NON-CONTACT COOLISS WATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DEC. PARR S
REPORT TYT000YYNTVE
ROCEPORE PRSGUCTI—PLSRT
#2
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RNOO NON-CONTACT
COOLERS WATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
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ROWELL
CHEMICAL CORPORATION
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SOUR WATER SOP’TENER,PROCESS ,NCCW,SW TEMPERATURE,
WATER
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WATER
DES.
PARR S
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RVR
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WATER
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TNVEYNTTVEVE
RUTSTER-ULSRE NITROGEN
IL0153000 HISSISSEPPE
RIVER
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TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DEC.
PARR U
REPORT
VEVEOVEVETYT
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5515 QUARTERLY STORMNATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DES.
PARR S
REPORT
RNVENNYVEYVE
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TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DES. PARR 5
REPORT
VEVETVEVEYVE
GERECA POODS CURP-PREICEVELLE
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0020 000CONTACT COOLING WATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DES.
PARR S
REPORT VETNYYTVEYVE
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TEMPERATURE,
WATER
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WATER
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WATER
DEC. PARR U
REPORT TYVEYVEVEYVE
IPRINSPIELD
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1LD5247N7 LANE SPRINGPSELP
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WATER
DEC. PARR U
500 TTTTYYTTNTVE
0025 DALEMAN U N S CONDENSER UN
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DEC.
P0145 I
SOR TRVEYYYVENVE
SRRO DALEMAN 3 CONDENSER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DES. CEI’T 2
VEVEYVEVENVE
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WATER
DEC. PARR U
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STATE STREET NARASEMENT—RICEP
ILGS0000S RICE RIVER
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AUTUVE INDUSTRIALS
WITH NPDES TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENTS
PAGE;
23
S
QL
PACILITY NAME
NPDES
RECEIVING NATERE
PIPE
PIPE DESCRIPTION
PARAMETER
PU.OC EM AV)Q( LII 00(5) EM 00(1) EM AU)C( EM 00)1)
REQ MONTHS
0550 101CONTACT—COOLI NC NATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DEC.
PARR S
REPORT TSYNYTYYYYNY
STERLING
STEEL CO LLC—STERLIRS
IL5550004 RICE RIVER
0520 TREATER SCR000ER WATER ND
TEMPERATURE, WATER
DES.
PARR 1
REPORT T001YTTVETTT
504R WEST PLANT RECIRCDLATIDN
RLSDN TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DES.
PARR 1
REPORT YYTTTTNNTNTN
STONE CONTAINER CORPORATIOH
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N
NCCW TEMPERATURE,
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DES.
PARR S
,
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SORTEC INDUSTRIES, INC.
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CONCRETE PLUME TRIO TO RICE RIVER
5515 NONCINTACT COOLING WATPR;
SW
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DEC.
PARR U
REPORT
TNTTTTTVEYNY
SSRSIPATR 00PICAL ENGSSTOIEI
1L5O75N45 WETLANDS AROUND N OR NIP RGINE CE
5515 CONTACT COOLING NATER
TEMPE
,
NAT
C.
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REPUNT
YNYYNYTTNNVE
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TEMPERATIRE,
WATER
DES. PARR S
““‘‘‘“‘
REPORT TETINTINTYNY
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IL5070ASO STORM GENER TRIO TI NEITR CREEE
lOSS NONCONTACT COOLING WATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DES.
PARR 1
REPSNT NTVETVEYYTVE
TEXTRON IRSI-CAMUAR
TAPTETE DIV 1L5574525 STORM SEMEN TRIO TO EISHOAUREE RVR
5015 001—CONTACT
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TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DES.
PARR U
REPORT YNYTYVENNOTY
TOTE CART CIMPARY
ILSSNTRSS RENT CREEE SOUTH
SOLO NURCUNTACT UUOLINC WATER
TEMPERATIRE, WATER
DEC. PARS S
REPORT INTYNTYTNYVE
TRESEH—PEOPLES
DUST ENERGY CO
1LO57074U LANE MICHIGAN
SOSO NON-CONTACT
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TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DES. PARR S
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5550 NON-CONTACT COOLEHS WATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DES.
PARR S
REPORT
TITYNTYTNYVE
U.S. ECOLOOY,
IRC.-SHEPPIELR
ILOONNS7N UNNAMED TRIO TO LANSON CREEE
0515 SEEPAGE COLLECTION STSTEM
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DES. CENT S
REPORT
TYVENVEVEYNY
100ERWEITERE LAAS—NURTRRROOE
IL055S730 W.P.N.RR.
CHICAOO RIVER
5010
WON CONTACT COOLING WATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
DES.
PARR U
REPORT NYVEYNNNNNTT
UNION SPECIAL CORPORATION
IL5553NNS RISNNAGEEE RIVER VIA STORM SEWER
SOUl NON-CONTACT COOLING HATER
TEMPERATURE,
HATER DEC. PARR U
REPORT YNTYITNITINY
ISP LLU—OCCOOE
ILSSNSSOR MCCOON-SI5REIT
DITCH
5505 NUNCUNTACT COOLING HATER
TEMPERATURE,
WATER
PEG. PARR U
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Page 24
A010 PORWERLN 050TPALL SEAS
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24
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PIPE PIPE DESCRIPTION
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777
ATTACHMENT A
DWPC Field QA Manual
Sec H
Lake Monitoring
Revision No 3
Daxe
Aug 1994
Section
60
Page
I of 3
6.0
FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND CALIBRATION PROCEDURES
Water quality parameters routinely assessed in the field as indicators of lake quality for
the IEPA Ambient Lake Monitoring program include:
pH
Secchi
Conductivity
Water Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen Alkalinity
With the exception ofSecchi transparency, all ofthe above parameters are collected at
each lake site and at the same depth where water samples are collected.
6.1
Field Calibration Procedures
Four waterquality parameters including ph, water temperature, specific conductance, and.
dissolved oxygen, are measured with a Hydrolab Corporation multi-parameter instrument
(4000 series, Surve~,’orII, Surveyor III, or Scout). Calibration procedures for the
Hydrolab 4000 series are described in detail in Section B ofthe DWPC QA and Field
Methods Manual.
Individual pH, specific conductance, or dissolved oxygen meters may also be used for
measurement ofin situ lake parameters when a Hydrolab is not available. Calibration of
each instrument is accomplished in accordance with the instructions provided by the
manufacturer. In the event a Hydrolab or other instrument is not available, pH and
specific conductance ofsurface and bottom samples may be requested from the
Laboratory.
6.2
Dissolved OxygenlTemperature Profile
In addition to the Hydrolab measurements made at the same depth where water samples
are collected, a dissolved oxygenltemperature profile is made as described below:
1. Measure D.O. and water temperature at the surface.
2. Measure D.O. and water temperature at 1 foot below water surface In
addition, also record pH and specific conductance at this depth.
3. Proceed at 2 foot intervals, using the marked Hydrolab cable to measure
depth, until the bottom is reached.
4. In addition at Site 1, a measurement at 2 feet above the bottom must be
made, as well as pH and specific conductance to coincide with depth of
the bottom sample.
