DENNIS STREICHER

City of Elmhurst, Illinois

209 North York Street

630.530.3046

EDUCATION and

CERTIFICATION

B.S. in Biology from Northern Illinois University.

Illinois Class 1 Sewage Treatment Works Operator

Illinois Class “A” Public Water Supply Operator

WORK

EXPERIENCE

City of Elmhurst, May 1972 to present

1972-1 981

WWTP Chemist

1981-1982

Assistant Superintendent

1982-1990

Superintendent

1991-2000

Assistant Director of Public Works/Water and

Wastewater.

2000-Present

Director of Water & Wastewater

PROFESSIONAL

ACTIVITIES

Member of the A.W.W.A.

Member Water Environment Federation

Member of Central States Water Environment Assoc.

Chairman of the Central States Education Committee

Past president of the Central States Illinois Section

Vice-president of the Illinois Association of Wastewater Agencies

Served as the northeast representative on the Operators

Certification Committee for six years.

AWARDS

2000 Illinois EPA Operator of the Year

1996 CSWEA Operations Award

INTERESTS

Active in local environmental groups especially bird watching

(birding) organizations. Wildlife photography especially birds in

wild habitats. Natural history studies.

---

April 2, 2004

Mr. Dennis P. McKenna

Deputy Administrator

Illinois Department ofAgriculture

P.O. Box 19281

Springfield, IL 62794-928 1

Re: Illinois Association ofWastewater Agencies Dissolved Oxygen Study

Dear Dennis,

As a follow up on our conversation of April 1, 2004, I’d like to thank you for your

interest in the Illinois Association Wastewater Agencies (IAWA) dissolved oxygen study.

As you are aware IAWA is very interested in implementing this study and modifying the

Illinois water quality standards as regards to dissolved oxygen. It is our opinion that

many other water quality standards will be enhanced by a scientifically well founded

dissolved oxygen standard in Illinois. We feel the study has followed closelythe USEPA

protocols and builds upon the previous water quality standard. In addition it incorporates

the special features ofthe Illinois warm water chemistry. Note that the study specifically

excludes Lake Michigan and wetlands from consideration for DO limits changes.

The IAWA commissioned this study with the goal ofincorporating a previous study by

Chapman in 1986; then adding new data that has been developed since that time. The

final draft will then make recommendations to modify Illinois water quality standards for

DO based on natural fluctuations in aquatic systems and physiological tolerances of

native aquatic life. The most significant recommendations are the incorporation ofseven

day running averages for the mean and minimum DO concentrations. The mean would be

7-d mean of6.0 mgIL when most early life stages offish are present and a 7-d mean

minimum of4.0 mg/L when most early life stages offish are absent. This feature alone

adds significantly to the standards as it recognizes the seasonality ofthe natural aquatic

systems in Illinois. The recommended standards are either equivalent to ormore

conservative than the previously established national dissolved oxygen standards.

I have transmitted a copy ofthe report to you; we would appreciate your thoughts on the

study. Also, please don’t hesitate to share the study with others in the agricultural

communities to elicit their responses as well. The goal ofJAWA is to include comments

EXHIBIT

---

ofall interested stakeholders. Further we wish to sure that the concerns of the agricultural

community are answered before the JAWA makes the move to ask the pollution control

board to modify the standards in Illinois.

Once again it was enjoyable speaking with you and if you have any questions don’t

hesitate to give me a call at (630)

530-3046.

Sincerely,

Dennis Streicher

Director ofWater & Wastewater

630.530.3046

office

630.834.0298 fax

Cc:

IAWA DO file

---

June 14, 2004

Ms. Nancy Erickson

Director ofNatural and Environmental Research

Illinois Farm Bureau

1701 Towanda Avenue

Bloomington, IL 61701

Re:

Illinois Association ofWastewater Agencies Dissolved Oxygen Study

IPCB DocketNumber R04-25

Dear Ms. Erickson,

As a follow up to our conversation ofMay 25, 2004, I’d like to thank you for your

interest in the Illinois Association Wastewater Agencies (IAWA) dissolved oxygen study.

Earlier in April of2004 I had transmitted a copy ofthe study to you for comments.

As you are aware IAWA is very interested in implementing this study and modifying the

Illinois water quality standards as regards to dissolved oxygen. It is our opinion that

many other water quality standards will be enhanced by a scientifically well founded

dissolved oxygen standard in Illinois. We feel the study has followed closely the USEPA

protocols and builds upon the previous water quality standard. In addition it incorporates

the special features ofthe Illinois warm water chemistry. Note that the study specifically

excludes Lake Michigan and wetlands from consideration for DO limits changes.

The JAWA commissioned this study with the goal of incorporating a previous study by

Chapman in 1986; then adding new data that has been developed since that time. The

final draft will then make recommendations to modify Illinois water quality standards for

DO based on natural fluctuations in aquatic systems and physiological tolerances of

native aquatic life. The most significant recommendations are the incorporation ofseven

day running averages forthe mean and minimum DO concentrations. The mean would be

7-d mean of6.0 mgIL when most early life stages of fish are present and a 7-d mean

minimum of 4.0 mg/L when most early life stages of fish are absent. This feature alone

adds significantly to the standards as it recognizes the seasonality ofthe natural aquatic

systems in Illinois. The recommended standards are either equivalent to or more

conservative than the previously established national dissolved oxygen standards.

---

At this time the TAWA has filed a petition with the Illinois Pollution Control Board

(IPCB) to incorporate the studies results into Illinois general use water standards. The

TPCB has agreed to hear the petition and has set dates in June and August to receive

testimony from interested stakeholders. We would appreciate your thoughts on the study.

Also, please don’t hesitate to share the study with others in the agricultural communities

to elicit their responses as well. The goal of JAWA is to include comments ofall

interested stakeholders.

Once again it was enjoyable speaking with you and if you have any questions don’t

hesitate to give me a call at (630) 530-3046.

Sincerely,

Dennis Streicher

Director of Water & Wastewater

630.530.3046 office

630.834.0298 fax

Cc:

IAWA DO file

---

April 2, 2004

Alec Messina

IL Environmental Regulatory Group

3150 Roland Avenue

Springfield, IL 62703

Re: Illinois Association ofWastewater Agencies Dissolved Oxygen Study

Dear Alec,

As a follow up on ourconversation ofApril 2, 2004, I’d like to thank you for your

interest in the Illinois Association Wastewater Agencies (TAWA) dissolved oxygen study.

As you are aware TAWA is very interested in implementing this study and modifying the

Illinois water quality standards as regards to dissolved oxygen. It is our opinion that

many other water quality standards will be enhanced by a scientifically well founded

dissolved oxygen standard in Illinois. We feel the study has followed closely the USEPA

protocols and builds upon the previous water quality standard. In addition it incorporates

the special features ofthe Illinois warm water chemistry. Note that the study specifically

exciudes Lake Michigan and wetlands from consideration for DO limits changes.

The IAWA commissioned this study with the goal ofincorporating a previous study by

Chapman in 1986; then adding new data that has been developed since that time. The

final draft will then make recommendations to modify Illinois water quality standards for

DO based on natural fluctuations in aquatic systems and physiological tolerances of

native aquatic life. The most significant recommendations are the incorporation ofseven

day running averages for the mean and minimum DO concentrations. The mean would be

7-d mean of6.0 mg/L when most early life stages offish are present and a 7-d mean

minimum of4.0 mgIL when most early life stages offish are absent. This feature alone

adds significantly to the standards as it recognizes the seasonality ofthe natural aquatic

systems in Illinois. The recommended standards are either equivalent to or more

conservative than the previously established national dissolved oxygen standards.

I have transmitted a copy ofthe report to you; we would appreciate your thoughts on the

study. Also, please don’t hesitate to share the study with others that you represent to elicit

their responses as well. The goal of IAWA is to include comthents of all interested

---

stakeholdèrs. Further we wish to sure that the concerns ofthe industrial discharger

community are answered before the JAWA makes the move to ask the pollution control

board to modify the standards in Illinois.

Once again it was enjoyable speaking with you and if you have any questions don’t

hesitate to give me a call at (630) 530-3046.

Sincerely,

Dennis Streicher

Director ofWater & Wastewater

630.530.3046 Office

630.834.0298 fax

Cc:

IAWA DO file

---

April 12, 2004

Dr. Edward Krug

Illinois State Water Survey

2204 Griffith Dr

Champaign, IL 61820

Re: Illinois Association ofWastewater Agencies Dissolved Oxygen Study

Dear Dr. Krug,

As a follow up on our conversation ofApril 12, 2004, I’d like to thank you for your

interest in the Illinois Association Wastewater Agencies (IAWA) dissolved oxygen study.

As you are aware JAWA is very interested in implementing this study and modifying the

Illinois water quality standards as regards to dissolved oxygen. It is our opinionthat

many other water quality standards will be enhanced by a scientifically well founded

dissolved oxygen standard in Illinois. We feel the study has followed closely the USEPA

protocols and builds upon the previous water quality standard. In addition it incorporates

the special features ofthe Illinois warm water chemistry. Note that the study specifically

excludes Lake Michigan and wetlands from consideration for DO limits changes.

The IAWA commissioned this study with the goal ofincorporating a previous study by

Chapman in 1986; then adding new data that has been developed since that time. The

final draft will then make recommendations to modify Illinois water quality standards for

DO based on natural fluctuations in aquatic systems and physiological tolerances of

native aquatic life. The most significant recommendations are the incorporation of seven

day running averages for the mean and minimum DO concentrations. The mean would be

7-d mean of 6.0 mgIL when most early life stages offish are present and a 7-dmean

minimum of4.0 mgIL when most early life stages of fish are absent. This feature alone

adds significantly to the standards as it recognizes the seasonality ofthe natural aquatic

systems in Illinois. The recommended standards are either equivalent to or more

conservative than the previously established national dissolved oxygen standards.

I have transmitted a copy ofthe report to you; we would appreciate your thoughts on the

study. Also, please don’t hesitate to share the study with others that you represent to elicit

theirresponses as well. The goal ofIAWA is to include comments ofall interested

stakeholders. Further we wish to sure that the concerns ofthe industrial discharger

---

community are answered before the JAWA makes the move to ask the pollution control

board to modify the standards in Illinois.

Once again it was enjoyable speaking with you and if you have any questions don’t

hesitate to give me a call at (630) 530-3046.

Sincerely,

Dennis Streicher

Director ofWater & Wastewater

630.530.3046 Office

630.834.0298 fax

Cc:

IAWA DO file

---

-

James E. Garvey 1

Short Curriculum Vita

Name

James E. Garvey

Title

Assistant Professor

Address

Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center

Department ofZoology

Southern Illinois University

—

Carbondale

jgarvey~siu.edu

http://www.science.siu.edu/zoology/garvey/index.html

Degrees

1997 Ph.D., Zoology, The Ohio State University, Ohio

1992 M.S., Zoology, The Ohio State University, Ohio

1990 B.A.,

cum laude,

Zoology, Miami University, Ohio

Experience

2000-

Assistant Professor, Department ofZoology, Southern Illinois

University

1998-2000 Assistant Professor, Division ofBiology, Kansas State University

1997-1998 Postdoctoral Fellow, Department ofBiology, Queen=s University,

Ontario

1997

Research Associate, Department of Zoology, The Ohio State

University

1996-1997 Presidential Fellow, Graduate School, The Ohio State University

1990-1996 Graduate Research Associate, Department ofZoology, The Ohio

State University

1990-1996 Graduate Teaching Associate, Department ofZoology, The Ohio

State University

1988-1990 Research Technician, Department ofZoology, Miami University

1988

Student Researcher, School for Field Studies, St. John, U.S. Virgin

Islands

Fields ofResearch Competence

Aquatic ecology, fish ecology, basic an4 applied fish biology, limnology, food

web dynamics, bioenergetics, life history modeling

Honors and Awards

2001 Best Oral Presentation, Annual Meeting ofthe Illinois Chapter ofthe

American Fisheries Society, February 2001

2000 Best Oral Presentation, 2000 Annual Meeting ofthe Kansas Chapter ofthe

American Fisheries Society, Manhattan, Kansas

1999 Article titled ACompetition between larval fishes in reservoirs: the role of

Revised 2-Jun-04

---

James E. Garvey 2

relative timing of appearance@ (co-author, R.A. Stein) was among

5

nominated by a selection committee for Best Paper in Transactions ofthe

American Fisheries Society (out of—100 articles)

1999 American Society ofLimnology and Oceanography=s DIALOG III

Symposium, Bermuda, October 1999

1998 Graduate Faculty Status, Kansas State University, November 1998

1996 Best Poster, Annual Meeting ofthe American Fisheries Society, Dearborn,

Michigan, August 1996

1996 University Presidential Fellowship, July 1996

1995

Honorable Mention, Best Oral Presentation, Annual Meeting ofthe

American Fisheries Society, Tampa, Florida, August 1995

Student Awards

2004 Dean Sherman, Honorable Mention, Best Poster Award, Undergraduate

Research Forum, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, March 2004

2004 Laura Csoboth, Student Travel Award, Illinois American Fisheries Society

Meeting, Champaign, Illinois, March 2004

Selected Professional Service (last five years)

-

2004

Reviewer, National Science Foundation proposal, Ecology Panel

(RUT proposal)

2004

Member, Skinner Award Committee, American Fisheries Society

(second term)

2004

North Central Representative, Early Life History Section,

American Fisheries Society.

2003

Workshop Presenter, Analysis ofFisheries Data, Illinois Chapter

ofthe American Fisheries Society Continuing Education

Workshop, Springfield, Illinois, April 2003

2003

Moderator, River Session, Illinois Chapter ofthe American

Fisheries Society, Rend Lake,.IL, February 2003

2002

Reviewer, National Science Foundation proposal, Ecology Panel,

August 2002

-

2002

Chair, Student Judging ofOral Presentations, National American

Fisheries Society Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, August 2002

2002-present Associate Editor,

Transactions ofthe American Fisheries Society

(handle

-~

10 manuscripts per year)

2001-2003

Judge, Regional Science Fair, SIUC campus, February 2001-2003

1999-2001

Member, Skinner Award Committee, American Fisheries Society

(first term)

2001

Reviewer, National Science Foundation proposal, EcologyPanel,

February 2001

2001

Moderator, Fisheries Session, Illinois Renewable Natural

Resources Meeting, February 2001

2000

Judge, Student Paper Pre~entations,American Fisheries Society

Revised 2-Jun-04

---

James E. Garvey 3

National Meeting, August 2000

1994-present Peer Reviewer,

Behaviour, Biological Invasions, Canadian

Journal ofZoology Transactions ofthe American Fisheries

Society, North American Journal ofFisheries Management,

Ecology, Ecological Applications, Great Basin Naturalist,

American Midland Naturalist, Prairie Naturalist, Journal of

Plankton Research, Animal Behaviour, Journal of the North

American Benthological Society, Northwest Science, North

American Journal ofAquaculture, Proceedings of the Royal

Academy ofScience —Great Britain

Current Society Memberships

2003-present

Honorary Member, American Institute ofBiological

Sciences

1990-present

Ecological Society ofAmerica

1990-present

American Fisheries Society

1990-1996,

North American Benthological Society

1999-present

2001-present

Illinois Chapter ofthe American Fisheries Society

1999-present

Full Member, Sigma Xi

Invited Presentations

2003 Upper Mississippi Conservation Committee, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin,

August 2003

2002 Ecology Consortium, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, November

2002

2000 Sam Parr Biological Station, Illinois Natural History Survey, June 2000

2000 Northeast Division Meeting of the American Fisheries Society, April 2000

2000 Department ofZoology, University ofWisconsin

-

Madison, February

2000

1999 Department ofBiology, William Jewell College, Missouri, September

1999

1998 Department ofBiology, Queen=s University, Kingston, Ontario, January

1998

1997 Apple Valley Fishing Club, Apple Valley, Ohio, October 1997

1996 Department ofBiological Sciences, University ofPittsburgh, December

1996.