ATTACHMENT B
Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations
of the United States Geological Survey
CHAPTER Dl
WATER TEMPERATURE—INFLUENTIAL
FACTORS, FIELD MEASUREMENT,
AND DATA PRESENTATION
By Herbert H. Stevens, Jr.., John F. Ficke,
and George F. Smoot
BOOK 1
COLLECTION OF WATER DATA BY DIRECT MEASUREMENT
science for
USGS
Back to top
a changing world
I
I
WATER TEMPERATURE
31
•
Field applications and
procedures
Accurate temperature data are essential in
order to document thermal alterations to the
environment caused by the activities of man
and by natural phenomena. This section on
field applications and procedures presents
guidelines for selection of suitable instru-
mentation and recommended procedures for
the collection of temperature data in streams,
lakes, estuaries, and ground water.
Streams
Objectives and accuracy requirements
A water-temperature station on a stream
may be part of a network of continuously re-
porting stations or a temporary station (con-
tinuous or intermittent) for special localized
studies, such as one fordefining the effects of
a heated discharge or areservoir release. The
water temperature reported for a station
should represent the stream’s mean cross-sec-
tional temperature except at sites where com-
plex temperature gradients exist. Generally,
the accuracy should be within 0.5°C;how-
ever, special studies may dictate greater or
lesser accuracy.
Selection of temperature measuring system
The type of temperature system to be used
on astream will depend upon the kind and fre-
quency of data being sought. Measurements
of surface temperature or temperature with
depth at irregular intervals may be sufficient
at some locations; however, at most locations
it is desirable to put in a permanent installa-
tion at which the temperature is monitored
continuously.
Hand thermometers used to obtain surface
observations of water temperature and to
check the setting of thermographs should be
mercury filled and accurate within 0.5~t.It is
essential that all hand thermomters be cali-
brated before use and checked periodically
during use with an ASTM standard or good-
grade laboratory thermometer. The recom-
mended procedures to calibrate a hand ther-
mometer are given in the section on opera-
tion, maintenance, and calibration of instru-
ments (p. 28-30).
The maximum-minimum thermometer (p.
24) is an inexpensive device for obtaining
temperature extremes but not their time of
occurrence. James Mundorif (written corn-
mun., 1973) has used the maximum-minimum
thermometer to obtain maximum and mini-
mum temperatures between observations at a
regular gaging station. A maximum-
minimum thermometer is placed in a 1-foot
(25-cm) length of 2½-or 3-inch (64- or 76-mm)
diameter galvanized pipe, such as that used
for gage-well intakes. This pipe can either be
threaded and capped, or, if 21/a-inch (64-mm)
pipe is used, be bored for cross-bolts at both
ends of the pipe. If the pipe is capped, it
should be perforated with holes to allow free
circulation of water. The encased thermom-
eter is placed in the stream near the edge of
water in the vicinity of the gage house and is
fastened to the gage house with a short length
of cable. The best location for placement is
where the water is flowing but where the de-
vice is somewhat protected.
Portable water-temperature-measuring
systems used for obtaining temperature pro-
files should be compact, rugged, and ac-
curate within 0.5°C.Most portable systems
utilize a thermistor as the temperature-sens-
ing element and use dry-cell batteries to
supply power needs. Both recording and non-
recording types are available. The tempera-
ture in nonrecording systems usually is ob-
tained directly from an electrical meter or
from a null-balancing system. Multi-
parameter systems incorporating measure-
ments of temperature, salinity, and con-
ductivity also are available. (See section on
portable recording thermometers starting on
page 26.)
The fixed water-temperature-measuring
system (thermograph) used at continuous-re-
cording stations should be stable and capa-
ble of sensing temperatures within 0.5°Cfor
extended periods of time. The thermograph
attachment on the Stevens A-35 water-stage
recorder has been widely used at gaging sta-
I
•
32
TECHNIQUES OF WATER-RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS
tions (Moore, 1963). This instrument is ac-
curate only within about 1°C,however. Tem-
perature measuring systems incorporating a
metallic resistance bulb are considered to be
the best because they have -a long-term ac-
curacy of about 0.3°C.Thermistor and ther-
mocouple sensors have an accuracy within
the required limits, but they tend to shift in
calibration with time..The temperature-meas-
uring system can also be part of a multi-
parameter water-quality data-collection sys-
tem (Cory, 1965; Anderson and others, 1970).
Analog-recording systems provide a pen
trace on a strip or circular chart, and digital
recording systems produce a punched-paper
or magnetic tape. (See p. 28.)
Site selection
When awater-temperaturestation is estab-
lished, whether it is to be a recording or non-
recording station, care must be exercised to
see that the site is suitable for observing wa-
ter temperatures. Water-temperature records
collected at gaging stations and at damsites
provide for convenient access and operation
but usually are not located on the basis of
their suitability as temperature-measure-
ment sites. The gr&atest problem at gaging
stations is that temperature measurements
are influenced by inflow from nearby up-
stream tributaries or reservoir releases. Wa-
ter temperatures of outflow at dams are usu-
ally measured within the scroll caseof oneor
more turbines, or at a gaging station a short
distance downstream from the dam. Tem-
perature data collected in the scroll case can
be significantly higher than the average of
the total outflow because of temperature
stratification in the forebay, heat generated
by turbulance, and heat conducted through
the turbine shaft and dam.
Water-temperature stations should be
located far enough downstream from trib-
utaries or reservoirs to ensure that the waters
at the station are completely mixed. Tem-
perature profiles throughout the cross sec-
tion at the proposed site should be made to
test for horizontal and vertical homogeneity.
(See page 33.) Checking the cross sectional
distribution at just one season of the year
maynot be sufficient. The greatest likelihood
ofheterogenity in a cross section occurs in the
summer when flows are extremely low. At
that time, depths are shallow, turbulent mix-
ing is of minimum intensity, and localized
heating of the water may occur.In the spring,
cool tributary water derived from snowmelt
maynot become completelymixed with main-
stem waters generally for long distances
below the tributary confluence.
Large streams may flow through zones of
different temperature regimes. In addition,
water flowing through secondary passages
where velocities are low, such as sloughs,
may gain or lose more heat than the main-
stem water thereby, creating temperature
gradients at the points of reentry with the
main stream. Because of such situations on
large streams, it maybe necessary to locate a
water-temperature station at a site where
temperature gradients exist. A special local-
ized study mayalso dictateasite where gradi-
ents exist; however, these sites should be
avoided whenever possible.
Some locations mayrequire more than one
temperature station to adequately define the
mean cross-sectional temperature. It is
recommended that two stations be installed
in the cross section whenever the horizontal
or vertical variation in the water tempera-
ture exceeds 2°Cmore than 5 percent of the
time. Some locations may require a period of
time to determineif two temperature stations
arenecessary; hence,it maybe desirable to in-
stall two stations immediately to insure prop-
er data collection. The second station can be
removed if it is later determined that it is not
required.
Sensor
location
Sensors for water-temperature or two-pa-
rameter (water temperature and specific con-
ductance) measuring systems are usually
housed in a perforated pipe mounted directly
in the streamfiow. The conductor wire from
the sensor to the recorder is shielded in a
metal conduit or plastic pipe.
The sensor must be properly located in the
stream channel ifthe temperature sensed is to
be representative of the mean water tempera-
ture in the cross section. The sensor must be
I
S
I
WATER TEMPERATURE
33
located in flowing water, but it also must be
adequately protected to minimize physical
damage, it should not rest on the streambed,
and itshould notbe in direct sunlight. Errone-
ous temperatureregistration mayresult ifthe
sensor is exposed to air or becomes covered
with silt or debris. Absorption of direct sun-
light can cause the streambed of a shallow
stream to be warmer than the water above it;
hence, asensor atthe bedmight registerhigh.