Technical Reports

Carvey, J.E., and M.R Whiles. 2003. An assessment ofnational and Illinois dissolved

oxygen water quality criteria. Illinois Association ofWastewater Agencies. 52

pages

Garvey, J.E., B.D. Dugger, M.R. Whiles, S.R. Adams, M.B. Flinn, B.M. Burr, and R.J.

Revised 2-Jun-04

---

James E. Garvey 4

Sheehan. 2003. Responses of fish, waterbirds, invertebrates, vegetation, and

water quality to environmental pool management: Mississippi River Pool 25.

U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers. 181 pages.

Garvey,

J.E. 2002. Winter habitat used by fishes in Smithiand Pool, Ohio River. U.S.

Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers, 90 pages.

Garvey, J.E., and R.J. Sheehan. 2001. Winter habitat associations ofriverine fishes:

predictions for the Ohio River, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Army

Corps ofEngineers, 39 pages.

Garvey,

J.E.,

R.A. Wright, R.A. Stein, E.M. Lewis, K.H. Ferry, and S.M. Micucci. 1998.

Assessing the influence ofsize on overwinter survival of largemouth bass in Ohio

on-stream impoundments. Ohio Division ofWildlife Final Report. Federal Aid

in Sport Fish Restoration Program 29, 288 pages.

Stein, R.A., and

J.E.

Garvey. 1996. A review ofa technical report prepared for the

Cuyahoga River (Ohio) Community Planning Organization by EnvironScience

Inc.

Theses and Dissertations

Garvey, J.E. 1997. Strong interactors and community structure: testing predictions for

reservoir food webs, Ph.D. dissertation, 235 pages.

Garvey, J.E. 1992. Selective predation as a mechanism ofcrayfish species replacement

in northern Wisconsin lakes. M.S. thesis, The Ohio State University, 88 pages.

Book Chapters

S.R. Chipps, and J.E. Garvey. In press. Assessment offood habits and feeding patterns.

In

M.L. Brawn and C.S. Guy, editors. Analysis and Interpretation ofFreshwater

Fisheries Data. 41 MS pages, 2 tables, 4 figures, 13 boxes. 1 April 2001.

Book Reviews

Garvey,

J.E.

2003. Searching for scales in fisheries. Reviewof “Hierarchical

Perspectives on Marine Complexities: Searching for Systems in the Gulfof

Maine” by Spencer ApOllonio. Columbia University Press, New York. 2002.

229 pp. Appeared in BioScience 53(10):1004-1006. (Invited)

Peer-Reviewed Publications (Selected Abstracts at

h.ttp://www.science. siu

.

edu/zoology/garvey/pubs.html)

-

Garvey, J~E.,K.G. Ostrand, and D.H. Wahl. In press. Interactions among allometric

scaling, predation and ration affect size-dependent growth and mortality offish

during winter. Ecology. Aug. 2003.

Ostrand, K.G., S.J. Cooke, J.E. Garvey, and D.H. Wahi. In press. The energetic impact

of overwinter prey assemblages on age-0 largemouth bass. Environmental

Biology ofFishes.

Colombo, R.E., P.S. Wills, and

J.E. Garvey.

2004. Use ofultrasound imaging to

Revised 2-Jun-04

---

James E. Garvey 5

determine sex ofshovelnose sturgeon

Scaphirhynchus platorynchus

from the

Middle Mississippi River. North American Journal ofFisheries Management

24:322-326.

Roberts, M.R., JE. Wetzel, III, R.C. Brooks, and J.E. Garvey. 2004. Daily

incrementation in the otoliths ofthe red spotted sunfish,

Lepomis miniatus.

North

American Journal ofFisheries Management 24:270-274.

Garvey, J.E., and E.A. Marschall. 2003. Understanding latitudinal trends in fish body

size through models ofoptimal seasonal energy allocation. Canadian Journal of

Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60(8):938-948.

-

Micucci, S.M., J.E. Garvey, R.A. Wright, and R.A. Stein. 2003. Individual growth and

foraging responses ofage-0 largemouth bass to mixed prey assemblages during

winter. Enviromnental Biology ofFishes 67(2): 157-168.

Garvey, J.E., J.E. Rettig, R.A. Stein, D.M. Lodge, and S.P. Klosiewski. 2003. Scale-

dependent associations among fish predation, littoral habitat, and distributions of

native and exotic crayfishes. Ecology 84(12): 3339-3348.

Whiles, M.J., and J.E. Garvey. In press. Aquatic resources ofthe Shawnee and Hoosier

National Forests, USDA Forest Service.

Garvey, J.E., R.A. Stein, R.A. Wright, and M.T Bremigan. 2003. Largemouth bass

rectuitment in North America: quantifying underlying ecological mechanisms

along environmental gradients Black bass: ecology, conservation and

management. Edited by D. Philipp and M. Ridgway. American Fisheries Society

Symposium 3 1:7-23.

Garvey, J.E., D.R. DeVries, R.A. Wright, and J.G. Miner. 2003. Energetic adaptations

along a broad latitudinal gradient: implications for widely distributed

communities. BioScience 53(2): 141-150.

Garvey, J.E., T.P. Herra, and W.C. Leggett. 2002. Protracted reproduction in sunfish:

the temporal dimension in fish recruitment revisited. Ecological Applications

12: 194-205.

Garvey, J.E., R.A. Wright, K.H. Ferry, and R.A. Stein. 2000. Evaluating how local-

and regional- scale processes interact to regulate growth of age-0 largemouth

bass. Transactions ofthe American Fisheries Society 129:1044-1059.

Fullerton, A.H., J.E. Garvey, R.A. Wright, and R.A. Stein. 2000. Overwinter growth

and survival oflargemouth bass: interactions among size, food, origin, and winter

duration.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 129:1-12.

Wright,

R.A., J.E. Garvey, A.H. Fullerton, and R.A. Stein. 1999. Using bioenergetics

to explore how winter conditions affect growth and consumption of age-0

largemouth bass. Transactions ofthe American Fisheries Society 128:603-6 12.

Garvey, J.E., and R.A. Stein. 1998. Competition between larval fishes in reservoirs:

•

the role ofrelative timing ofappearance. Transactions ofthe American Fisheries

Society 127:1023-1041.

-

Garvey, J.E., R.A. Wright, and R.A. Stein. 1998. Overwinter growth and survival of

age-0 largemouth bass: revisiting the role ofbody size. Canadian Journal of

Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55:2414-2424.

Garvey, J.E., N.A. Dingledine, N.S. Donovan, and R.A. Stein. 1998. Exploring spatial

and temporal variation within reservoir food webs: predictions for fish

assemblages. Ecological Applications 8:104-120.

Revised 2-Jun-04

---

James E. Garvey 6

Garvey, J.E., and R.A. Stein. 1998. Linking bluegill and gizzard shad assemblages to

growth ofage-0 largemouth bass in reservoirs. Transactions of the American

Fisheries Society 127:70-83.

Lodge, D.M., R.A. Stein, K.M. Brown, A.P. Covich, C. Brönmark, J.E. Garvey, and S.P.

Klosiewski. 1998. Predicting impact offreshwater exotic species on native

biodiversity: challenges in spatial and temporal scaling. Australian Journal of

Ecology 23:53-67.

Garvey, J.E., E.A. Marschall, and R.A. Wright. 1998. From star charts to stoneflies:

detecting relationships in continuous bivariate data. Ecology 79(2):442 447.

Schaus, M.H., M.J. Vanni, T.E. Wissing, M. Bremigan, J.E. Garvey, and R.A. Stein.

1997. Nitrogen and phosphorus excretion by the detritivorous gizzard shad

(Dorosoma cepedianum)

in a reservoir ecosystem. Limnology and Oceanography

42(6):1386-1397.

Garvey, J.E., R.A. Stein, and H.M. Thomas. 1994. Assessing how fish predation and

interspecific prey competition influence a crayfish assemblage. Ecology 75:532-

547.

-

Garvey, J.E., and R.A. Stein. 1993. Evaluating how chela size influences the invasion

potential ofan introduced crayfish,

Orconectes rusticus.

American Midland

Naturalist 129:172-181.

Garvey, J.E., H.A. Owen, and R.W. Winner. 1991. Toxicity of copper to the green alga,

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

(Chlorophycea), as affected by humic substances of

terrestrial and freshwater origin. Aquatic Toxicology 19:89-96.

Oral Presentations and Posters (Last Five Years)

Williamson, C.J., and J.E. Garvey. Growth and mortality ofsilver carp: implications for

its rise to dominance in the Middle Mississippi River. Illinois Chapter ofthe

American Fisheries Society, Champaign, IL, March 2004. (Oral presentation by

Williamson)

Koch, B.T., J.E. Garvey, and M. Lydy. The effects ofland use on organochlorine

accumulation in middle Mississippi River shovelnose sturgeon: intersexuality

and reproductive consequences. Illinois Chapter ofthe American Fisheries

Society, -Champaign, IL, March 2004. (Oral presentation by Koch)

Csoboth, L.A., D.W. Schultz, K. DeGrandChamp, J.E. Garvey, and R.M. Neumann.

Fish response at a backwater-river interchange: the Swan Lake rehabilitation and

enhancement project. Illinois Chapter ofthe American Fisheries Society,

Champaign, IL, March 2004. (Poster presentation)

Colombo, R.E., J.E. Garvey, and R.C. Heidinger. Comparing demographics ofchannel

catfish in fished and un-fished reaches of the Wabash River. 64~Meeting of the

Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference. Kansas City, December 2003. (Oral

presentation by Colombo)

Spier, T., J.E. Garvey, R.C. Heidinger, R.J. Sheehan, P. Wills, K. Hurley, R.E.

Colombo, R.C. Brooks. Pallid and shovelnose sturgeon movement and habitat

usage in the middle Mississippi River.

64th

Meeting ofthe Midwest Fish and

Wildlife Conference. Kansas City, December 2003 (Oral presentation by Spier)

Marschall, E.A., and J.E. Garvey. Understanding latitudinal trends in fish body size

Revised 2-Jun-04

---

•

James E. Garvey 7

through models ofoptimal seasonal energy allocation.

88th

Meeting ofthe

Ecological Society ofAmerica, Savannah, Georgia, July 2003 (Oral presentation

by Marschall)

Braeutigam, B.J., and J.E. Garvey. Winter habitat used by fish in Smithland Pool, Ohio

River. Ohio River Research Review, Indiana, August 2003. (Oral presentation

by Braeutigam)

Garvey, J.E. Importance of flood-plain connectivity to fish assemblages in the

Mississippi River. Middle Mississippi River Workgroup Meeting, Carbondale,

IL, June 2003. (Oral presentation by Garvey)

O’Neill, B.J., J.E. Garvey, M.R. Whiles, and K.R. Lips. Scale-dependent

interrelationships among, fish, landscape characteristics, and ambystomatid

salarnanders in forest ponds. Annual Meeting ofthe American Society of

Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Manaus, Brazil, June 2003 (Oral presentation

by O’Neill)

-

Spier, T.,

J.

Garvey, R. Heidinger, R. Sheehan, P. Wills, and K. Hurley. Demographics

and habitat usage ofpallid sturgeon in the Middle Mississippi River. Meeting of

the Illinois Chapter ofAmerican Fisheries Society, Rend Lake, IL, February 2003

(Oral presentation by Spier)

Jackson, N.D., J.E. Garvey, R.C. Heidinger, and R.J. Sheehan. Age and mortality of

shovelnose sturgeon,

Scaphirhynchus platoiynchus,

in the Middle Mississippi

River and Lower Wabash Rivers, Illinois. Meeting ofthe Illinois Chapter of

American Fisheries Society, Rend Lake, IL, February 2003 (Oral presentation by

Jackson)

Flinn, M.B., S. R. Adams, M.R. Whiles, J.E.

Garvey,

B.M. Burr, and R.J. Sheehan. Fish

and macroinvertebrate responses to environmental pool management in

Mississippi River Pool

25.

Meeting ofthe Illinois Chapter ofAmerican Fisheries

Society, Rend Lake, IL, February 2003 (Oral presentation by Flinn)

Colombo, R.E., J.E. Garvey, R.C. Heidinger and R.J. Sheehan. Population

demographics ofchannel catfish

Ictalurus punctatus

in the Wabash River.

Meeting ofthe Illinois Chapter ofAmerican Fisheries Society, Rend Lake, IL,

• February 2003 (Oral presentation by Colombo)

Garvey, J.E.

Early growth ofcentrarchids along a productivity gradient: setting the

stage for future interactions. American Fisheries Society Meeting, Baltimore,

MD, August 2002 (Oral presentation)

-

Ostrand, K.G., S.J. Cooke, J.E. Garvey, D.H. WahI. Age-Q largemouth bass: the

•

overwinter effects ofprey type on growth and spring swimming performance.

American Fisheries Society Meeting, Baltimore, MD, August 2002 (Oral

presentation by Ostrand)

Garvey,

J.E., S.M. Micucci, R.A. Wright, and R.A. Stein. Prey assemblage structure

during winter influences the condition ofage-0 largemouth bass. Midwest Fish

and Wildlife Meeting, Des Moines, IA, December 2001 (Oral presentation)

Garvey, J.E. Using optimal allocation models to explain latitudinal trends in recruitment

of largemouthbass. Illinois Renewable Natural Resources Conference, Peoria,

IL, February 2001 (Oral presentation; received Best Oral Presentation)

Bremigan, M.T., R.A. Stein, and J.E. Garvey. Variable gizzard shad recruitment and its

effects along a reservoir productivity gradient. American Society ofLimnology

Revised 2-Jun-04

---

James E. Garvey 8

and Oceanography Meeting

-

Copenhagen, Denmark, June 2000 (Poster

presentation).

Evans-White, M., W.K. Dodds, and

J.E. Garvey.

Crayfish biomass, growth, and

production in a taligrass prairie stream. North American Benthological Society

Meeting, Colorado, May 2000 (Oral presentation by Dodds).

Garvey, J.E.

Patterns of sportfish recruitment in natural lakes and reservoirs: do

generalities exist? Kansas Chapter ofthe American Fisheries Society Meeting,

February 2000 (Oral presentation; received Best Oral Presentation).

Garvey,

J.E. From fish in lakes to crayfish in prairie streams: searching for general

recruitment mechanisms and ecosystem consequences. KSU Ecology Research

Seminar Series, November 1999 (Oral presentation).

Garvey,J.E.,

T.P. Herra, and W.C. Leggett. Mechanisms underlying the spatial

distribution oflarval sunfish

(Lepomis

spp.) in Lake Opinicon, Ontario.

American Fisheries Society Meeting

-

Charlotte, North Carolina, August 1999

(Oral presentation).

Garvey, J.E.

Interactions between ecosystems and life histories: predicting fish

community structure in lakes. Kansas EPSCoR Conference, Topeka, KS, April

•1999 (Poster presentation).

Revised 2-Jun-04

---

MATT ROWLAND W11ILES

Department of Zoology

Southern Illinois University

Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6501

Phone: (618) 453-7639

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Born December 4, 1964; Kansas City, Missouri.

Married 1998, 1 daughter and 1 son

EDUCATION

9/91-6/95

University ofGeorgia, Athens, Georgia;

Ph.D. Ecology.

Dissertation: Disturbance, recovery, and invertebrate communities

in southern Appalachian headwater streams.

9/88-9/91

University ofGeorgia, Athens, Georgia; M.S. Entomology.

Thesis: First-year recovery ofa southern Appalachian headwater stream

following an insecticide induced disturbance.

• 8/84-8/88

Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas; B.S. Biology.

AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION

• Ecosystem ecology with emphasis on freshwater ecosystem structure and function (mainly

• streams and wetlands), the role ofinvertebrates in ecosystems, ecosystem-level consequences

ofextinctions, energetic linkages between aquatic and terrestrial systems, the role of

• disturbance, and biological assessment of-freshwater habitats.

-

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE

2003-

Associate Professor of Zoology, Southern Illinois University

Teaching Freshwater Invertebrates, Stream Ecology, and General Ecology.

Advising graduate research in freshwater ecosystem ecology.

2000-

Assistant Professor of Zoology, Southern Illinois University

Teaching Freshwater Invertebrates, Stream Ecology, and General Ecology.

Advising graduate research in freshwater ecosystem ecology.

2000-

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Entomology, Kansas State University

Serving as a graduate committee member for students pursuing studies in the

area of aquatic invertebrate ecology

~XHIBIT

r1~

I/flL~/~c~’t

---

2

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE (continued)

1997-00

Assistant Professor of Entomology (non-tenure track), Kansas State University

Taught Insect Ecology, Insects and People, Economic Entomology,

and an interdisciplinary Environmental Concerns course. Advised graduate

research in invertebrate ecology.

1995-97

Assistant Professor of Biology, Wayne State College

Taught Introductory Zoology, Invertebrate Zoology, Entomology, Vertebrate

Zoology, Ecology, and General Biology (majors and non-majors). Advised

undergraduate research in freshwater invertebrate ecology.

1996-

Adjunct Graduate Faculty, University ofMemphis

Graduate committee member for students working in aquatic ecology.

1989-95

Graduate

Teaching Assistant, University ofGeorgia

Instructed numerous laboratory courses including General Biology, Entomology,

Animal Behavior, Aquatic Entomology, General Ecology, and Insect Ecology.

1994

Laboratory Coordinator,

University ofGeorgia

Instructed, scheduled, and supervised graduate teaching assistants for the

General Biology program.

1988-94

Research Assistaiit, University of Georgia

Investigated the role ofaquatic invertebrates in stream ecosystem function.

Participated in all aspects of a long-term study including sampling and

processing of invertebrate communities, organic matter, and water chemistry.

1987-88

Research Assistant, Kansas State University

Investigated effects of nutrient enrichment on algal growth and invertebrate

grazer densities in streams on LTER sites across the country.

1987-87

Undergraduate Research Assistant,

Kansas State University

Investigated small mammal behavior on islands in the Sea ofCortez with and

without reptilianpredators.

1985-87

Undergraduate Research

Assistant, Kansas State University

Examined macroinvertebrate community dynamics in streams with contrasting

hydrologic regimes on the Konza Prairie Research Natural Area.

HONORS AND AWARDS

1997

Professor ofthe Year, Math and Sciences Division, Wayne State College.

1996

Professor ofthe Year, Math and Sciences Division, Wayne State College.

1995

Outstanding Teaching Assistant, University ofGeorgia.

1994-1995 University-Wide Assistantship Award, University ofGeorgia.

1994-1995 Merit Assistantship Award; Outstanding Teaching and Research, Univ. ofGA.

1993-1994 Merit Assistantship Award; Outstanding Teaching and Research, Univ. of GA

1988

Nominee for Outstanding Senior Biology Student, Kansas State University.

1987

Hydrolab Award; best poster, North American Benthological Society meetings

1984

Designated Kansas State Scholar.

---

3

PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS

Dodds, W. K., and M. R.

Whiles.

In press.

Factors related to quality and quantity ofsuspended

particles in rivers: general continent-scale patterns in the United States.

Environmental

Management:

Whiles, M. R., J. B. Jensen, J. G. Pails, and W. G. Dyer.

Inpress.

Diets of larval flatwoods

salamanders,

Ambystoma cingulatum,

from Florida and South Carolina.

Journal of

Herpetology.

Whiles, M. R., and J. E. Garvey.

Inpress.

Freshwater resources within the Shawnee-Hoosier

Ecological Assessment Region. Special Publication ofthe USDA Forest Service:

Dodds, W. K., K. Gido, M. R. Whiles, K. M. Fritz, and W. J. Matthews. 2004. Life on the

Edge: Ecology ofPrairie Streams.

Bioscience 54:

205-216

Ranvestel, A. W., K. R. Lips, C. M. Pringle, M. R. Whiles, and R. J. Bixby. 2004. Neotropicai

tadpoles influence stream benthos: evidence for ecological consequences ofamphibian

declines.

Freshwater Biology

49: 274-285.

Webber, J. A., K. W. J. Williard, M. R. Whiles, M. L. Stone, J. J. Zaczek, and K. D. Davie.

2004.

Watershed scale assessment of the impact offorested riparlan zones on stream

water quality. Pages 114-120 In: Van Sambeek, J.W.; J.O. Dawson; F. Ponder, Jr.; E.F.

Loewenstein; and J.S. Fralish, eds. Proceedings, 13th Central Hardwood Forest

Conference; Urbana, IL. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-234. St. Paul, MN: USDA Forest Service,

North Central Research Station.

-

Evans-White, M. A., W. K. Dodds, and M. R. Whiles. 2003. Ecosystem significance of

crayfishes and central stonerollers in a tallgrass prairie stream: functional differences

between co-occurring omnivores.

Journal ofthe North American Benthological Society:

22: 423-441.

Callaham, M. A., Jr., J. M. Blair, T. C. Todd, D. J. Kitchen, and M. R. Whiles. 2003.

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: Effects offire, mowing, and

fertilization on density and biornass.

Soil Biology and Biochemistry

35:1079-1093.

Whiles, M. R., and W. K. Dodds. 2002. Relationships between stream size, suspended

•

particles, and filter-feeding macroinvertebrates in a Great Plains drainage network.

Journal ofEnvironnwntal Quality

31: 1589-1600.

Jonas, J., M. R. Whiles, and R. E. Chariton. 2002. Aboveground invertebrate responses to land

management differences in a central Kansas grassland.

Environmental Entomology

31:

•

1142-1152.

Stagliano, D. M., and M. R. Whiles. 2002. Macroinvertebrate production and trophic structure

in a tallgrass prairie headwater stream.

Journal ofthe North American Benthological

-

Society2l:

97-113.

-

• Callaham, M. A., M. R.

Whiles, and J. M. Blair.

2002. Annual fire, mowing, and fertilization

effects on two annual cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae) in tallgrass prairie.

American

MidlandNaturalist

148: 90-101.

Meyer, C. K., M. R.

Whiles, and

R. E. Chariton. 2002. Life history, secondary production, and

ecosystem significance ofacridid grasshoppers in annually burned and unburned tallgrass

prairie.

American Entomologist

48:

52-61.

---

4

PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS (continued)

Whiles, M. R., and B. S. Goldowitz. 2001. Hydrologic influences on insect emergence

production from central Platte River wetlands.

EcologicalApplications

11: 1829-1842.

Whiles, M. R. M. A. Callaham, C. K. Meyer, B. L. Brock, and R. E. Chariton. 2001.

Emergence ofperiodical cicadas from a Kansas riparian forest: densities, biomass, and

nitrogen flux.

American MidlandNaturalist 145:

176-187.

Schrank, S. J., C. S. Guy,

M. R. Whiles,

and B. L. Brock. 2001. Assessment of

Physicochemical and watershed features influencing Topeka shiner

Notropis topeka

distribution in Kansas streams.

Copeia

2001: 413-421.

Dodds, W. K., M. A. Evans-White, N. M. Gerlanc, L. J. Gray, D. A.Gudder, M. J. Kemp, A. L.

Lopez, D. Stagliano, E. A. Strauss, J. L. Tank,

M. R. Whiles, W. M.

Woliheim. 2001.

Quantification ofthe nitrogen cycle in a prairie stream.

Ecosystems:

3:

574-589.

Whiles, M. R., B. L. Brock, A. C. Franzen, and S. Dinsmore II. 2000. Stream invertebrate

communities, water quality, and land use patterns in an agricultural drainage basin of

northen Nebraska.

Environmental Management:

26:

563-576.

Jeflsen, J. B., and M. R. Whiles. 2000. Diets of sympatric

Plethodonpetraeus

and

Plethodon

giutinosus. Journal ofthe Elisha Mitchell Scient~JIcSociety

116: 245-250.

Callaharn, M. A., Jr., M. R. Whiles, C. K. Meyer, B. L. Brock, and R. E. Chariton. 2000.

Feeding ecology and emergence production ofannual cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae) in

taligrass prairie.

Oecologia

123: 535-542.

Alexander, K. A., and M. R. Whiles, 2000. A new species of

Ironoquia

Banks (Trichoptera:

Limnephilidae) from the central Platte River, Nebraska.

EntomologicalNews:

ill: 1-7.

Whiles, M. R., B. S. Goldowitz, and R. Chariton. 1999. Life history and production ofa semi-

terrestrial limnephilid caddisflyin a Platte River wetland.

Journal of the North American

•

Benthological Society

18: 533-544.

Goldowitz, B. S., and M. R. Whiles. 1999. Investigations offish, amphibians, and aquatic

invertebrates within the middle Platte River system. Published final Report, Platte

Watershed Program, Cooperative Agreement X99708 101, USEPA.

Whiles, M. R., and B. S. Goldowitz. 1998. Biological responses to hydrologic fluctuation in

wetland sloughs ofthe central Platte River.

In

Lingle, G. (ed.)

Proceedings ofthe Ninth

Platte

RiverBasin Ecosystem Symposium.

USFWS and USEPA Region VII;

Whiles, M. R., and J. B. Wallace. 1997. Litter decomposition and macroinvertebrate

communities in headwater streams drainingpine and hardwood catchments.

Hydrobiologia 353:

107-119.

Wallace, J. B., T. F. Cuffney, S. L. Eggert, and M. R.

Whiles.

1997. Stream organic matter

inputs, storage, and export for Satellite Branch at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, North

Carolina, USA.

Journal of the North American Benthological Society

16: 67-74.

Whiles, M. R. and J. B. Wallace. 1996. Macroinvertebrate production in a headwater stream

during recovery from anthropogenic disturbance and hydrologic extremes.

Canadian

Journal ofFisheries and Aquatic Sciences

52: 2402-2422.

Wallace, J. B., J. W. Grubaugh, and M. R. Whiles. 1996. The influence ofcoarse woody debris

on stream habitats and invertebrate biodiversity.

In

McMinn, J. W. and D. A. Crossley, Jr.

---

5

(eds.). Biodiversity and coarse woody debris in southern forests. Gen. Tech. Rept. SE-94.

USDA Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.

PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS (continued)

-

Wallace, J. B., J. W. Grubaugh, and M. R. Whiles. 1996. Biotic indices and stream ecosystem

processes: results from an experimental study.

EcologicalApplications

6: 140-151

Whiles, M. R. and J. W. Grubaugh. 1996. Coarse woody debris and amphibian and reptile

biodiversity in southern forests.

In

McMinn, J. W. and D. A. Crossley, Jr. (eds.).

Biodiversity and coarse woody debris in southern forests. Gen. Tech. Rept. SE-94.

USDA Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.

Wallace, J. B., M. R. Whiles, S. Eggert, T. F. Cuffhey, G. J.Lugthart, and K. Chung.

1995.

Long-term dynamics of coarse particulate organic matter in three Appalachian Mountain

streams.

Journal of the North American Benthological Society

14: 2 17-232.

Whiles, M. R., K. Chung, and J. B. Wallace. 1993. Influence of

Lepidostoma

(Trichoptera:

Lepidostomatidae) on leaflitter processing in disturbed streams.

American Midland

Naturalist

130:

356-363.

Wallace~J. B., M. R. Whiles, J. R. Webster, T. F. Cuffiiey, G. J. Lugthart, and K. Chung. 1993.

Dynamics ofparticulate inorganic matterin headwater streams: linkages with

invertebrates.

Journal ofthe North American Benthological Society

12: 112-125.

Whiles, M. R. and J. B. Wallace. 1992. First-year benthic recovery ofa southern Appalachian

stream following three years ofinsecticide treatment.

Freshwater Biology

28: 81-91.

Hooker, K. L. and M. R. Whiles. 1988. A technique for collection and study of subterranean

invertebrates.

Southwestern-Naturalist

33: 375-376.

ORAL PRESENTATIONS

Meyer, C. K., M. R. Whiles, S. G. Baer, and B. S. Goldowitz. 2004. Macroinvertebrate

communities and ecosytem function in backwater sloughs ofthe central Platte River:

influence ofhydrologic gradients and restoration activities. Invited symposia:

Entomology in Prairie Ecosystems. Annual meetings of the North Central Branch ofthe

Entomological Society ofAmerica, Kansas City, MO.

•Regester, K.J., K. R. Lips, and M. R. Whiles. 2004. The significance ofpond-breeding

salamanders to energy flow and subsidies in an Illinois forest ecosystem. Midwest

Ecology and Evolution Conference, University ofNotre Dame, March 5-7.

Waither, D. A., M. 11. Whiles, D. W. Butler, and M. B. Flinn. 2004. Community level

estimation ofnon-predatory chironomid production in a southern Illinois stream. Annual

meetings of the North Central Branch ofthe Entomological Society ofAmerica, Kansas

City, MO.

Meyer, C. K., M. R. Whiles, and S. G. Baer. 2003. Aboveground production and belowground

biomass in natural and restored Platte River slough wetlands. Annual meetings ofthe

Society for Ecological Restoration, Austin, TX.

Whiles, M. R.

2003. Freshwater macroinvertebrate communities and disturbance: tools for

basic and applied investigations in freshwater ecosystems. Invited seminar speaker,

Purdue University Department ofForestry, Fisheries, and Wildlife.

---

6

Callaham,

M.A., Jr.,

M.R.

Whiles, P.F. Hendrix, and J.M. Blair. 2003. Using natural

-

abundance

stable isotopes to examine the feeding ecology ofcicadas in tallgrass prairie.

Invited symposium presentation, Entomological Society ofAmerica Annual Meetings,

Cincinnati OH.