At a gaging station where both water tem-
perature and stage records are collected, the
sensor should not be located close to the still-
ing-well intake. Water in the gage wellcan be
several degrees warmer or cooler than in the
stream. Water leaving the gage well during a
rapid drop in stage could cause a temporary
error in the temperature record.
Sensors for multiparanieter water-quality
data-collection systems (including the tem-
perature sensor) are housed in aflow-through
chamber that receives a continuous flow from
a submersible pump. The pumped flow rate
must be sufficient to prevent water-tempera-
ture change. The-pump may be mounted in
the stream belowthe water surface by attach-
ing it to a float arrangement, which rises and
falls with the stage (Cory, 1965), or it may be
mounted on a platform anchored to the
streambed, as shown in figure 13 (Anderson
and others, 1970). The float-type mounting is
subject to damage by debris and ice. Divers
equipped with scuba gear can place pumps on
the bed; however, because this is expensive
forinstallation and maintenance, the stream-
bed-platform mounting is limited to wadable
streams. Both types of mountings can be
washed away.
Anderson, Murphy and Faust (1970) have
used astilling-well typeof pump facility. (See
fig. 14.) Pump servicing can be done on dry
landexcept during extremelyhigh water. The
advantages of easy eccess and servicing with
this type of pump facility are obvious; how-
ever, frequent cleaning of the stilling welland
piping are necessary to remove sediment.
High construction costs are an additional dis-
advantage. Existing structures, such as
bridge piers or concrete bulkheads, also can
be used to support a pumping facility. An
installation of thistypeis shown in figure 15.
Special procedures
Assuming that the objective in measuring
stream temperature is to collect data repre-
senting the stream’s cross section, particular
care has to be devoted to defining the mean
and to verification that the data collected in-
deed represent the mean. At this time the
reader should review the material on stream
temperatures presented in the subsection on
operation, maintenance, and calibration of
instruments (p. 28-30), noting definitions of
the terms “true stream temperature” (TST),
“temperature near sensor” (TNS), and re-
corder temperature (TRC). The following
paragraphs discuss in more detail the meas-
urement and computation of mean tempera-
tare (TST).
The temperature distribution should be
measured periodically throughout a section
that is as close as possible to the temperature
sensor in order to define any horizontal or
vertical gradients. The required frequency fer
the cross -section measurements, which
usually is low atmost stations whereTST can
be represented by a single water-temperature
measurement, is dictated by such factors as
tributary inflow, reservoir releases, climatic
elements, and channel geometry. At stations
where temperature gradients exist all or most
of the time, data will be needed as often as’
practicable to . accurately compute the
discharge-weighted mean temperature in the
cross section (TST) and relate it to TNS;
however, time, money, and measurement
procedures limit the surveillance activity.
Two methods can be used to obtain
temperature distribution data at a cross
section. Themost commonmethod consists of
obtaining vertical profiles by lowering the
temperature sensor to predetermined depths
at each ofseveral verticals across the section.
At most locations, 15 to 30 temperature
observations (5 depths at 3 to 6 verticals) will
be adquate; however, more observations may
be required in large streams where tributary
and secondary-channel flow is not wellmixed
with main-stem flow.In the othermethod, the
sensor is towed successively across the
channel at several different predetermined
depths. This method is the most satisfactory
S
I
I
34
TECHNIQUES OF WATER-RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS
Figure 13.—Platform type of pump support. Platform is anchored by driven rods. (From Anderson and
others.
1970, p.267.)
for large channels. Once the temperature
pattern is established at complex locations,
the number of observations may be reduced
by measuring at the most representative
verticals in the cross section.
A stream cross section in which~the
observed temperature distribution varies
over a 2.5°C range is shown in figure 16. The
subsection lateral limits are positioned half
way between each vertical. Normally, a loca-
tion with a temperature range of this magni-
tude would not be selected for a temperature-
measuring station, but the temperature-
observation data from this cross section are
ideal for demonstrating the cross-sectional
computation of the average temperature,
from the observations, the area-weighted
mean temperature, and the discharge-
weighted mean temperature.
The average temperature in the stream
cross section
(Ta)
is the summation of the
temperature observations (t0) divided by the
number of observations (n). The formula is
Ta=
-
(8)
n
The area-weighted mean temperature in
the stream cross section (Tam) is the summa-
tion of the products of the individual sub-
section areas (a) and average temperatures
(ta)
divided by the total cross-sectional area
(A).
The formula is
______
~ (a
ta)
-
(9)
A
The discharge-weighted mean tempera-
to
S
I
WATER TEMPERATURE
35
Figure 14 —Two examples of pumps supported within s~iHir~gwells. (From Anderson
and others, 1970, p. 268.)
ture in the stream cross section (Tqm) is the
summation of the products of the individual
subsection discharges (q) and average
temperatures
(ta)
divided by the total stream
discharge (Q). The formula is
2~(qt~)
-
Tqm
=
Q
(10)
An example of the computation ofthe cross-
sectional mean temperature of a stream by
the three methods is shown in table 5. The
computed means, based on the data from
figure 16, are 11.10°C by the observation-
averaging method, 10.82°C by the area—
weighting method, and 10.76°Cby the dis-
charge-weighting method. Since the
differences between the means computed by
the three methods are less than the 0.5°C-
instrument-accuracy requirement at most
locations, as in the above example, the pre-
ferred method of computation may vary
among data users; however, the discharge-
weighted mean is considered to be the best
method to use when discharge data is avail-
able. Discharge data is readily available at
.
I
I
36
TECHNIQUES OF WATER-RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS
Figure 15.—Facility using bulkhead for pump support (From Anderson and others, 1970, p 269.)
.
I
temperature stations~locatedat gaging sites,
but at otherlocations discharge data must be
obtained by measurements or indirect means.
When the observation-averaging method is to
be used, data should be collected
at
equal
depth intervals rather than by equal numbers
of samples. The equal-number sampling
program, as shown in figure 16, biases the
warmer, shallower areas.
Lakes
and
reservoirs
Objectives and accuracy requirements
Several applications are made of lake-
temperature data; consequently, several di.f-
ferent accuracy standards must be met. In
order to determine if a lake water is suitable
for swimming, water skiing, or fish-propaga-
tion, temperature-data requirements to
within
1°C
accuracy certainly are adequate.
Unless there are reasons to consider a parti-
cularly cold or warm inflow, these require-
ments also can be met by a measurement at a
single place on the lake surface, often near a
shore point.
However, for some kinds of computations,
such as evaporation measurement, much
more accurate measurements of lake-surface
temperature are necessary. In order to
accurately compute the vapor pressure and.
back-radiation terms of evaporation
computation it is necessary to know mean
lake-surface temperature within 0.5°C or
better, and it also is necessary to consider
areal variations over the surface. Energy
budget computations ofheat storageinalake
usually require measuring temperature at
points in a vertical to an accuracy of 0.1°C.
Service platform’
Supports
~,
:~
A
4:-b
~.
______
A ~4
A
.:~
~
:~- ~-.
.~—
6-in, electrical conduit pull box l9O~)
—
6-in. inner-diameter pipe
~
Minimum water level
1::
=
Intake tee with screen
a:--
£~- ~
A
I
WATER TEMPERATURE
37
Table 5.—Computation of the cross-sectional mean temperature of a stream by three methods
Subsection
No.
Mean
depth
(m)
Width
(m)
Area
(in4)
Discharge
(m’Vs)
Average
temperature
( C)
Area
times
temperature
Discharge
times
temperature
1
4.3
7.5
32.2
13.5
10.54’
339.39
142.29
2
7.8
7.5
58.5
34.7
10.50
614.25
364.35
3
6.4
7.5
48.0
26.4
10.58
507.84
279.31
4
3.4
7.5
25.5
12.3
11.04
281.52
141.31
5
6
2.4
1.2
7.5
7.5
18.0
9.0
7.7
2.7
11.74
12.93
211.32
116.37
90.40
34.91
Total
....
•...
191.2
97.3
..-~
2,070.69
1,05257
Mean tempera-
ture in ~
....
...-
....
lfl~Ø
°10.82
~10.76
iAyerage of
temperature
observations.
°Area-weightedmean
~Discharge-weighted mean.
Definition of mean lake temperature for
evaporation computations or temperature
modeling also requires a considerable degree
of accuracy. Thermal stratification patterns
must be measured to an accuracy of 0.1°Cif
such things as heat transfer through the
thermocline are to be computed. On the other
hand, if the only purposeofdefining tempera-
ture at depth is to approximate a model or to
estimate reservoir discharge temperature,
measurements to within
0.5°C
may be
suitable.
In some ‘lakes it is possible to ignore areal
variations, particularly thoselakes which. are
roughly circular in shape and which do not
have large littoral areas. However, in along
narrow reservoir or a very large lake, or in a
lake with large shallow areas near the shore,
Water surface
Cd,
w
iz
I-
w
z
LU
I-
U.
0
I
I.-
0~
LU
0
.
I
WIDTH, IN METRES
Figure 16.—Stream-temperature distribution in which thetemperature varies 2.5°Cthrough-
out the cross section.
I
38
TECHNIQUES OF WATER-RESOURCES rNVES’FIGATIONS
considerable variations in water tempera-
ture from place to place may be found at the
surface and at depth, and these factors must
be considered. If temperature modeling is to
be the objective, it is necessary to define the
extent of areal variations. However, for
evaporation computations by the energy-
budget method, it is necessary only to
measure temperatures at enough different
places to determinemean temperatures to an
accuracy of 0.1°C.
Selection of temperature measuring system
It is obvious that the type of measuring
system to be used on a lake will depend upon
the kind of data being sought, the purposefor
which the data are to be applied, and the
accuracy requirements of the data user. The
following paragraphs rather briefly describe
some of the systems that can be used for
measurements at a lakesurface and measure-
ments at depth, both single observation and
recording.
-
Measurements at the surface.—Simple
observations at the lake surface by an
observer can be done with a hand-held ther-
mometer. A liquid-in-glass, bimetallic, or
resistance-type thermometer will fill this
need. The instrument should be immersed to a
depth of from 1 to 5 centimetres, allowed to
equilibrate, and read with the bulb or sensing
unit in place.
When it is necessary to record temperature
at the surface continuously, liquid-filled,
thermocouple-, or thermistor-type ther-
mometers can be used. If the instrument is
installed on a raft that is anchored on a lake,
the liquid-filled system is particularly well
suited because its rathershort probe lead will
easily reach from the raft to the surface of the
water. When surface temperature is measured
at the face of the dam or on a pier at a reser-
voir that has a considerable stage fluctua-
tion, either the resistance-type or ther-
mocouple-electric thermometer systems will
work better because long leads can be better
accomodated.
Recording at
depth.—When the tempera-
ture at various depths is to be recorded, such
as to define thermal stratification, either
resistance-
or thermocouple-type ther-
mometers need to be employed. Several types
ofswitchingarrangements can be provided to
switch from sensors at one depth to another.
Below the surface, diurnal or even day-to-day
changes are relatively small. Therefore, if an
instrument is being used that makes only
single depth measurements at intervals, it
can be programed to measure below the
surface at 6-hour or greater intervals. Investi-
gators should remember that a.c. electrical
power usually cannot be supplied to a raft
station and that battery power must be used.
Solar panels can be fitted to the raft to extend
battery life between recharging.
Single observations at
depth.—With proper
equipment, it is relatively easy to measure the
temperature at different depths of a lake for
one-time or survey-type observations. These
are the types of measurements commonly
used in reconnaissance studies or by hydrol-
ogists making thermal surveys for evapora-
tion measurements. The resistance-typether-.
mometer, either recording or nonrecording,
can be lowered from the side of a boat and
read rather quickly at different points in the
vertical. These types of instruments either
can be equipped with recorders or the dial
readings can be written down.
The bathythermograph
(B-T)
can also
accomplish the job of obtaining a tempera-
ture profile from top to bottom. The B-T
simultaneously measures depth and tempera~
ture by pressure transducer and by metal or
liquid-filled systems. Readings are scribed on
a glass platewithin the instrument and must
be placed in a special viewer in order to be
read. Accuracy generally is within 0.5°C or
better.
Oceanographic techniques can be
employed to make rather precise measure-
ments of temperatures at depth in a lake.
Reversing thermometers, which are mercury
thermometers equipped with a special type of
curved tube, will provide readings within
0.01°C. Although these instruments are
extremely precise, they must be lowered into
place and brought back to the surface for each
depth at which a reading is made, or several
reversing thermometers may be rigged to the
same sampling line. For most uses, the addi-
I
I
WATER TEMPERATURE
39
tional
cost and inconvenience of the
reversing thermometer over the resistance-
type or thermocouple thermometer is not
necessary to obtain desired accuracy and is
not warranted.
Temperature-stratification patterns in
lakes during summer seasons will almost
always have warm water overlying cold
water. For this reason, the maximum-mini- I
mum thermometers can be used for single
observations of temperature and depth. For
example, if the temperature of a lake is 25°C
at the surface and its temperature at a depth
of 20 metres (66 ft) is desired, the maximum-
minimum thermometer can be zeroed and
lowered to 20 metres (66 ft). After allowing~
time for the instrument to equilibrate, it can
be brought to the surface, and the minimum
temperature shown on the instrument can be
assumed to be the temperature at depth of 20
metres (66 It).
No
necessaryto
measureinflexibletotemperatureconsiderrule existstheon forashapelakedecidingsurface.of
thewherelakeItis
surface, shape of the bottom, inflow and out-
flow patterns, accuracy requirements for the
data, and prevailing wind patterns.
For most needs, surface temperature can be
monitored at a single point. Generally, it is
preferable to locate the monitoring instru-
ment on araft near the centerofthe lake; how-
ever, in a small lake with variable wind direc-
tion, the instrument could be mounted on a
dam or at a shore installation. Inalargelake,
amultibasin lake, or one having a noticeable
prevailing wind direction, it may be
necessary to monitor temperature at more
than one surface location.