Whiles, M. R. 2003. Biological responses to hydrologic variability and restoration activities in

central

Platte River backwater wetlands. Invited seminar speaker, Eastern Illinois

University Dept. ofBiology.

-

Callaham, M.A., Jr., P.F. Hendrix, J.M. Blair, and

M.R.

Whiles. 2003. Natural abundance and

tracer applications ofstable isotopes for examination of soil invertebrate feeding ecology.

Invited symposium presentation at Soil Science Society ofAmerica Annual Meetings,

Denver, CO.

Whiles, M. R. 2003. Biological responses to hydrologic variability in Platte River backwater

wetlands.

Invited seminar speaker, University ofIllinois Dept. of Natural Resources and

Environmental

Sciences.

-

Fun, M. B., M. R. Whiles, and S. R. Adams.

2003. Response ofaquatic macroinvertebrates to

environmental pool management and vegetation in Mississippi River backwater wetlands.

Annual Meetings ofthe North American Benthological Society, Athens, GA.

Stone, M. L., M. R. Whiles, J. A. Webber, and K. J. Williard. 2003. Influence ofriparian

vegetation on water quality, in-stream habitat, and macroinvertebrates in southern Illinois

agricultural

streams. Annual Meetings ofthe North American Benthological Society,

•

Athens, GA.

Oneill, B. J., J. B. Garvey, M. R. Whiles, and K. A. Lips. 2003. Scale-dependent

intelTelationships among fish, landscape characteristics, and ambystornatid salamanders

in forest ponds. Joint meeting ofichthyologists and herpetologists, Manaus, Brazil.

Flinn, M. B., S. R. Adams, M. R. Whiles, J. E. Garvey, B. M. Burr, and R. J. Sheehan. 2003.

Fish and macroinvertebrate responses to environmental pool management in Mississippi

Riverpool

25.

Illinois Chapter ofthe American Fisheries Society, Rend Lake, IL.

Adams, S. R. M. B. Flinn, B. M. Burr, R. J. Sheehan, and M. R. Whiles. 2002. Larval ecology

ofblue sucker

(Cycleptus elongatus)

in the Mississippi River. American Society of

•

Ichthyologists and Herpetologists meetings, Kansas City, MO.

Whiles, M. R.

2002. Ecology and ecosystem significance ofcicadas in a taligrass prairie

landscape. Invited seminar speaker, Dept. ofBiology, University ofMemphis.

Whiles, M. R., and B. S. Goldowitz. 2002. Influence ofhydrology and fish on

-

macroinvertebrate communities in backwater sloughs ofthe central Platte River,

Nebraska. Annual Meetings ofthe North American Benthological Society, Pittsburgh.

Whiles, M. R., M. L. Stone,

J. Webber, and K. Williard. 2001. The influence offorested

riparian buffers on water quality and stream invertebrates in Sugar Creek drainage,

•

Illinois. Governor’s Conference on Management ofthe Illinois river system, Peoria, Ii.

Webber, J. A., K. W. Williard, M. R. Whiles, and M. L. Stone. 2001. Watershed-scale

assessment of the impact offorested riparian buffer strips on stream water quality and

biotic integrity. Ecological Society ofAmerica 21(1 International Nitrogen Conference,

Potomac, MD.

Evans-White, M. A., W. K. Dodds, and M. R. Whiles. 2001. Trophic basis ofproduction of

crayfish and central stonerollers in a prairie stream. Annual Meetings ofthe North

American Benthological Society, Lacrosse, WI.

-

---

7

Whiles,

M. R., and W. K. Dodds. 2001. Relationships between stream size, suspended

particles, and filter-feeding macroinvertebrates in a Great Plains river system. Annual

Meetings ofthe North American Benthological Society, Lacrosse, WI.

Whiles, M. R. and M. L. Stone. 2001. Relationships

between riparian zone vegetation, water

quality, and stream invertebrate communities. Midwestern Renewable Natural Resources

Conference, Peoria, Illinois.

Jensen, J. B., C. Camp, J. L. Marshall, and M. R. Whiles. 2001. Recent advances in the

knowledge ofdistribution and natural history ofthe Pigeon Mountain salamander

(Plethodonpetraeus).

Joint annual meeting ofthe Herpetologists League and the Society

for the Study ofAmphibians and Reptiles, Indianapolis, Indiana.

Stagliano, D. M. and M. R. Whiles. 2000. Aquatic invertebrate trophic structure and secondary

production in a tallgrass prairie stream. Annual Meetings of the North American

Benthological Society, Keystone, Colorado.

Meyer, C. K., Whiles, M. R., and R. B. Chariton. 2000. Secondary production and energetics of

grass-feeding acridids in taligrass prairie. Annual meetings ofthe Southwestern Branch

ofthe Entomological Society ofAmerica, Dallas, TX.

Jonas, J. L., M. R. Whiles, and R. B. Charlton. 2000. Land use patterns and insect diversity in a

central Kansas grassland. Annual meetings ofthe Southwestern Branch of the

Entomological Society ofAmerica, Dallas, TX.

Dodds, W~K., M. Evans-White, N. M. Gerlanc, L. Gray, D. Gudder, M. J. Kemp, A. Lopez, D.

M. Stagliano, B. A. Strauss, J. L. Tank, M. R. Whiles, and W. M. Wollheim. 2000.

Quantification ofthe nitrogen cycle in a prairie stream: Konza LINX. Annual Meetings

ofthe North American Benthological Society, Keystone, Colorado.

Whiles, M. R., and B. 5. Goldowitz. 1999. Influence ofhydrology on aquatic insect emergence

production from backwater sloughs ofthe central Platte River, Nebraska. Annual

meetings ofthe North American Benthological Society, Duluth, MN.

Meyer, C. K., M. R. Whiles, and R. E. Charlton. 1999. Secondary production and energetics of

a dominant grass-feeding grasshopper in tallgrass prairie. Annual meetings ofthe

Entomological Society ofAmerica, Atlanta.

Stagliano, D., M. R. Whiles, and R. B. Charlton. 1999. Aquatic insect production and

functional structure in a tallgrass prairie headwater stream. Annual meetings ofthe

Entomological Society ofAmerica, Atlanta.

-

Whiles, M. R. 1999. Natural History and emergence production patterns ofcicadas

(Homoptera: Cicadidae) On the Konza Prairie Research Natural Area, Kansas. Invited

seminar speaker, University ofKansas, November 4, 1999.

Jeffrey, J. D., and M. R. Whiles. 1999. Effects ofthe PGA-class Colbert Hills golf course

construction on prairie amphibians. 26th meetings ofthe KS Herp. Society, Pratt.

Whiles, M. R. 1999. Ecology and significance of cicadas in a tallgrass prairie ecosystem.

Invited seminar speaker, University ofMaine, October 21, 1999.

Evans-White, M. A., W. K. Dodds, M. J. Kemp, L. A. Gray, A. Lopez, J. L. Tank, and M. R.

Whiles. 1999. Patterns ofnitrogen cycling in a prairie stream food web. Annual

meetings ofthe North American Benthological- Society, Duluth, MN.

Goldowitz, B. S., and M. R.

Whiles.

1999. Influence ofhydrologic fluctuations on aquatic

vertebrate communities in central Platte River Wetlands. Annual meetings ofthe

Ecological Society ofAmerica, Spokane, WA.

---

8

Whiles, M. R. 1999. Significance of arthropods to prairie ecosystem function. Invited

symposium speaker, annual meetings ofthe Central States Entomological Society,

Manhattan, KS.

Whiles, M. R. 1999. Aquatic invertebrate communities and disturbance: tools forbasic and

applied investigations. Invited seminar speaker, Southern Illinois University.

Whiles, M. R., A. Franzen, S. Dinsmore, and B. L. Brock. 1998. Use of invertebrate rapid

bioassessment for identification ofstream reaches contributing to water quality

degradation in a northeast Nebraska reservoir. Joint meetings ofthe Association of

Limnologists and Oceanographers and the Ecological Society ofAmerica, St. Louis, MO.

Evans-White, M. A., W. K. Dodds, M. J. Kemp, L. A. Gray, J. L. Tank, M. R. Whiles, and A.

Lopez. 1998. Nitrogen transfer through a prairie stream food web. Annual meetings of

the Great Plains Limnological Society, Pittsburg, KS.

Whiles, M. R. and B. S. Goldowitz. 1998. Biological responses to hydrologic fluctuation in

wetland sloughs ofthe central Platte River. The 9th Platte River Basin Ecosystem

Symposium, Kearney, NB.

Whiles, M.

R. 1997. Invertebrate bioassessment: advantages, techniques, and applications.

Invited speaker, ann. meetings of the Nebraska Natural Resource Districts, Kearney, NE.

Whiles, M. R. 1997. Invertebrate communities and ecosystem processes in disturbed lotic

systems. Invited seminar speaker, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.

Whiles, M. R. 1996. Disturbance, invertebrate communities, and stream ecosystem processes in

southern Appalachian streams. Invited seminar speaker, Texas Tech University,

Lubbock.

Whiles, M. R.

1995.

Stream ecosystem research at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory. Invited

seminar speaker, Southeastern Oklahoma State University, Durant, Oklahoma.

Whiles, M. R., and J. Bruce Wallace.

1995.

Leaflitter decomposition and shredder

communities in streams draining mixed hardwood and white pine watersheds. Annual

meetings ofthe North American Benthological Society, Keystone, Colorado.

Wallace, J. B., J. W. Grubaugh, and M. R. Whiles.

1995.

Biotic indices and stream ecosystem

processes:- results from an experimental study. Annual meetings ofthe North American

Benthological Society, Keystone, Colorado.

Whiles, M. R.

1995.

Disturbance and aquatic invertebrate communities in southern

Appalachian Mountain streams. Invited seminar speaker, University ofTennessee at

Chattanooga.

-

-

Whiles, M. R.

1994. Recovery dynamics ofinvertebrate communities and litter processing in

southern Appalachian streams following disturbance. Invited seminar, Berry College,

-

Mount Berry, Georgia.

Whiles, M. R. and J. B. Wallace. 1994. Long-term measurements ofcoarse particulate organic

matter export from headwater streams. Annual meeting ofthe North American

Benthological Society, Orlando, Florida.

Grubaugh, J. W., Wallace, J. B., and M. R. Whiles. 1994. 1956-57 versus 199 1-92: A

comparison ofmacroinvertebrate communities and potential effects ofchanging land

usage in a Georgia piedmont river. Annual meeting of the North American Benthological

Society, Orlando, Florida.

---

9

Whiles, M. R. 1993. Coarse woody debris and amphibian and reptile diversity in southern

forests. Conference on coarse woody debris in southern forests: effects on biodiversity,

-

University of Georgia, Institute of Ecology.

Whiles, M. R., and G. J. Lugthart. 1993. Secondary production in a headwater stream during

record dry and wet years. Annual meeting ofthe North American Benthological Society,

Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Whiles, M. R., Wallace, J. B., and K. Chung 1992. Use ofa refractory litter species by a

caddisfly: the role of

Lepidostoma

in stream recovery from disturbance. Annual meeting

ofthe North American Benthological Society, Louisville, Kentucky.

Whiles, M. R., and J. B. Wallace 1991. First-year macroinvertebrate communityrecovery in a

southern Appalachian stream following an insecticide induced disturbance. Annual

meeting of the North American Benthological Society, Santa Fe, New Mexico.

Whiles, M. R., Tate, C. M., and K. L. Hooker 1988. The influence ofnutrient enrichments and

grazers on periphyton growth in Konza Prairie streams. Annual Division ofBiology

Graduate Student Forum, Kansas State University.

Tate, C.M., Whiles, M.R., and K. L. Hooker 1988. Influence of nutrients and grazers on

periphyton biornass in prairie streams. Annual meeting ofthe North American

Benthological Society, Tuscaloosa, Alabama.

Tate, G.M., Hooker, K.L., and M. R. Whiles 1987. Seasonal response ofperiphyton to nutrient

enrichment in prairie streams. Annual meeting ofthe North American Bènthological

Society, Orono, Maine.

POSTER PRESENTATIONS

Rowlett, J. H., D. A. Walther, and M. R. Whiles. 2004. A comparison ofmacroinvertebrate

community structure on artificial rock riffles to snag and exposed streambed habitats in

Cache River, Illinios. Annual meetings ofthe North Central Branch ofthe Entomological

Society ofAmerica, Kansas City, MO.

Whiles, M. R.,

D. W. Butler, D. A. Walther, and M. B. Flinn. 2003. Temperature-dependent

growth rates ofnon-predatory chironomids from a southern Illinois stream. Annual

meeting ofthe North American Benthological Society, Athens, GA.

- - -

Stone, M. L., M. R. Whiles, J. A. Webber, and K. Williard. 2002. Relationships between

riparian vegetation, water chemistry, and stream invertebrates in a southern Illinois

agricultural landscape. Annual meeting ofthe North American Benthological Society,

Pittsburgh.

-

Flinn, M. B., R. Adams, M. R. Whiles, B. Burr, and R. Sheehan. 2002. Feeding ecology of

larval blue suckers

(Cycleptus elongatus):

a direct benefit ofriverine backwater

invertebrates to a main channel fish. Annual meeting ofthe North American

Benthological

Society, Pittsburgh.

Flinn, M. B., R. Adams, M. R. Whiles, B. Burr, and R. Sheehan. 2002. Feeding ecology of

larval blue suckers in Mississippi River backwaters. Mississippi River Research

Consortium meetings, LaCrosse, WI.

Meyer, C. K., M. R. Whiles, and R. B. Charlton. 2001. Secondary production and energetics of

grasshoppers as affected by annual burning in tallgrass prairie. Annual meetings ofthe

North Central Branch ofthe Entomological Society ofAmerica, Fort Collins, CO.

---

10

Callaham, M. A., J. M. Blair, T. C. Todd, D. J. Kitchen, and M. R. Whiles. 2001. Fire,

mowing, and fertilization effects on macroinvertbrate assemblages- in taligrass prairie

soils. Soil Ecology Society Conference, Atlanta, Georgia.

Whiles, M. R.,

M. A. Callaham, Jr., C. K. Meyer, and J. M. Blair. 2000. Land Management

Influences on Grassland Cicada Emergence Dynamics. Ecological Society ofAmerica

All Scientists meetings, Snowbird, Utah.

Corum,

R. A., W. K. Dodds,

and M. R. Whiles.

2000. Distribution offilter-feeding

invertebrates in central Kansas rivers and streams. Midwest Limnological Society

Meetings, Lawrence, KS.

-

Whiles, M. R., D. M. Stagliano, and R. E. Charlton. 2000. Bioassessment ofdisturbed prairie

streams: problems with traditional fish and aquatic invertebrate metrics. Annual

Meetings ofthe North American Benthological Society, Keystone, Colorado.

Callaham, M. A., M. R. Whiles, C. K. Meyer, B. L. Brock, and R. E. Charlton. 1999.

Emergence production and ecology of annual cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae) in tallgrass

prairie. Annual meetings ofthe Entomological Society of America, Atlanta, GA.

Callaham, M. A., M. 1~.Whiles, C. K. Meyer, B. L. Brock, and R. E. Charlton. 1999. Feeding

ecology ofcicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae) in tallgrass prairie. Soil Ecology Society

Conference, Chicago, IL.