When studying temperature distributions
throughout a lake or reservoir, or sampling a
lake for mean temperature for evaporation
computations, it is generally recommended
that at least 20 stations on the lake be con-
sidered. A common way of locating the sta-
tions is to divide the lake surface area into
about 20 segments of about equal size and to
locate one sampling station in approxi-
mately the center of each station. This will
provide 20 measurements at the surface and
at shallow depths but will onlyprovide avery
few measurements at or near the maximum
depth of the reservoir. This technique is in
keeping with accuracy requirements because
there is considerably greater areal variation
in temperature at or near the surface than
there is at great depth.
Although a minimum of 20 stations is
recommended for most studies of variations
in lake temperature, in some lakes con-
siderably fewer will suffice. Crow and
Hcttman (1973) analyzed data from Lake
Hefner (Oklahoma) and determined that the
optimum number of stations is 5, and that
increasing the number from 5 to 19resultedin
an increase of accuracy of evaporation
measurement of only 1 percent.
Sensor location
The sketch in figure 17 shows a raft
assembly equipped with instruments for
measurement at the surface andat depth, and
for measurement of temperature of bottom
sediment. Surface temperature is measured
by a liquid-filled system having a probe only
about 2 metres long. The probe is fastened
beneath the raftwith adevice to hold itwithin
the top 10 centimetres of the water. This
instrument, located as shown, will give
measurements of surface temperature with
0.5°C and will record variations
continuously.
Temperatures at 6 points belowthe surface
in the vertical are best measured by, a
resistance-type recording thermometer.Lead
length for this type of intrument is not a
critical factor, and measurements at
intervals of several hours are considered to be
accurate enough.
Thermocouples are suited for use in the
probe set in the bottom sediments of the
reservoir. A switching arrangement must be
provided to measure the different ther-
mocouple voltages at different intervals. On
the instrument shown, no thermocouple
reference is necessary because the deepest
probe in the sediment can be considered as
the reference junction. The raft, as shown in
figure 17, is anchored by two different
Site selection
L
40
TECHNIQUES OF WATER-RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS
Raft
with
recorders
in shelter
__\_
ofsystemliquid-filled
—
rmocouples
thermistors
—
—
____________
_________
~hormocoupIos
Probe with
Figure 17—Raft assembly for measuring temperature at the surface and at depth, and for measurement of temperature
of bottom sediment in a lake.
anchors and anchor cables. This is necessary
to avoid twisting and tanglingofthe wires far
the depth- and sediment.temperature instru-
ments. However, if only the surface-tempera-
ture measuring equip~rientis used on the raft,
it may be possible to use only oneanchor and
anchor cable. It is desirable to include apiece
of chain and swivel at the top end of the
anchor cable, or a piece of chain between the
anchor and anchor cable.
Equipment formeasuring temperature can
be mounted on the face of adam in amanner
somewhat similar to the way it is mounted on
a raft. The sketch in figure 18 shows an
arrangement by which a floating apparatus
can be used to support a liquid-filled ther-
mometer used to measure surface tempera-
ture only. Such an arrangement will satis-
factorily provide a measure of temperature
within the top few centimetres. A ther-
mocouple or thermistor thermometer also can
be mounted on the dam to measure tempera-
ture at several water depths. If there is
considerable fluctuation in reservoir
elevation, one or more ofthe sensors may be
out of the water part of the time and be
measuring air temperature. At a dam
installation, prevailing winds may affect the
data, and the temperature at the dam maynot
represent the mean at the surface or at
different depths throughout the reservoir.
As mentioned previously, surface tempera-
tures at a shore installation can be measured
or some indication of temperature at depth
can be gotten by setting instruments on a
pier. Pier and shoreline installations should
generally be avoided but under some cir-
cumstances may be used as the only resort.
The largest potential problem of such an
installation is caused by effects of shoreline
currents and warming of water in littoral
areas. In other words, data from a shoreline
installation or from a shallow-water pier
installation probably do not represent the
conditions in the deeper parts of the lake.
Special procedures
Instrument calibration.—Calibration
requirements for the purpose of measuring
lake temperatures are very similar to cali-
bration requirements for other uses. (See p.
28-30.) Resistance-type recording and non-
recording instruments and liquid-filled
systems should be compared with a high-
grade mercury-in-glass thermometer. Resis-
tance-type instruments used fortemperature
surveys should be calibrated at two points
each time they are used and should have a
complete range calibration at least twice a
season. Liquid-filled recording systems
should be checked againstamercury-in-glass
I
I
WATER TEMPERATURE
41
thermometer each time the chart is changed.
Resistance or thermocouple units used to
measure and record temperature at several
depths should be compared with a profile
measured with a nonrecording resistance-
type thermometer.
Recording instruments located on a raft or
on the faceofa dam should be “calibrated”to
check forcomparisonwith the mean tempera-
ture in the lake.This can be done by a 20-point
survey of surface temperatures or oftempera-
tures at surface and at depth. If datafrom the
survey indicate that the temperature at the
recording station is consistently higher or
lower than the mean over the lake surface, it
may be necessary to consider other points of
measurement. The problem caused by a non-
representative station location can be
corrected either by moving the station, by
adding additional stations, or by
establishing (if possible) a calibration
relationship between the measured values
and true mean temperature.
Computing mean
temperature.—M
arty
types of lake studies require that mean
temperature of the water body be computed.
These computations usually are made from
the results of multiple-point surveys, as
described earlier in this manual. Figure 19
shows part ofa set offield notes from asurvey
I of Gross Reservoir; Cob. Intervals of the
depths of observations varied from 2.5 feet
(0.76 m) near the surface to 20 feet (6.1 m) at
greater depths. The far-right column of the
note sheet has been used to show the mean
temperature at each of the depths of
observation.
Data from athermal survey can be used to
compute total heat storage by the relation-
ship
(3
T~A~dz,
(11)
0 = heat storage in the
lake above a
uni-
form base temperature
of 0°C,
H
total depth,
c
= heat capacity of the water, usually
Small raft with liquid-filled
I
recording thermometer in shelter
I
I
Figure 18 —Device to attach instrument raft at face of dam.
42
TECHNIQUES OF WATER-RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS
‘~ro~c
f~ecervo,r
~24~J
____
~l~IL~
~
~PJj~~Ip2~
~iL~
-
~/9
‘#~
z
4—I
~
JI4~?
Iic74~
~z’;’
-,..-.~
Figure 19.—Part of a set of field notes from a temperature survey of Gross Reservoir, Cob.
assumed to be 1.0 calorie per °C
per cm3,
=
mean temperature over the hori-
zontal cross-sectional area of the
lake at a given level
z,
and
A2
= area of the horizontal cross-section
at a given level
z.
Solution of the above equation usually is per-
formed by dividing the lake into horizontal
layers and totaling
the products ofmean
tern-
perature and water volume for each layer.
Figure 20 shows a printout of the computer
computation of heat storage and mean tem-
perature in Gross Reservoir for the thermal
survey recorded in the notes
in
figure 19.
The example shown in figure 20 uses rather
unorthodox units for convenience. For
example, heat storage in each computation
layeris in acre-feet times °C,and total heat in
the reservoir is shown as 415,715 A-F X°C.
2-~-’
z”
/2
‘.7
a~L
Li~_~
L~3
LL1
LLL
~
?~i~.Z
L~?~L1.
/A~
~
/~.o
L&~2
.~i-.
1~1~
i~L~
J.~.j
7~~iii~
—.
7-
.I4~
Lf±
L~
~i$.
~i.i ~Zjc.c. Lii~_..