Jonas, J. L.,

M.

R. Whiles, and R. E. Charlton. 1999. Influence ofland use patterns on insect

diversity in a central Kansas grassland. Annual meetings of the Entomological Society of

America,

Atlanta, GA.

Whiles, M. R., M. A. Callaham, C. K. Meyer, B. L. Brock, and R. B. Charlton. 1998. Periodical

cicada emergence production in a northeast Kansas riparian forest. Annual meetings of

the Entomological Society ofAmerica, Las Vegas, NV.

Stagliano, D., R. B. Charlton, and M. R. Whiles. 1998. Assessing environmental impacts on

Colbert

Hills using fish and aquatic insect communities. Kansas State Research and

Extension

Annual Conference, Manhattan, KS.

-

Alexander, K. A. and M. R. Whiles. 1998. A new species of

Ironoquia

Banks (Trichoptera:

Limnephilidae) from backwaters of the central Platte River, Nebraska. North American

Prairie Conference, Kearney, NE.

Din~more,S., M. R. Whiles, and R. Roberts. 1997. Use ofbioassessment for identification of

stream reaches contributing to eutrophication ofa northeast Nebraska reservoir. Annual

-

meetings ofthe Southwestern Association ofNaturalists, Fayetteville, Arkansas.

Dinsmore, S., M. R. Whiles, and R. Roberts. 1996. Biological and chemical analysis of

agriculturally impacted streams in northeast Nebraska. 31st regional meetings ofthe

American Chemical Society, Sioux Falls, SD.

Whiles, M. R.

1993. Secondary production in a headwater stream during wet and dry years.

Annual meetings ofthe Coweeta LTER site, Athens, Georgia.

Whiles, M. R. and K. L. Hooker 1987. Subterranean invertebrates-from an artesian spring on

Konza Prairie. Annual meeting ofthe NA Benthological Soc., Orono, Maine.

GRANT REVIEWER

NSF, USDA, USEPA, USGS-BRD, Illinois Groundwater Consortium (IGC)

EPA STAR Fellowships, invited review panel member (2002)

---

11

BOOK REVIEWER

Fundamentals ofEcology, 5th ed., B. P. Odum and G. Barrett

-

Ecology, Concepts and Applications, 2nd ed., M. C. Molles

Freshwater Ecology, W.

K. Dodds

MANIJSCR1PT REVIEWER

BioScience, Ecology, Ecological Applications, Limnology and Oceanography

Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, Journal ofthe North American Benthological Society

Environmental Management, Prairie Naturalist, American Entomologist

Environmental Entomology, Journal ofInsect Science, Journal ofEcology

Journal ofthe Kansas Entomological Society, Bulletin ofMarine Science

Journal ofCave and Karst Studies, Wetlands, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,

New Zealand Journal ofMarine and Freshwater Research, Restoration Ecology

PROFESSIONAL SERVICE and MEMBERSHIPS

2002-03

Program Committee, North American Benthological Society

2002-03

Membership Director, American Water Resources Assoc., Illinois chapter

2000-

Entomological Society ofAmerica

1997-

Sigma Xi

-

1986-

North American Benthological Society

---

BEFORE THE ILLINOIS POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

IN THE MATTER OF:

)

)

PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO

)

R 02-19

AMMONIA NITROGEN STANDARDS

)

(Rulemaking

-

Water)

35 Ill. Adm. Code

-

-

)

WRITTEN TESTIMONY OF ROBERT J. SHEEHAN

Justification and Approach for Adoption ofthe United States Environmental

Protection Agency’s Approach for Setting Ambient Water Quality Criteria for

Ammonia in Illinois Surface Waters

-

I am Robert J. Sheehan, Professor of Fisheries in Zoology and Assistant Director

ofthe Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center, Southern Illinois University Carbondale.

My purpose here today is to explain the justification and approach for what I believe

Illinois should use to establish water quality criteria for the state’s surface waters. I

believe that recent information indicates that current ammonia water quality criteria used

by Illinois appear to not be protective enough under certain circumstances and they

appear to be overly protective under other circumstances. I believe that Illinois should

use methods described by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)

in their latest National Criteria Document for ammonia, the 1999 Update of Ambient

Water Quality Criteria for Ammonia (“1999 Ammonia Update”).

I.

Professional Credentials:

I base my testimony on more than 15 years of experience with ammonia toxicity

issues.

For example, colleagues and I published in the international journal

Hydrobiologia

what is to my knowledge the first paper examining the tolerance of larval

(glochidia) unionid mussels to ammonia (Goudreau et al. 1993).

This paper was

considered in the 1999 Ammonia Update. A colleague and I also published in

I EXHIBI1~j~

~

I

5~7

~O2~~l0i

I

vt~v~

(2o1~1

---

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society

a study (Sheehan and Lewis 1986) that

was also included as part of the database upon which the 1999 Ammonia Update was

based. This work was the basis for two best paper awards conferred on us by the

American Fisheries Society. I was selected by the Cadmus Group, a consulting firm

employed by USEPA, to be one of the five national reviewers for the 1999 Ammonia

Update; I was the only biologist among the reviewers (Cadmus 1997). I have taught a

graduate level class (Zoology

565,

Environmental Physiology of Fishes) for more than

ten years that covers in depth the methods for calculation ofnumeric and narrative water

quality criteria. I have also taught these methods in the University of Illinois’ Envirovet

curriculum; Envirovet is a program for training veterinarians in aquatic animal health. I

am the Illinois Chapter of the American Fisheries Society’s representative to the Illinois

Environmental Protection Agency’s (IEPA) Total Maximum Daily Load Work Group. I

am a member of IEPA’s Science Committee for developing water quality standards for

nutrients.

Other indications of my professional stature include the more than $2,000,000 of

funding I have received for research in aquatic systems. This funding was obtained from

approximately twenty different sources.

Most of this research has been directed at

Illinois surface waters, and in particular rivers and streams, but some has been

international (e.g., Amazon River) in scope. I have authored more than twenty-five peer-

reviewed publications on river and stream organisms. These include: 1) invited author of

the “Large Rivers” chapter (Sheehan and Rasmussen 1993) in the American Fisheries

Society’s textbook on fisheries management,

Inland Fisheries Management in North

America—an

updated revision of that work has recently been completed (Sheehan and

-

2

---

Rasmussen 1999); and 2) invited author of the chapter on “Wetlands and Fisheries

Resources of the Mississippi River” in the Pennsylvania Academy of Science book,

Ecolo~ of Wetlands and Associated Systems.

I serve as a member of numerous

government agency teams or committees, such as the Mississippi River Coordination

Team and the Lower Platte River Task Force. I have been an expert witness for the

Washington University Environmental Law Clinic at a hearing before the Missouri Clean

Water Commission. I have also been an expert witness in a hearing before the Illinois

Pollution Control Board that concerned ammonia in the Galesburg Sanitary District

discharge. Lastly, I was appointed to the Pallid Sturgeon Recovery Team by the Director

of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; this is the only federally listed endangered fish

-~

species in the Mississippi River.

II.

Justification

-

As Mr. Callahan testified, ammonia exists in solution in a dynamic equilibrium in

twO forms, as ammonium ion (NH~)and as an unionized molecule (NIH3). Current water

quality standards for Illinois are derived from the U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency’s National Criteria Document,

Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Ammonia—

1984,

which was published in

1985

(hereafter referred to as

“1985

Ammonia Guidance”).

The 1985 Ammonia Guidance was formulated under the so-called joint toxicity theory,

which holds that unionized ammonia is the more toxic form, but ionized ammonia is also

toxic. Further, as pH, temperature or both decrease, the proportion of the toxicity

attributable to ionized ammonia will increase, due to the effects oftemperature and pH on

the ammonia equilibrium. Toxicity appears to increase as pH, temperature, or both

decrease if one only considers unionized ammonia concentrations, because more ionized

3

---

ammonia will be found in lower pH and/or lower temperature solutions. Thus, the 1985

Ammonia Guidance expressed water quality criteria in terms of unionized ammonia with

corrections for the effects of temperature and pH on ammonia toxicity. It was noted in

the 1985 Ammonia Guidance that the joint toxicity model did not appear to be consistent

with some data sets that were available at that time.

In the 1999 Ammonia Update, USEPA concluded that

a

definitive, thorough

theoretical approach for describing pH effects on ammonia toxicity is lacking. Further,

USEPA concluded in the 1999 Ammonia Update that there is no adequate theoretical

basis or scientific understanding for specifying how temperature adjustments to unionized

ammonia criteria can be made. Rather than trying to make “square-peg” data fit into the

“round-hole” joint toxicity theory, the 1999 Ammonia Update took an empirical approach

to describe how pH and temperature affect ammonia toxicity. This meant that in the

opinion of USEPA in the 1999 Ammonia Update, the approach used in the 1985

Ammonia Guidance was flawed because it was formulated based on the belief in the joint

toxicity theory, a belief that seemed to be refuted, especially when applied to temperature

effects on ammonia toxicity.

Application of the 1999 Ammonia Update to Illinois water quality laws is

warranted at this time. The 1999 Ammonia Update is superior to the 1985 Ammonia

Guidance approach for a number of reasons. First, the 1999 Ammonia Update recognizes

that the effects of temperature on ammonia toxicity are not strongly indicative ofjoint

toxicity. Second, models used to describe the effects of pH on ammonia toxicity use

empirical components in recognition of the incomplete knowledge of joint toxicity

effects. Third, expressing ammonia toxicity on the basis of total ammonia eliminated the

4

---

need for a temperature correction for ammonia Criterion Maximum Concentrations.

Fourth, using total ammonia to express ammonia toxicity generally resulted in reduced

variability among data sets and better fit to existing data sets. Fifth, permit limits are

usually expressed in total ammonia, so expressing criteria on the basis oftotal -ammonia

would eliminate conversions to unionized ammonia. Sixth, another water quality

criterion that 1999 Ammonia Update believes is necessary to protect aquatic life will be

established, wherein the highest four-day average will not be allowed to exceed

2.5

times

the chronic criterion. Lastly, the results of more than 40 new scientific studies with a

number of additional species were added to the ammonia toxicity data base. Studies

representing a broad range ofspecies are necessary for developing adequately protective

water quality criteria.

More data in general reduces the risk of criteria being

-

overprotective as well as under protective.

III.

Proposed changes to Part 302, Subpart

B,

Section 302.212:

Methods for calculating water quality criteria are taken from the 1999 Ammonia

Update. All criteria will be on the basis oftotal ammonia. The 1999 Ammonia Update

provides two relationships for calculating the Criterion Maximum Concentration (CMC)

or acute criterion for ammonia. One equation is used when salmonid fishes are present

and the other when they are absent. Since no reproducing salmonid populations are

found in Illinois waters that receive NPDES point source discharges, the salmonid fishes

absent approach is warranted in Illinois.

The

1999 Ammonia Update provides two relationships for calculating the

Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) or chronic criterion for ammonia. One

relationship is to be used when early life history stages of fish are present and the other

---

when they are not. The equation used when early life history stages are present results in

a more protective water quality criterion, which is necessary to protect fishes during

sensitive developmental stages.

-

I compiled a list of spawning dates for fish species in Illinois to determine when

the “early life history stages present” water quality criteria should be applied. These

spawning dates may be found as IA WA’s Exhibit 11. Spawning dates were derived from

many sources and based on the best information available. Although spawning dates

have been reported for most species, information specific to Illinois is not available for

many species, soprofessional judgment was also used. Primary sources of spawning date

information included

Fishes of Illinois

(Smith 1979),

The Fishes of Missouri

(Pflieger

1997), and

Fishes of Wisconsin

(Becker

1983).

I consulted with Dr. Brooks Burr, an ichthyologist at my institution. I also.

consulted with Mr. Brian Thompson of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,

Region V. It is my understanding that Mr. Thompson then consulted with a colleague in

his office, Mr. Ed Hammer. Mr. Hammer is knowledgeable of fishes in Illinois. To the

best of my knowledge, the following rationale for determining periods when early life

history stages of fishes are present in Illinois waters is representative of and consistent

with the outcome ofthose consultations.

Most Illinois fish species spawn in the spring and summer seasons, so the months

of April through August are without doubt within the “early life history stages present”

period. The earliest spawning species in Illinois’ inland waters is the harlequin darter

Etheostoma histrio,

which is believed to spawn as early as February. The harlequin

darter is found in Illinois in the Embarras River between the towns of Charleston and

6

-

---

-

Newton and in the Wabash River between Beau Woods State Park and the town of

Rising Sun. It is reasonable that the “early life history stages present” should be

considered to begin in February in these two river reaches to afford protection to the

harlequin darter, unless this species proves to be relatively tolerant to ammonia.

Elsewhere

in the waters of Illinois, exclusive of Lake Michigan, the earliest

spawning species are most probably members of the Esocidae, the grass pickeral

Esox

americanus

and the northern pike

E. lucius.

These two esocids probably typically initiate

spawning in most of their Illinois range in March. Consequently, designating March as

the beginning of the “early life history stages present” period in waters where the

harlequin darter is not found is warranted.

Illinois fish species that spawn as late in-the year as September include the sand

shiner

Notropis ludibundus,

banded killifish

Fundulus diaphanous,

and mosquitofish

--Gambusia affinis.

However, time should be permitted for the young of these species to

grow out of the most sensitive developmental stages, so it appears justifiable to extend

the “early life history stages present” period through October.

Two species that reportedly spawn in winter were not used to determine when

early life history stages are present for the following reasons. The burbot

Lota lota

has

been found in the Illinois River. It is thought to spawn during the winter, but it is doubtful

that this species reproduces in any Illinois waters with the exception of Lake Michigan.

The spring cavefish

Chologaster agassizi

may spawn at various times of the year,

including winter, but this species is subterranean and unlikely to be affected by ammonia

in discharges.

-

7

---

In summary, the “early life history stages not present” period should be

considered to be November through February in most of the state. In waters where the

harlequin darter occurs, however, the “early life history stages present” period should be

considered to be November through January unless it can be shown that this species is

relatively tolerant to ammonia. The “early life history stages not present” period could be

extended through February in harlequin darter waters if this species is not very sensitive

to ammonia.

The 1999 Ammonia Update suggests the use of a third criterion, a 4-day average

that should not exceed

2.5

times the CCC. I believe that there is justification for this

“subchronic” ammonia criterion. It will afford an additional level of protection for the

state’s aquatic biota that is not present in the existing law.

IV.

Use of the

50th percentile pH to calculate chronic effluent standards:

Stephan et al. (1984) defined USEPA’s general guidelines for deriving numerical

national water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic organisms and their uses. This

document established USEPA’s intent in regard to water quality criteria development.

The 1999 Ammonia Update is an example of the mechanics of water quality criteria

development for a particular toxic—ammonia. According to Stephan et al. (1984),

“. .

the concentration ofa pollutant in a body ofwater can be above the CCC without causing

an unacceptable effect if (a) the magnitudes and durations of the excursions above the

CCC are appropriately limited and (b) there are compensating periods of time during

which the concentration is below the CCC.” The 1999 Ammonia Update approach

establishing a subchronic standard effectively accomplishes (a) above—it limits the

8

---

magnitudes and durations of excursions above the CCC. This protection is not present

under current law.

Since unionized ammonia is considered the more toxic form, solutions become

more toxic at elevated pH values. This is an important consideration when protecting

organisms from lethal -concentrations. Thus, a very conservative

75th

percentile pH is

used to calculate effluent standards to meet acute criteria. However, chronic effects deal

with important yet less harmful responses, such as effects on growth. The intent of the

CCC is to prevent unacceptable chronic effects, such as unacceptable effects on growth.

By using the

50th

percentile pH, excursions above the CCC will be completely

compensated for by periods when pH is below the

50th

percentile. Thus, a chronic effect,

such as reduced growth, will be no worse on average than is considered acceptable, based

on the CCC.

-

The establishment of the subchronic criterion will provide the level of protection

against extended duration and high magnitude excursions above the CCC as described by

Stephan et al. (1984) (see (a) above). The subchronic standard and the protection it

provides are not present under the current law. This alone provides a great deal of

justification for modification of the current law. The

50th

percentile pH will ensure that

the CCC is met on average, also consistent with the intent of the CCC as described by

Stephan et al. (1984) (see (b) above).

Also, the overall approach used in the 1999 Ammonia Update for chronic

ammonia criteria development is superior to that of 1985 Ammonia Guidance. In the

1985 Ammonia Guidance, chronic water quality criteria were derived from estimates of

chronic effects threshold concentrations, or the geometric mean of the lower and upper

9

---

-

chronic limits; i.e., the highest concentration in a test that did not cause an unacceptable

adverse effect and the lowest concentration that caused an unacceptable adverse effect,

respectively. There is a high degree of statistical and scientific uncertainty in estimates

of chronic effects threshold concentrations using this method. In the 1999 Ammonia

Update, chronic criteria are set by interpolating a single value (the EC2O) from a

concentration-toxicity relationship developed from an entire data set. Thus, in the 1985

Ammonia Guidance chronic criteria are determined using only two data points taken

from the portion of the concentration-toxicity relationship where statistical error and

scientific uncertainty are high. In the 1999 Ammonia Update, an entire data set (that

includes values with lower statistical error rates and higher scientific certainty) is used to

develop chronic criteria.

V.

Mussels

USEPA Region V has provided a document with a list of studies examining

ammonia toxicity in mussels, due to concerns that the 1999 Ammonia Update did not

adequately address this taxonomic group. The vast majority ofthe referenced studies are

not published in the peer-reviewed literature, and most certainly had not been subjected

to USEPA procedures or public comment regarding their suitability for inclusion in data

bases for water quality criteria development. By my count, 13 works were referenced

and only two of those were published in the peer-reviewed scientific literature. I am a

coauthor (Goudreau et al. 1993) of one of the two published papers. Because of my

familiarity with that work, I was somewhat surprised that the LC5U value we obtained

was included in the proposed mussel database without any comment regarding its

appropriateness. Our study was cutting edge research at the time, the first study to

10

---

examine ammonia toxicity in larval (glochidia) mussels. However, the toxic response we

measured, closure of the valves, occurred in up to

50

of the control glochidia, a

problem we described in the paper. According to generally accepted guidelines for

toxicity tests (USEPA 1991), no more than 10 of control group animals should show

the toxic response, if a toxicity test is to be considered valid. Some mention of the

problem we encountered with control animals should at least have been method. I was

also surprised to read in the document provided by Region V USEPA that, “There were

no applicable acute:chronic ratios for sublethal ammonia impacts to freshwater mussels”,

because we reported both an EC5O value and an LC5O value from which an acute-chronic

ratio for mussels could have been obtained. It should be mentioned that our Goudreau et

al. (1993) paper was considered in the 1999 Ammonia Update, but it did not affect the

outcome ofchronic criteria that were developed.

-Given the lack ofboth USEPA and public review, as well as a lack of peer review

by the scientific community for most of the mussel studies provided in the document

from Region V, I do not believe there is compelling evidence regarding the tolerance of

mussels to ammonia to justify modification of criteria based on 1999 Ammonia Update at

this time.

VI.

Summary Conclusions

-

1.

The theoretical framework used to formulate Illinois’ ammonia water

quality criteria was based on USEPA guidelines; USEPA now questions the theoretical

basis ofthat framework.

2.

USEPA now proposes that models developed using empirical methods be

used to determine water quality criteria; these models are the best available for this

11

---

purpose at this time, and I believe Illinois’ regulations should be revised according to the

new models proposed by USEPA.

-

3.

The method for calculating chronic criteria that is described in USEPA’s

latest guidance is superior to the previous method and should be adopted in the state’s

regulations.

4.

I urge that Illinois establish another water quality criterion, the subchronic

criterion described in the latest USEPA guidance, to more fully protect the organisms in

the state’s waters.

5.

The early life history states present period, used to establish chronic

criteria, should be considered as March through October in most ofthe state.

6.

In

waters where the harlequin darter i-s found, the early life history stages

present period should be considered as February through October, unless this species

proves to berelatively insensitive to ammonia.

7.

Lastly, using the

50th

percentile pH for calculating effluent limits to meet

chronic ammonia criteria is consistent with current USEPA guidance.

Robert J. Sheehan

Professor ofFisheries in Zoology

Assistant Director, CFRL

Associate Director, Illinois Aquaculture Research & Demonstration Center

Literature Cited

Goudreau, S.E., R.J. Neves, and R.J. Sheehan. 1993. Effects of sewage treatment

plant effluents on mollusks in the upper Clinch River, Virginia. Hydrobiologia

252:211-230.

Sheehan, R.J. and M. Konikoff. 1998. Wetlands and fisheries resources of the

Mississippi River. Pages 628-647, Chapter 40 in S.K. Majumdar, E.W. Miller,

and F.P. Brenner, Editors; Wetlands and Associated Systems. Pennsylvania

Acadamy ofScience, Harrisburg, PA.

-

-

12

---

Sheehan, R.J. and W.M. Lewis. 1986. Relationships between the toxicity of

aqueous ammonia solutions, pH, ammonia salt formulations, and water balance in

channel catfish fingerlings. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society.

115:891-899.

Sheehan, R.J. and J.R. Rasmussen. 1993. Large Rivers. Chapter 19, pages 443-

466 in C.C. Kohler and W.T. Huber, editors, Inland Fisheries Management in

North America. American Fisheries Society Special Publication. Bethesda, MD.

Sheehan, R.J. and J.R. Rasmussen. 1999. Large Rivers. Chapter 20, pages

529-

560

in C. Kohler and W. Huber, editors, Inland Fisheries Management in North

America; Second Edition.

American Fisheries Society Special Publication.

Bethesda, MD.

USEPA 1991.

Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents and

receiving waters to freshwater and marine organisms. C.I. Weber, ed. Office of

Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati,

Ohio. EPA-600/4-90-027.

CHO2/22175062.1

13

---

Table

1.

Spawning periods for fishes in Illinois.

SPECIES

COMMON NAME

-

ILLINOIS

SPAWNING PERIOD

bdellium

Ohio lamprey

Early spring

- Chestnut lamprey

Late May to June

Northern brook lamprey

Early May

Silver lamprey

May and June

aepyptera

Least brook lamprey

Late March

-

-

American brook lamprey

April or May

marinus*

Sea lamprey

April to July (introduced into Illinois waters)

fulvescens

Lake sturgeon

May and June

albus

Pallid sturgeon

May and June

-

Shovelnose pallid sturgeon

-

April to June

spathula

Paddlefish

April and May

oculatus

Spotted gar

Late April and May

Longnose gar

Late April and May

Shortnose gar

Mid May to July

Alligator gar

May

Bowfin

April to June

American eel

Spawns in the ocean

-

Alabama shad

May to June

Skipjack herring

Late April to late June

-

Alewife

June into August

cepedianum

Gizzard shad

April to June

Threadfin shad

Throughout the summer

Goldeye

-

May

Mooneye

Late March to April

artedii*

Cisco -

November (only introduced populations in

Illinois outside of Lake Michigan)

Lake whitefish

October and November

Bloater

January into March

Blackfin cisco

Winter (extirpated in Illinois)

cylindraceum*

Round whitefish

Fall (maybe extirpated in Illinois waters)

fontinalis*

Brook trout

Fall and winter

Lake trout

i

-

October

mykiss*

Rainbow trout

-

Fall and spring spawning stocks (introduced

into Illinois)

Brown trout

November to December (introduced into

Illinois waters)

kisutch*

Coho salmon

Winter, but can be variable (introduced into

Illinois waters)

Chinook salmon

-

Winter, but can be variable

Rainbow smelt

Spring spawner (introduced into the great

lakes and other Illinois waters)

Mudminnow

April and later; probably dependent on

floodplain inundations for spawning

Grass pickeral

March and April

~D2t°t

---

Table

1.

Spawning periods for fishes in Illinois (cont.)

SPECIES

COMMON NAME

ILLINOIS

SPAWNING PERIOD

E. lucius

Northern pike

March

E. masquinongy

Muskellunge

March and April (widely stocked, but natural

pqpulations in Illinois, if any, probably

extirpated)

Carassius auratus

Goldfish

Late March through June

Cyprinella lutrensis

Red shiner

Late May to August

-

C. spiloptera

Spotfin shiner

Early June to mid-August

C. venusta

Blacktail shiner

June into August

C. whipplei

Steelcolor shiner

June to mid-August

Ctenopharyngodon della

Grass carp

May to July (introduced into Illinois waters)

Hypophthalmichthys

molotrix

Silver carp

Spring through summer (introduced into Illinois

waters)

H. nobilis

Bighead carp

Summer; increases in river stage (introduced

-

into Illinois waters)

Notemigonus crysoleucas

Golden shiner

April to early June

Semotilus atromaculatus

Creek chub

April and May

-

Couesius plumbeus*

Lake chub

April and May

Nocomis biguttatus

-

Hornyhead chub

Late April through June

N. micropogon

River chub

April through June

-

Macrhybopsis aestivalis

Speckled chub

Late May to August

-

M. gelida

Sturgeon chub

May to late August

M. gracilus

Flathead chub

July to August

M. meeki

Sicklefin chub

Unknown (large river species)

Hybopsis amblops

-

Bigeye chub

May through June

H. storeriana

Silver chub

Unknown

-

Erimystax x-punctatus

Gravel chub

April

-

Osopoeodus emiliae

Pugnose minnow

Late.June

-

Rhinichthys atratulus

Blacknose dace

Late April through July

R. cataractae

Longnose dace

April through June

-

Luxilus chrysocephalus

Striped shiner

Late April into June

L. cornutus

Common shiner

Late April into June

Lythrurus ardens

Rosefin shiner

Late April through June

L. fumeus

Ribbon shiner

June

L. umbratilis

Redfin shiner

Mid May to early August

Phenacobius mirabilis

Suckermouth minnow

Late April into August

Notropis amnis

Pallid shiner

April

N. anogenus

Pugnose shiner

May to June

N. atherinoides

Emerald shiner

June into July

-

N. blennius

River shiner

Late June into August

N. boops

Bigeye shiner

Early June to Late August

N. buchanani

Ghost-shiner

Late April to early July

N. chalybaeus

Ironcolor shiner

Late June to July

N. dorsalis

Bigmouth shiner

June and July

N. heterodon

Blackchin shiner

-

Unknown

2

---

- Table 1. -Spawning periods for fishes in Illinois (cont.)

-

SPECIES

COMMON NAME

ILLINOIS

SPAWNING PERIOD

N. heterolepis

Blacknose shiner

June though July

N. hubbsi

Bluehead shiner

May

-

N. hudsonius

Spottail shiner

May, and June, August possible

N. rubellus

Rosyface shiner

May to early June

N. shumardi

Silverband shiner

Late summer

N. ludibundus

Sand shiner

Late April through September

N. texanus

Weed shiner

August

N. volucellus

Mimic shiner

June into August

N. wickliffi

Channel shiner

June and July

Ericymba buccata

Silverjaw minnow

March to July

Phoxinus erythrogaster

Southern redbelly dace

Late April through June

Dionda nubile

Ozark minnow

May and June

Hybognathus argyritis

Western silvery minnow

- June to July

-

H. hankinsoni

Brassy minnow

- Late May in Wisconsin

H. hayi

Cypress minnow

April or later

H. nuchalis

-

Silvery minnow (Mississippi

silvery minnow)

June

H. placitus

Plains minnow

June to July

Pimephales notatus

Bluntnose minnow

May through August

P. promelas

Fathead minnow

May through August

P. vigilax

Bullhead minnow

Late May into July

Campostoma anomalum

Common stoneroller

April through May

C. olegolepis

Largescale stoneroller

--

April through May (assumed to be similar to

common stoneroller)

Cycleptus elongates

Blue sucker

Unknown (found in medium to large rivers)

lctiobus bubalus

Smallmouth buffalo

May and June

-

I. cyprinellis

Bigmouth buffalo

--

-

May and June (assumed to be similar to the

smallmouth buffalo)

I. niger

Black buffalo

May and June (assumed to be similar to other

buffalo spp.)

Cyprinus carpio

Common carp

Late March through June (introduced into

Illinois waters)

Carpiodes carpio

River carpsucker

May through July

C. cyprinus

Quillback (carpsucker)

Mid April into June

C. velifer

.

l-Iighfin carpsucker

Unknown; probably late spring through mid

summer

Moxostoma anisurum

Silver redhorse

-

March into May

M. carinatum

River redhorse

April and May

M. duquesnei

Black redhorse

April and May

M. erythrurum

Golden redhorse

April into June

M. macrolepidotum

Shorthead redhorse

April into July

M. valenciennesi

Greater redhorse

Extirpated in Illinois

Hypentelium nigricans

Northern hog sucker

April and May

Catostomus catostomus*

Longnose sucker

Unknown (early spring probable)

3

---

Table 1. Spawning periods for fishes in Illinois (cont.)

SPECIES

COMMON NAME

ILLINOIS

SPAWNING PERIOD

Ameiurus catus

White catfish

—

June and July

A. melas

Black bullhead

—

May and June

A. natalis

Yellow bullhead

May and June

A. nubulosus

Brown bullhead

May and June

Ictalurus furcatus

Blue catfish

June

I. punctatus

Channel catfish

June

Pylodictis olivaris

Flathead catfish

Late June and July

Noturus eleutherus

Mountain madtom

June and July

N. exilis

Slender madtom

June and July

N. flavus

Stonecat

June and July

N. gyrinus

Tadpole madtom

June and July

N. miurus

-

Brindled madtom

June

-

N. nocturnus

Freckled madtom

Late June into July

N. stigmosus

Northern madtom

June

Chologaster agassizi

Spring cavefish

January through March

Aphredoderus sayanus

Pirate perch

April and May

Percopsis omiscomaycus

Trout-perch

April to August

Lota lota*

Burbot

January to March

Fundulus catenatus

Northern studfish

May into July

F. diaphanous

Banded killifish

April to September

F. dispar

Starhead topminnow

May and June

F. notatus

Blackstripe topminnow

Late spring and summer

-

F. olivaceus

Blackspotted topminnow

May and into summer

Gambusia affinis

Mosquitofish

Mid April to September

Labidesthes sicculus

Brook silverside

May into August

Culaea inconstans

Brook stickleback

Late spring and early summer

Pungitius pungitius*

Ninespine stickleback

Summer in Canada

Myoxocephalus

quadricornis*

Fourhorn sculpin

June

-

Cottus bairdi

Mottled sculpin

March through June

C. carolinae

Banded sculpin

March through April

C. cognatus*

Slimy sculpin

Unknown (assumed to be similar to other

Cottus spp.)