/~jJj_,’~Q~
~
L~LiL~
4~
k4~
1J4~
~
~
~
L~2J
LL~
j,~
J.~.9
‘~‘ ILg.~
/;~c~’3.~3
)4.’~-/~4’
,‘ç.ô
LL~
~
~j
/~ L~
jj~
ic
j~4
L~iL~1
i~ L~7 t’~i
L~L
~.?I~/?.7./~/3J-
L~4/2.7LZ~ ~
iLL. “.7~’
.~
~J ii.
1~iiJ ~
‘221/3.O
,~/~4-
~
~4iz~i
/i2~-
~
I~
LL~
~
I2~i~
L~
u~
C~_—
2~L
~
L~~Lc~
~
~JLiJ~
IL LL~~LT_IL~_
L’L~-~i~y~
.t2~
i?~i
‘°-~
i~
“. ~
~i.
—
—
j9ci
a2LF.~L ~
—
~
‘—-----1--—
~-----~--_
——
c~J
——
._~
i~
~7
9.3 j~
~
~
11I.z~
——
~
~o__-
—
-
L~_____.____
—-
—
—
÷.~
——
~
k—--
—
LEIT
~Ii.~’
7.7-
2L
i~-~
i~2
i~.
i,J_
7~L~
-~—-i-a~-
z~c~
—-
~.7 i;.2
/0
..
I
I
GROSS RESERVOIR
i~CBS=
29
0085
GHO
0.0
~72C1.41
3)
2.5 ‘7278.91
3)
5.’
,~
5.0 ~7276.4.1
.~
C
75
27273.91
4)
tO
-
s-i
2
10.0 -~7271.4l
a
~ 12.5 57268.91
~ 15.0 ~7266.41
a
~ 17.5 J263.91
S
oo
~°
20.0 i~7261.41
0)
o
I~
25.0 ~7256.41
to
a
.0
~ 30.0
0725141
a
LW
.0
0
°
35.0
—.7246.41
a
i’-’—’--
a
_______
________
_________
s-I
...—.-—--
~0
________
Th~o-o.o
~712L.41
-‘-4
5.4
4.)
-
~180.0
‘~7101.41
P
ii)
~‘2OO.0
.~7381.41
03
o
.0220.0
4.)
27061.41
0.
3)
~240.0
~?7041.41
r~’~~O.0
0
2702141
p295.4
o
~‘6986.01
41568.
415715.
AREA~
411.7 ACRES 0.16662E IISQUARE CM
HEAT=0.51278E I5CAL
ENERGY SrORAGE= 30775.CAL/SQCM
AVE TEf’9=10.000EGRCES C
Figure 20 —Printout of computation of heat storage arid mean temperature in Gross Reservoir, Cob.
The value of total heat in storage is shown temperature of 10.00°C was found by dividing
converted to 0.51278X10’5 calories, oramean the total heat (415,715 A-F X °C) by the
storage of 30,775 cal/cm2. Average volume of the reservoir (41,568 A-F).
43
I
I
WATER TEMPERATURE
THERMAL S0RVE~ (IF JULY
13, 1972
GHDAY= 7281.41
VOL VOLINC TEMP TEMINC HTINC
41568.
15.70
1021.
15.70 16034.
40547.
15.70
1004.
15.65 ~15713.
39543.
‘-‘
a)
15.60
0
,~
988.
~-‘15.55
~15359.
~j38555
.5)
1
15.50
4-)
‘1.4
4)
~‘C)
968.
~15.40
~L4914.
~3T587.
‘°
15.30
,,
w
C)
°
951.
~15.j5 ~j14413.
~36635 ~
15.00 ~.,
~ 93~.
o’4~70
.~13767.
3)
-~
14.40 ~
5)
s-I
;
921.
~14.20 ~13C82.
.034777
-
14.00
‘i.’
.5
a
~33872
•
~
906.
0
~
13.50
.0
~13.75
4)
—~12453.
5)
tO
.232107
•
~1764.
c
.,~
.11.80 ,.12.65~
222319.
.~11.45 ~19492.
.0
4)
w3O4OS.
:2
0
~ll.10
tO)
4)
.o1640.
~
~10.90 ~17875.
4.)
~28765
•
5)
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10.10
~
.~4
s
______
-
.0to
_________
_______
0)
~—-......-.--.
~.
s-I
a)
5-I
~ 4721. ...~
,.,
7.20
~,
4)
—4
~ 3138.
.5
3)1582.
0.
5-i
~i.to~
i.i
~ 7.15
-~
~~11313.
4.1
~.t213. ~
~ 7.05
2
8551.
1925.
0
~ 7.00 ~
4-)
‘5-4
4)
o
~ 880.
~
4-’
7.00
.,~
6157.
~ 1046.
.2
~ 7 00 ~
to
4-i
~ 581. ~
~ 7.00 ~ 4069.
‘~
464
• Ii
.0
0
7.00
~,
340.
~,
6.95
- ~
2362.
125.
Z
,-~
690
Z
C)
i-I
Z
o
o124.~
~
0.
‘
~ 6.90
~ 6.90 ~ 858.
44
TECHNIQUES OF WATER-RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS
Estuaries
Objectives and accuracy requirements
Water temperature in an estuary fluctuates
annually, seasonally, diurnally, and
spatially. Circulation and thermal patterns
vary from estuary to estuary. (See p. 12.)
Because of the complexities of the tempera-
ture gradients, a water-temperature-
reporting station on an estuary is usually
useful only for providing data for special
localized studies, such as defining the effects
of a heated discharge at a point within the
estuary. Generally, the accuracy of each
temperature reported should be within 0.5°C.
The collection of synoptic data over tidal
cycles is required to define thermal patterns
near a reporting station or to define longi-
tudinal temperature patterns within the
estuary.
Selection of temperature measuring system
Any portable water-temperature-
measuring system used in an estuary must be
accurate to within 0.5°Cand, because of the
complextemperature gradients, be capable of
responding to temperature changes rapidly
enough to permit the measurement of com-
plete vertical temperature profiles in a short
time. Most systems that meet these require-
ments utilize a thermistor as the tempera-
ture-sensing element and use dry-cell
batteries to supply power needs. Both record-
ing and nonrecordin~types are available.
In estuarine studies, multiparameter
systems incorporating measurements of
temperature and conductivity are often used.
Salinity data, determined from the tempera-
ture and conductivity data, facilitate the
analysis of estuary circulation patterns. In
the Columbia River estuary, a temperature-
conductivity-measuring
system and a
velocity system formeasuring velocity from a
moving boat (Prych and others, 1967) was
used to rapidly define velocity, temperature,
and salinity profiles throughout the total
depth. Outputs from the sensors were
recorded on magnetic tape with a system that
consistedof ascanning voltmetercoupled to a
tape unit. This magnetic-tape data-acquisi-
tion system permitted automatic data
handling but is bulky and requires a 110-volt
electricity supply.
The fixed water-temperature-measuring
system (thermograph) used at continuous
recording stations should be stable and
capable ofsensingtemperatureswithin 0.5°C
for extended periods of time. Temperature-
measuring systems incorporating a metallic
resistance-bulb sensor are considered to be
the best, and such systems can also be part of
a multiparameter water-quality data-collec-
tion system. (See p. 32, under “Streams.”)