C. ricei*,

Spoonhead sculpin

Fall (not known with certainty)

Morone chrysops

White bass

April or May

-

M. mississippiensis

Yellow bass

April or May

M. saxatilis

Striped bass

Does not reproduce in IL

Micropterus dolomieui

Smallmouth bass

May and June

M. punctulatus

Spotted bass

May and June

M. salmoides

Largemouth bass

May and June

Lepomis cyanellus

Green sunfish

May and into summer

L. gibbosus

Pumpkinseed

May and into summer

4

---

- iable 1. Spawning periods for fishes in Illinois (cont.)

SPECIES

COMMON NAME

ILLINOIS

SPAWNING PERIOD

Warmouth

May and into summer

-

Orangespotted sunfish

May and into summer

Bluegill

-

May ~nd into summer

Longear sunfish

May to August

Redear sunfish

May and into summer

Spotted sunfish

May into August

Bantam sunfish

Late May

rupestris

Rock bass

-

May

annularis

White crappie

April through June

Black crappie

April through June

macropterus

Flier

March into May

zonatum

Banded pygmy sunfish

April and May

-

canadense

Sauger

March into-June

Walleye

March and April

Yellow perch

March through June

Logperch

Mid March to mid July

Gilt darter

Extirpated in Illinois; would spawn during the

summer

Blackside darter

April to June

-

Slenderhead darter

Early June

Dusky darter

Late May to early July

River darter

April and May

Stargazing darter

-

Unknown (probably should not be considered

endemic to Illinois waters)

asprella

Crystal darter

March

clara

Western sand darter

Thought to be a summer spawner

Eastern sand darter

-

-

Unknown, but later than most of the darters, if

consistent with A. clara

asprigene

Mud darter

March into May

Greenside darter

March and April

Rainbow darter

March into June

Bluebreast darter

May and June

Bluntnose darter

Early May

Iowa darter

April

Fantail darter

April into June

Slough darter

Late May

-

Harlequin darter

February and March

Stripetail darter

Late April

Least darter

April through June

- Johnny darter

March into June

-

Cypress darter

Mid March to June

Orangethroat darter

Mid March through May

Spottail darter

Late March to June

5

---

Table 1. Spawning periods for fishes in Illinois (cant.)

I

ILLINOIS

SPECIES

COMMON NAME

SPAWNING PERIOD

E. zonale

Banded darter

April into July

Aplodinotus grunniens

Freshwater drum

Late April through July or later

Aplodinotus grunniens

Freshwater drum

Late April through July or later

* No naturally reproducing populations in waters receiving NPDES permit discharges.

C:\TEMP\ILSPeCieSPaWntemPSREV)SED2.dOC

6

---

710

.

IMAIIANDIAINII

:

!~

•~p~d~i.A.SaThSSlapu!U

Bose, editoe. Thermsbiology. Academic Press, Los.

don.

Fry. F B.

1.

1971. The effects ofaovieeemonsal factors

os the physiology of fish. Pages 1—98 loW. S. Hose

oed D. 3. Raedstl, editure. Fish physiology, volume

6. Academic Press, New York.

Gammas. 5. B., sod 3. M. Rnidy. 1981. The role of

tnihutaries dueiog as episode of low dissolved nu~

ygee in the Wahash Riser, Indians.Pages 396—407

ie L. A. Krtamho)e, editor. The wsrmwstee streams

symposiom. Americas Fisheries Society. Souskore

Division. Bethesda, Maryland.

Gee. J. H.. B. B Tutlmun, sod H. 5. Smart. 1978. Be-

ectioss of come Great Plains fishes lb progressive

hypunia. Canadian Juarcal of Zoology 56:1962—

l9bfl.

Hicks, G. B., and 3. W. DeWitt. 1970. A system for

maintaining constant dissolved osygen eoscestea.

ions in flowing water nsperintento. Progressive’

Pioh-Cuttariet 32:75—57.

Hlehowskyj, I., and T B. Winning. 1985. Seasonal

changes in the critical thermal masims lCTMsn( of

faotait )Ethroatoma flssbellarel. genroside )Stiteoa-

soma bleeuiaidca) sodrainbow lEthoeataata earn,-

learn) durrers. Csssdian Josenat of Zoology 63:

1629—1633.

Hlohowskyj, I., and ‘C B. Wiasiug. 1987. Seasonal

changes in low onygen tolerance of fantail,

Eth.

eeoessma fiobollsare, raintsow, B. coenalesm, and

greensidn. K bteeeioidee dnrters. Bnoironmentat

Biology of Fishes 18:277—283.

Hstchiaao, V. H. 1976. Psctons inflsencing thermal tol-

erances of individsat organisms. BBDA (Boergy

Research and Dcorlnpmest Admintstrstios) Sym-

posium Series Cnef-750425:lO—2h.

Kurt.5. B.. K. D. Pacseh, F L. Aogermeier, P. B. Yoant.

and I. 1. Sehtossne. t9g6. Ansesning biological in-

tegrity to rsneing waters: s mothad sod itsrationste.

liliossin Notaral Otistory Survey Special Publics.

Kate, M..and A. B. Gaaho. 1952. The effocta of sewage

petlolino no the 8th ysyatntiont of a midwestern

stream. Transactions of the American Fisheries So.

ciety 81:156—165.

Ktng. T. L.. B. G. Zimmerman. sod ‘CL. Beitinger. 1985.

Cuncardustonristiee in thermal tolerance and at-

torymes of the red shiner, Notrepia latresaft. is-

hahitieg tailwatee sections of the Brazes River,Too-

no. Bociranmoetot Biology of Fishes 13:49—57.

Kowatski, K.

‘C.

1. P. Sehohoser, C. L. Scott, and

/.

B.

Systits. 1978. lnterspeeifin nod seasonal differ’

rnern In the temperature tolerances of stream fish.

Joarnat of Thermal Biology 3:185—188.

Lowe, C. H., D. S. Hiods, and B. A. Hatpera. 1967.

Boporimestat estssteophic setnetion and tolerances

to low onygen cosrenteutios in nusivr Arioona

freshwater fishes. F.cology 48:1013—1017.

Matthews. W. J. 1986. Geographic saeiatias is the thee.

mat tolerance of a widespread minnow (Notropfs

tatreoaia( of the North American Midwest. Journal

of Fish Biology 2g;4g7—4l7.

Matthews. W.

1.

1987. Fhysicoehnmicat tolerance and

seleotisisy of stream fishes sn mIsted to their ges’

gruyhio ranges aod local disteibations. Fagra II

120 is W.

3.

Maltltews and D. C. Hems, editors.

Commaoity ned evolutionary ecology of North

American stream fishes. University of Gklahoma

Press. Norman.

Moore, W. G. 1942. Field studies on the osygrn re-

qoiwmrnts of cerlein fresh-waler fishes. Bcalogy

23:319—329.

Mono, D. D., sod D.C. Scott. 1961. Gissotoed osygen

reqotremonts of three species of fish. ‘thansacsioss

of the American Fisherien Sacirly 90:377—393.

Msrphy, J. C., C.

‘C

Garten, Jr.. M, H. Smith, and B. A.

Stasdora. 1976. Thermal loleraneeand respiratory

movement of hlaegill from two popsiutiuss tested

at different levels of scclimstion temperature and

water hardness. BBGA IBoergy Research and Ge’

velopmest Administradon) Symposiom Series

Conf’751t425:145—147.

Shopsed, M. F. 1935. Resistance and tolerance ofyoung

sposkied trout fSalcotieaofooshtslis) to osygen lack.

with special referooce In low osygno acclimation.

Jooreul of the Fisheries Research Board ofCansds

12:387446.

Shberbetno, G. L. 1965. Intraspecific eariatisu of os-

ygen reqsiremests of freshwster fishes. Gidruhiol-

ogichoskii Zharonl 1:5—8. fNos sees; cited itt Gas-

doroff and Shoetway 1970.)

Smale, M. A., and C- F Bahesi. 1995. bOuncers of

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BrcricndFchssasy 7, 1094

Accrytrd Pntsrsary 6. 995

logical condition of the fisk (Fry 1967. 197):

Hotchinoe 1976). and tolerances under satoral

condilions coo differ markedly frssm (hove in the

laboratory (Moore 1942). Furthermore, subtelkat

iohibiting effects of hypoxia and hyperlhermia

555

frowtb (Stewart ct al. 1967: Bejda et a) 19921.

reproductioti and recruitment )lluhhs 964: Gcrk-

ing et ol. 1979: Heodersoo and Brown 1985). sod

hohttat seleclion (Ultoch et ot. (979; Belle Ct a).

(987) moy be more ecologically iefloeotial thao

direct mortality. However, oven laboratory mea-

surenseots that are too simplistic to precisely pre’

dirt absoiste values of temperatures or dissolves)

ooygen levels that ore limiting to fish in oatsical

environments may still be used in a relative mao-

ner to disbisguish loteruet from sensitive species.

If me 005ume that rankings of species by tketr to)-

erance to lethal phycicochemical conditions re-

main the same under both laboratory and held dIn-

dilions. aed if we further assume that sublethal

levels of hypooia aud kyperthnrmia affeel sensitive

species more slrongly than tolerant species under

eqaiouleot conditions, then tolerance measure-

ments fur a group of species vhottld predict those

species which mill be most snccessful In the held

soder varioox physicochemical cooditions.

ill

t~2~tO4

(@1-U (/~(L~M

Influences of Hypoxia and Hyperthermia on

Fish Species Composition in Headwater Streams

MARTIN A. SMALE

Missouri Cooperative Fists utad Wildlife Seororch Unit

The

School ofNatural lteaonrcea. Uescrroiey

set

Missouri

-

1/2 Stophest.r

Nell.

~olumhia, Mi.vstturi 652(1.

1)54

-

CHABLBS

F.

RABBNI

Nasiosol Biological .Sercice. Mis-oouri Coopeeatiee Fish asid Wildlife Research Ustis

The

Schoo/ ofNaeoral Resaoreea, Uoicrcsirs ofMiacoori

AbstracL—Indices of hyposia and hyperthormia tetrraocr for Missouri fish assrseldages once

bused on laboratory meanuremeuss of

lethal

dissoIynd osygen soneentratious and temperatures.

combined mith field measures of she relative abaudufiMfibf tdteront and sensitive species. Fish

assrmklagos andeuteeme phynicecheminatconditiaos were monitsend over

3—4

years as IS sites

so heudouter streams in the Prairie. Gourk Border, and Death regions of Minoouni. Gsygeo minima

ranged from 0.8106.8

mg/L.

and temperature manimu ranged from 9.6 so 35.7*C; nayfen minima

at study sites were not correlated with temperaturemasima. Hyponia tolerances of fish assemblages

mere strongly cumolated with minimum stream osygen eoncentratiuus and varied cuecordassly

with regional, longitudinal, and temporal grudieotu in stream osygrn minima. Hyperthermis tel.

erunceu of fish assemblages were not correlated with manimssm stream temperatures, nor were

regional, tongitudisat, or temporal differences in hyperthrrtniu tolerances coucordantwith satiation

in snmpnratare masima. Anin scorns from a detmeoded correspondence analysis of species fm.

quenaieu mere atrungty correlated with dissoloed 055gm minima foe alt 18 sitos. hut cuSs scares

correlated with temperature masima only at the four weII.onygeeased sites. Low dissolved onygrn

cools had a substantial effect on the composition offish assemblages at most sites. hut maaintum

somprrstoreu influonccd assemblages only at Ike few sisos without severe Insoto of hypesia.

Measurements of Ike tolorascns of fish species

to 1cm dissolved oxygen conceetcalicos end high

Iemperatnrcx ace a potentially valoable tool fcc

tesling hypntheses Shout Ike effects of estreme

physicochemical conditions oo fink assemblages

and for evaluating the effects of organic and thor.

mal pollution (Warren et nI. 1973: Magnuson 01

al. 1979; Armour (99)). lx the held, speciev’spe-

cific differences in modality. absndsnce. and din’

Iributioo in relalioe to hyposia (Thomson 1925;

Katz and Gauho 1952; Larimore el al. 1959; Gam-

moo and Reidy 1981: Cobte 1902) or hyperthermia

(Bailey 1955; Mcparbuoe 1976; ‘Cramer 1977; Mat-

thews and Moneys 1979; Boaodt eta). 1900; Mat’

thaws et sI, 19021 have been chsersrd. But fda-

lively few field studies have supported held oh-

sereations milk laboratory tolerance measure-

meols (Lowe club. 1067; Malshemn 1907; Cech et

al. 1990). The complexity of environmental chol’

lenges faced by fish in nalaral situations deco not

inspire confidence io tho applicabilily of appar-

ently simplistic and oeduclicnint laboratory toler-

ance dots. Lethal conditions ef hypania and hy-

yerthermia vary with a uumker of socncdury en-

virncmentol fccbors, us well as with the phynin’

---

712

SMALlAND SAISNI

.

~i

PNYI!COCNIMICAL INPLUINCII ON PuN ASIIMIuLAOII

713

In a coecaffenl labarabory sbody (Smalo and Ba-

keni 1995, this inane), one measured hypoxia and

hypcrthet’miu Inlorances for 35 fish species com-

mnn(y found in headwoler olrnumx in Ike mid.

western United States. In thin held study, our pri-

mary objective was to determine whethee ouch tol~

orange me050remenba predicted the success of dif-

fefeol species, melalive to each of the osher species

tested, nnder natural gondilissna which encont-

passed strong gradieuts of bosh hypoxia sod hy-

pemnhermiu. Bather thon examine Ike response of

individual species to physicnchcmieul gradienbo,

me developed two ucsembluge-leeel indices Ihul

expressed the composite kyponis or hypershermia

tolerances of all fish specien in the usnomblogoc

we investigated. Thece two indicco of hypoxia tol-

erance and hypershermia tolcraace mere then an-

alyzed in relation In geographical and lemponul

differences in streans dissolved onygon minima

and sempemolure mosimo.

We restricted the abudy to heudmutec roachea,

wherg estreme physicochemizul condisioos are

most likely to occur (Winger 1981; Matthews

1987), Tn ensure on adequaterange of dream con-

ditions, we selected siles in three of Misxost-i’n

most enlensise physingruphic regions; the Proirie

region of norlhemn Missouri, the Ozark eegioo ef

southern Missnari, und a geographically inter-

mediule Gzsrk Border region (Thom and Wilson

1980). Within each rogiun, we also contracted coo-

dilions uod assemblugen al opotreum sites with

those observed at downstrcsm sites 10 test for Ion-

gitodisal effects. Additionally, secede dronghs in

northern and central Missouri (NOAA 1990) dur-

ing Ihe middle of our clody period eoohlnd us to

examine bcmpvrsl changes in the frequencies of

tolerant and intolerant fishes under onusuolly harsh

physicochemigal conditions.