Site selection
Most estuary water-temperature stations
are located at special study sites, and the
instruments are mounted on existing
structures. For water temperatures at a
station to most represent the thermal
patterns in an estuary,
the station should be
located in acentral location where the flow is
relatively deep and fast. Tidal flats and other
areas where velocities and depths are low
exhibit the greatest diurnal and wind-
induced temperature fluctuations (p. 13).
Sensor location
Sensors for water-temperature or two-pa-
rameter (water temperature and specific con-
ductance) measuring systems are usually
housed in a perforated pipe mounted directly
in the water, whereas sensors formultiparam-
eter water-quality data-collection systems
(incluthng the temperature sensor) are most
often housed in a flow-through chamber
which receives a continuous supply of water
from a submersible pump. The proper place-
ment of the sensor and (or) pumping systems
are described inthe section on streams. (See p.
32-33.)
Vertical temperature gradients can be
defined with multisensor or multipump-
intake systems at several points in the
vertical.Anderson, Murphy, and Faust (1970)
used motor-operated ball valves to direct the
inflowing samplefrom different points in the
depth to the sensor unit. Cory and Nauman
(1968) used a tnultiparameter system that had
a floating pump with an intake 1 foot below
I
.
WATER TEMPERATURE
45
the water surface and a temperature sensor
fixed 1 foot above the bed. When multisensor
or multipump-intake systems are used,
digital recorders coupled to programable
servo-drive mechanisms are used for
recording each sensor output. (See p. 28.)
Special procedures
-
Temperature sensors are nearly trouble
free; however, in the saltwater environment
of an estuary, continuous maintenance is
required to insure proper operation of
recorders and other types of sensors
(Nauman and Cory, 1970). Condensation of
water vapor in the marine environment
causes a salt film to deposit on all equipment.
The salt accelerates corrosion of mechanical
parts and electrical contacts, thereby
creating
mechanical binding and increased
electrical resistance (Bromberg and
Carames, 1970).
Observers should follow the same main-
tenance and calibration procedures as given
in the section on streams (p. 33). An estuary
station will require more frequent servicing,
including the washing of sensors with fresh-
water to prevent the buildup of salt deposits,
to assure the collection of continuous and
accurate temperature data. The complex
temperature gradients prohibit the deter-
mination of the mean cross-sectional water
temperature inmost estuaries; however, the
thermal patterns near the reporting station
may be defined by the collection of synoptic
profile data over tidal cycles.
Ground water
Objectives and accuracy requirements
As with streams, lakes, and estuaries, the
accuracy required for ground-water-tempera-
ture measurements depends upon the
intended use of the data. If the measure-
ments are made to determine suitability of the
water for domestic, municipal, or industrial
use, an accuracy of 1°C is adequate. A
standard laboratory mercury thermometer
that is accurate to 0.5°Ccan be used for this
purpose. Other more sophisticated instru-
mentation generally used in ground-water
studies is usually accurate to less than 0.1°C
(Sass and others, 1971).
In many studies that involve determining
rate and direction of ground-water move-
ment from temperature data, the accuracy of
the absolute temperature is not of great
I importance, but a high level of precision is
needed to accurately measure temperature
gradients. It is possible under ideal condi-
tions to measure water temperature with a
precision of 0.0005°C.However, a practical
limit for the precision of water temperatures
measured in boreholes has been found to be
about 0.01°C(Sorey, 1971). This appears to be
adequate for most purposes. If higher pre-
cision is required, it may be attainable by
using extreme care both in calibration of the
temperature detector and in application to
field use.
Selection of temperature measuring system
The kind of measuring system to use will
depend upon the problem at hand, the
accuracy requirements, the frequency of
sampling, and the location of the data points.
In some instances, it may be desirable to
install a temperature recorder. In other
instances, a single measurement at a given
location is adequate.
There are several different ground-water
temperature detectors, including, for
example, mercury thermometers, ther-
mocouples, and resistance thermometers.
The thermistor, and type of resistance ther-
mometer, is frequently used in borehole ther-
mometry. Perhaps the simplest and least
expensive equipment for measuring ground-
water temperature with accuracy sufficient
for many purposes is the mercury ther-
mometer. A standard laboratory partial-
immersion mercury thermometer can be used
to measure the temperature of water dis-
charging from wells or springs.
A good device for temperature measure-
ments just below the water table in boreholes
or wells is the maximum-minimum thér-
mometer (p. 24), which costs only a few
dollars, is readily available, and is easy to use.
It is especially useful for reconnaissance
.
.
46
TECHNIQUES OF WATER-RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS
work, in which an accuracy of about 0.5°C is
adequate and only one or two readings in a
well are needed. One disadvantage is that
continual raising and lowering of the
thermometer to get readings at different
depths becomes tedious and tends to disrupt
the thermal stratification of water in the well.
The possibility of thermometer breakage
presents a pollution hazard. In addition, ther-
mometers of this type are pressure sensitive,
so measurements taken at depth may be
significantly in error. To avoid thiseffect, the
thermometers can be placed in a pressure
tube, sealed to prevent entrance of water
(Birch, 1947.)
A commonly used system for borehole-
temperature measurements consists of a
multiconductor cable and hoist, a probe that
contains a temperature transducer, and a
resistance-measuring
system. The multi-
conductor cable and hoist can be hand or
power driven, depending upon the depth to
which temperature measurements are to be
made. The location of the probe below land
surface is obtained from a depth indicator
located on the reel. Temperature transducers
usually consist of a number of thermistor
beads encased in a probe some 6 inches (15
cm) in length and 1 inch(2.54 cm) in diameter.
The thermistors are arranged to give maxi-
mum sensitivity and preferably, -but not
necessarily, a linear output. The linear output
allows oneto read the temperature directly in
degrees Celsius. The thermistors are semi-
conductors which have a large temperature
coefficient of resistance (about —4
percent/°C). It is this fact which is the
principle behind their use as temperature
detectors; hence, some variation of the
Wheatstone bridge is often used to measure
the resistance acrossthe thermistors. Details
of a typical arrangement for temperature
measurement in wells are given by Sass and
others (1971). Units adequate for most
purposes are available commercially at a cost
of about $200 (Olmsted, oral commun., 1973).
The logging unit just described has
advantages over the maximum-minimum
thermometer in that many more measure-
ments can be taken in a shorter period of time
with a much higher degree of precision.
Thermal stratification of water within the
well is less likely to be upset as the probe is
lowered slowly and is not pulled back to the
surface to get a reading.
The amount of time needed to attain a
stable reading at any given point depends
upon the distance from the surface, wherethe
temperature gradient is steepest, and upon
the heat capacity and initial temperature of
the probe. Usually, 1 to 3 minutes is adequate.
A thermistor probe device that may be used
to provide a continuous log of temperature
with depth is also available (Keys and Brown,
1975). The device detects temperature-related
resistance changes in the thermistor through
a voltage-controlled osdillator. The pulses
may be integrated by a rate meter to provide
an analogrecord ofpulse counter. The probe
used by Keys and Brown is electrically and
thermally stable, and they were able to repeat
temperature measurements in a borehole
with 0.02°C.
Site selection
Ground-water temperatures
may be
measured in unused wells, pumping wells,
discharging springs, mines, or any other
accessible location, depending on the pur-
pose of the measurements. Usually, for
reasons of cost, the hydrologist isrestricted to
collecting data at existing sites or installa-
tions.
If a temperature profile in a well is to be
measured to study- slowly moving ground
water, considerable care must be taken in
selecting the observation well. It is pre-
ferable that the well be idle for a number of
years and that it not be disturbed in any way.
There should not be any circulation within
the well bore, such as from one screened
interval to another, or along the outside ofthe
casing. Wells that have been backfihled with
cement should be avoided because cement,
upon curing, generates heat for years after
installation. This generated heat may be of
sufficient magnitude to upset the local
thermal gradient. A metal well casing may
distort the Idcal temperature profile because
of its high thermal conductivity. Another
important consideration is the well diameter,
because thermal gradients will induce
verticalconvection in the fluidwithin the well
bore of large-diameter wells (Sammel, 1968).
.
.
WATER TEMPERATURE
47
• Preferably, the wells should be 2 inches (50.08
cm) or less in diameter for a temperature
profile.
Despite the apparent violation of many of
these considerations, Sorey (1971) obtained
satisfactory results from many wells. Just the
same, it is wise to keep these points in mind
when planning a ground-water-temperature
study.
More reliable results probably can be
obtained by using wells especially designed
for temperature measurements. Again the
design will depend somewhat upon the
purpose forwhich the data are to be used. For
most studies, wells should be drilled belowthe
depth of seasonal-temperature variation as
well as below it. (Such data may provide
useful information, such as thermal dif-
fusivity of the near-surface materials and
whether local ground-water recharge is
taking
place.) A plastic pipe with no perfora-
tions,either sealedat the bottom orfitted with
awell pointand ascreen, maybe used.Plastic
has the advantage that its thermal con-
ductivity more closely represents that of the
natural porous medium than does steel. A
well point and screen are usedifit is desired to
measure water levels.
The annulus between the well and casing
should be backfihled with a material other
than cement that prevents the circulation of
water. A soil that contains clay may bridge
and cause gaps in the annulus.
If the casingis sealed at the bottom, it is
filled with water to the desired level. This may
be above the water table if measurements of
temperature in the unsaturated zones are
desired.
A newly drilled hole usually upsets the
thermal regime in the vicinity of the well
because of the drilling process. This may
result in the generation ofheat by friction or,
in a thermal area, may cool rather than heat
the materials near the hole by rapid circula-
tion ofthe drilling fluid. It is best to monitor
the temperature profile after completion of
the drilling to determine when it has come
into thermal equilibrium with its sur-
roundings. This may take from days to
months, depending upon the thermal prop
-
erties of the materials and the degree by
which the thermal regime is upset.
Sensor location
When measuring the temperature of
discharging wells or springs, placement of
the sensor generally presents little problem.
Care must be taken to avoid extraneous
effects, such as heat exchange between water
and the pump or the atmosphere (Schneider,
1962).
When taking a temperature profile in a
well, the sampling interval must be decided
upon. This depends primarily upon the
thermal gradient in the well. Steeper
gradients require a shorter distance between
measuring points. A 10-foot (3-m) interval
will provide sufficient data to accurately
represent the thermal profile in most
instances, but, if it is desired to relate the
thermal profile with lithology, a 2-foot (0.6-rn)
interval may be necessary.
-
The depth to which temperature measure-
ments should be made depends upon require-
ments ofthe problem. To be in the range ofthe
I geothermal gradient undisturbed by sea;
sonal-temperature fluctuations, measure-
ments should be made below about 20 m (66
ft). Above about 10 m (33 ft), the influence of
surface temperature produces high thermal
gradients that cause instability in all but very
small diameter wells.
Special procedures
Mercury thermometers require little main-
tenance, but thermistor temperature-meas-
uring systems require considerably more.
Batteries, electronic equipment, and
electrical connections in these systems in-
variably require checking to insure that they
are in good working order. The thermistor
probes should be checked to see if their
response has changed because of thermal
shock, aging, or other factors. The probes
should be checked frequently for leaks, as
water will make athermistor inoperative. See
additional material in the subsection on
operation, maintenance, and calibration of
instruments (p. 28-30).
Commercially
available
temperature-
detecting units are calibrated at the factory.
However, precision required in ground-water-
temperature measurements is often such that
48
TECHNIQUES OF WATER-RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS
recalibration is necessary. The systems used
by Sorey (1971) were calibrated with
platinum resistance and mercury thermom-
eters to a precision of 0.005°C.Thermistor
probes tend to be very stable with passage of
time if properly cared for. They have drift
rates of about 0.01°C/yror less and, hence,
need recalibration only occasionally.
Part 3. Data Presentation
Observation and monitoring schemes
described in earlier parts of this report
provide new data in a relatively crude form.
Single observations by an observer or a field-
man may be penciled notes in a fleldbook or
on observer forms. Charts from analog-type
• -
recorders are simply an inked or scribed line
on a piece of paper. Digital recorders will
produce either a magnetic or a punched tape,
which is difficult to read or totally unintel-
ligible and unusable without special
processing.
-
On the other hand, the user of temperature
data requires information in a more usable
and more interpretable form. Publication of
raw data is common and must be in a form
that is suitable to a rather wide variety of
users. Research data often have special
format needs,but, again, the purposeis to pro-
vide the information in a form that it can be
put to the best use.
This section presents information on the
reduction of raw field data, application ofcor-
rections, and forms of publication.
Reduction and correction
An ideal temperature-measuring system
would produce data ready to publish without
exerting additional effort. However, con-
sidering the state of the art of instru-
mentation today, this dream is probably not
to be realized for some time.
The job of reducing temperature data
breaks down into two basic opera-
tions—removal of error caused by imperfect
equipment and conversion of the recorded
instrument output to numeric values. The pro-
cedures differ with types of equipment, but
the following discussion is designed to
provide some general guidelines.
Correcting instrument error
Perfectly operating instruments that are
serviced by a careful operator generally
require very little correction in their record.
Realistically, however, there are errors that
creep into all the records, owing to drift of the
instrument or to failure of different parts of
the mechanism, such as the timing devices.
The most common error probably is drift
between servicing. An instrument maybe left
operating in good calibration but will driftout
of calibration over several days of operation.
This is the reason that it is important to make
a calibration check of an instrument before it
is readjusted.
-
Figure 21 shows two examples ofthe type of
error that may be found when an instrument
is calibrated. Constant error through the cali-
bration range is most common, with a dis-
placement of the same number of degrees at
all temperatures. Nonuniform error is not so
common but is found frequently enough that
the two-point calibration is justified. (See p.
28.) Not shown, but also possible, is a curvi-
linear calibration whereby an instrument is
nearly in calibration over part of its range,.
but deviates significantly in another part.
This type of error is rather infrequent and,
therefore, generally does not justify cali-
brating at more than two points in the
instrument range.
Corrections can be applied to the records of
analog recorders at the same time the records
are reduced. If aconstant error of 2°Cis found
at the end of a 2-week period, and ifthe instru-
ment was in adjustment at the beginning of
the period, the 2°Cerror should be prorated
over time, in increments of 0.5°C. Non-
uniform error over the calibration range is a
little more difficult to correct, and the
correction usually is best applied by
assuming a constant rate of drift at each end
of the calibration curve. For example, if the
nonuniform error shown in figure 21
developed over a period of 2 weeks, the 2°C
error at 15°Ccould be assumed to have been
1°Cat the end of the first week.
.-
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