We developed she stody design cv shot we could

psrsue too secondary objectives. Fimnl. we Ic-

crIed sites Ihut were typirol of hoadmater streams

Ihronghnul the stale; Ihedefore, Ihis sbudy was a

sorsey of the influeoee of kyposia and hypeosher-

mia on fish assemblages in small nonochun streams

io Missouri. Secondly, we investigated whether

physicochemicul condilions and their eculogicsl

consequences were rssdomly distributed throagh-

oat the stole or were patterned according 10 re-

gionul and longitudinal differences in slreum con-

ditions.

Methsds

Study site Iorosiesa.’—We monitored physieo-

chemical conditions and fish npeeien composition

ol IS siles in Ike Salt, Coisro, Lutsine, and Gus-

ronude iced druinages of Missouri (Figuro I).

Siten mere chosen In he representatise of stoeumn

in Ike Pfaif 1g. Ozafk Rordef, and Ozark pltynio-

graphic regions (Ffiicgee 1975; Thom and Wilson

1900). In contrual In Fruirie region sleeoms. the

steeper terrain, more permeable soils, and reduced

ugricnlturul usage that typify Gzark region watec-

sheds resalt in nbcrams with more nsahle flow, rel-

atively low turbidity. grealer mean substrate par-

bide size, und increased riffle—pool development

(Hoewitz 1975; MGNB 1986). The Ozark Border

region represents an ecotonal Icuosition between

Prairie and Gzork conditions. Fhysiogmaphie. land

use, and stream characterislien in Grark Border

wuborshedo were Iypicolly intermediate between

those in Gzuck and Prairie watersheds.

Sitea mere assigned bo regional groups (Table 1)

on the basis of similumilies iou somber of physical,

chemical, and hydrological characteristics (Babeni

and Smule 1991). The Lumine and Cuisre river

drainageu included both Prairie and Ocuck Border

siles; Ike Salt River (Prairie) sod Gusconude River

(Ozark) sites were all milhio a single cegion. The

foam Ozark sites were added to the sbody in the

spring of 1988; all olher sites were menitored froos

the spring of 1957 through Ike fall of 1990.

Sites were rilso selected nod grooped by their

longitudinal (apsnreuhs servos downstream) posi-

hans in she drainage. Go lkmee short sseeosns, only

one study site was established. On all other

streams, as npstreum site wan located near the

point farnhosl upstream ot which we expected to

find permanent slunding mater inhabited by fish.

and a d000slroam site wusestublished where Ike

drsinoge urea of the ssmenm was feom too to four

times larger.

This

longitudinal comparison won

mi-

bially inbendod In conts’usl ckarscleristies ofstream

reaches with a perm000nl flow wilh reaches wilh

inlermitbost flows, hat severe drooghls during

much of the study resolled in no-flow conditions

hat persisted for considerable periods at all bat

the four Gzack region sites.

Sites mere boculed io intermilsent or first-order

reaches and Iheir drainage areus (Table II, us meu~

sored from 1:24,000 scale U.S. Geo)ogical Survey

topographic maps, ranged from 600 to 11,000 ha.

Study sites consisted of a 200—250-m-loag secrian

of stream that we judged to he moephologicolly

typical of olmeams in the sicinicy. The same In-

cutiono were monilored at oIl siles for Ike durotion

of the study.

Mon/tssr/og of p/tyaicorhosuiral rsstdilionz.—

Monitoring of stream dissolved oxygen cnncen-

Ftnnec 1.—Lorstiens of she stody streams and their dnsinsgo busies in Missouri. The kosudirr for the Gcask

regian Ishaded oreal is taken foam MGNB 159861. end sites in both tkn Goark and Geamk Bonder groups is skis

atudy are encompassed by this boundary.

trutions and lemperalorex was schodoled specifi-

cally for the purpose of meosaring Ihe mosl en-

treme conditions that occorred at each nile in each

yeue. Dosiog 1907 and 1988, esygon concenlra-

lions and temperasures were measured frequeslly

(usually at Iexnt once per month between May

ussd

Gclober( as selected siseu and undermeteorologicol

and hydrological conditions which were us varied

us possible. Also. several locations wnre mvoi-

bred 01 each Oile in nrder In determine she degree

of within-silo sonialion. Thin initial phase of in-

tensive and frequent sampling at some sites clearly

established thus extremes of mm dissolved osygen

concenlostioon and high temperatures consistently

ocenrced in midsummer (late Jano lhrnsgh early

September) on worm, moslly sunny days (air tom-

perabures above 29*C) following enbended perinds

of minimum or no flow in the streams.

At Ike demaioing oiled, aod al all silos in 1988

und 1909. phynicnckemieal menibnring man con-

ducted when Ihose ouleeme meteorological and hy-

drological cooditions occurred. Although dis-

solved oxygen aud lrmperutsre measoremeats

were often mudeal other times, only dola from the

stoc

or Iwo doses per year per silo when extreme

rondiliuns prcsoiled wore used in thin analysis. All

the sites in she same douinage basin were moni-

bnmod en the some day. has difforossl drainages wore

monitored on different dsys. Sites were sisisod fse-

qoensly skrnsgkoos the spring, summer, and fall.

which onaktgd us Its observe okee streamfiow ci-

therceusod or man exceptionally leo. Once stream-

flows suhnidod to what me enpecsed so ho their

lowest levels of Ike vummoL or monitoced ceo-

disions in ouch of the drainages oven the follnwing

2 weeks. At mvst silos in most yoams, measure-

Otonln were repeatod later in Iho somtaor if low-

flow or on-flew conditions persisseti. Monitoriug

was scheduled only when weather condilions mere

mossly sunny and muuimam aim temperatures were

between 29 and 33eC

Dissolved oxygen concentrations and tempers-

tunes wore neeusssred with s polarogrophic Oxygrlt

meter calibrated al the beginning of euch day hy

.~

--.-

-.-~.---

---

OMALh AND BASENI

715

Taas.e I —Dissolved oxygen minima,

tempeeansne maaima.

sod

suteeseon indes vsluoa for study sites gmsped by

mginn

ned

by Inegisodinsl

position

ia nanums. Physicookemisat values ond tolerance iedos

ystoes

given ace osmngsn

fur the

3—4-year

eady period; minimum and maaimom

values oceseetnu

in thin pedod are also given fortolerance iodnn

naiaes.

Mean

naco,,

laiO akkenotssi,.op

0 statistic

sees

thai

0

Mess

teo~

Bspasia

oinbnsns masimsm

tstmaocn loden

twos-s

Cd

Moan

ttae5o

itypcsheeeia

tstoaooo mdcc

Meso

Raoee

Fealfle apetoeasn 8resap

Middte Path

arit 04oo

IMP II

snu

n_os

24,6

0.09

0.64—6.77

37.5

303—37.6

T,to (Seek ff1

is

t.nno

2.90

273

0.84

0.09—0.09

as.e

363—37.0

eathom Csook

leL II

1308

299

23.9

054

0.67-0.83

379

36.6—37.4

Onao Creek

iRe II

000

1.05

24.7

0.79

0.64—0.sS

70.0

36.0—37.7

Sonsts Smack Pies Creek IFC II

1,200

LOS

20.3

0.65

0.63—0.71

37.1

20.9-37.4

cheap acreage

Inn

23.0

0.73

30.0

Prairie dsnnsbeeam group

Middb

Posh Sell

emonm IMP 2)

0,600

3.40

26.8

0.90

0.78—ton

36.6

36.4—27.2

Middle

Fmsh

Sail niom IMPS)

4,000

2.23

25.4

0.04

0.73-9.95

36.0

36.4—37.2

Sinkers Crock

t~L21

7.990

2.so

2.5.6

0.00

0.08—lot

35.5

76.2—57.5

Gecsp asnono

238

23.0

0.07

76.0

Dark Ponder

apatornsn

nroop

Opting

Poth

Ceeok

laP I)

2.200

3.00

26.8

0.90

0.11—0.99

36.6

36.4—36.9

GeeseCreek ICIl

II

1,500

241

26.1

0.00

0.01—0.67

366

3n2—3s.n

Beenys Creek

lOt II

2,101

3.46

307

0.94

0.02—1.04

36.6

36.4—37.0

Geop avenge

3.23

27.9

0.89

30.0

Geork nsrdw danestreans goesap

Bess Cerek

IRE 21

3.000

4.01

27.0

nsa

0.52—I

.116

36.5

36.2—36.9

Spring

Posh Cneek ISP 21

7.700

3.11

30.1

0.99

0,95—1,119

36.5

354_35~

Socib Seasick P1st Creek IPC

21

sian

4.34

38.1

0.95

0.83—1.00

36.3

36.2—36.6

Gmspucssage

435

204

0.~1

36.7

.

Osodo Frisk (OP

II

3.500

4.00

24.3

1.10

1.56-1.17

30.a

33.3-35.2

005cm

Cerok

ISV II

3.0101

4.47

9.6

0.83

0.78—08~

30.3

35.O—3ft.3

Group aseesee

4.60

229

0.06

36.1

Gesek deseneloeam gmsnp

wools

Pork (OP

21

7,300

5.97

26.0

1.20

1.13—1.26

36.1

3t.s—3k.5

OoaeneCreek

ISV 21

,

11.200

4.37

36.6

1.18

.13-1.21

36.5

31.9-36.1

Gnspacossgc

3.17

25.6

1.19

36.0

Sites

en streams with more lao ceo site

are nsmkmnd oeooncaeisets

fore

speesosot

a

,tsocaeeaot t:,casiwt.

the air saluration method. Monibomiog slsoted at

ogre averoged and used us an index of extreme

dame and continued aetil slreums mere mostly

conditions us the site on the day Ihoy were mon~

shaded in bale afternoon, and woasoromenbs more

ibocod. When ostremes wore monilored more Ihun

made 01 apprux/msse)y 90-win ielervulo. Daring

once per yenr, these average doily enlromon were

no’flow periods, conditions often suried from Ic-

averaged to give on indea for the silo in a giVes

curios so localion within a silo, nod pools worn year The yearly aserogos foreach Silo were further

ofbon stratified,

Than

Iwo or three locations with

averaged to give mdcc volues of the lypical win-

typical conditions were monitored pen silo, sod

imom dissolved onygen concentration (DG~~5(

separate resdiogo were lakes within 10 cm of the

and maximum tempomolsre (Tmsnl for each of Ike

slmeaw surface end 10cm from the kolxow when-

10 siseS,

05cr strotified conditions were found.

Fish collection—We ssmpled fink in she apring

Only she lowest dissolved oxygen enOcoolfation

(April—May) und foIl (Seplembem—Odbnber)of each

and highesl tempeeoture

mocoeded

ot each of the

year Sites were subdivided into segments appros-

neserul locutions ond alcato monitored at each silo

iwately 25 m long, ond block nell were used to

during cock duy oeee used in this analysit. These

isolate ouch sogment. Segments were seiued milk

minimans

or monimunt salons from all locations a variety of minnow semen, depending on Ike

8HVOIC0C0BMICAL INPLUeNCO5 GM FISH AxxnMeLibGex

width and Shape of Ihe segment. Slmetched mesh

no meaningful effect on

reaulta. Untested species

siren were leun than I cm. Riffles wore oumpled

made up less thun 8

of the aSsemblages at 17 of

by kick~teiningfish

mb

nets unehorod aecons the

the IS xite.s. By nuhntiteting different specieS Id-

boltom of the cifte. We made three seine sweeps eraece Values, we foaod shnl untested species had

pee negmnee. and Ike fish captured in each sweep

no effeeb on the rankings of tolerance indes saloon

were recorded sopurately. Fink were identified to

when they eoestitosed less skae 10

of the oases’

species (Fflingem 1975), measured fur length, sod

plod assemblages. Howovnm. at one site bopslrnam

released.

Beosec Creek). tolerance index salam may be no-

Fish

inc/rice—TO rowpennule for specios-selee-

reliable becssae of eceeptionolly high freqoencies

live gear bios, we corrected the oumher caught fee

nsf

one untested species. the Ozark sculpso.

each species us each site by efficiency-of-capture

Sites were classed ieso sin stream gmups: up’

coefficients estimated from depletion eaten over the

stream and downstream sites in each of the three

three succesSive Seine OweOp5. Depletion rates

regions. Site and group means were calculated for

were first eslimssed for each species in each sng-

msutmom dsssotvod osygee f~0mintvalues, mao-

mont sampled (GeLury 1947; Zippin 1958) then

swum lempcrasofe (Tmae) values, and for hypoxia

averaged for all the oegmonlx and somples from

and hypertheemia tolerance indsros. Cormelalion

siles of similar rize and morphology. Geplotion

coeffirtests (Steel and Tonrse 1980) were used 10

rates were converted to efficiency coefficionte, and

test relationships among these loan physsrorhem-

sho nambor of fish cuptarod for oszh species as

icul and bsotsc eden vuluen. Mean solues for

ouch she

won

mulniplind by she ioseoso of this do-

gooups were compared withoat stalistiesl tests of

efficient. For example. we found thut in npstreom

significance because of she Ismitod sample size pee

Prairie silos, three seine sweeps cuptared, ~ an-

group and unbalanced dcsigo. Temporal changes

oruge, 37

of the johnny darters and 07

of Iho

were ssnnssnd by comparseg site means and group

golden shiners (scieulifiz names are gisen in the

means for drought yours 11988 and 1969) aod non-

appendix). Numbers esught for each species were

dnooght years (1987 and (990).

divided by 0 37 and 0.S7, mnspedlisely. lo eom-

Ordiofirissn ottsslysi.s.—In the second step in the

pnooole for diffemencen in captureefficioncy. These

analysts. we used dotreeded cnrronpondenre anal’

s

corrected numbers were then conserbed In melulive

yess (DCA) bo ordinate cpocien frequency lists

skondonco (species frequency) mt/males for all

from the It stIes. Mean fmequencses from the 3—4

species captured alIke nile. These frequnocies are

years of nompling mere used in the ondisulion, and

listed in she uppendin.

results were calculated by the composer program

Relative freqonnc/es of tolerant and intolerant

CANOCO lsemBcual. 1908). Ordtnatsno g000raled

species in eoeh common/by were expressed by Ike

a net of a- and y-coordinotes, or an/s ncoros. for

hyponio

odes and the hypemthromiu inden. An

°

ouch silo sack Ihat assemblages wilh very similar

den same for a site woo calcslated by assigning o

eomposslsons plotted closely sogethee and dissiw-

tolerance vulue to cock spccies—the wean crilical

ibm assemblages plotted farshoc apart lGaoch 982.

diosolsod oxygen conceetmodon or temperature

Aossin 1985). Grdssatton reduces a large maIns

from osr lahorasory lests (I/sled/n Ike appendix)—

of frequency-ky-sample meanuremonls to a mock.

sod molliplying /1 by she frequency of occarrence

mnro snunageuhle sob ef coordinates, whtrh ran

(ass decimul fmuction) for shut species. Those prod-

then he analyzed 10 rotation 1st ensseosmental gra~

ucss were then summed (cm all species present ~

dteols of tosenosl IlemBruak 1987).

We calculated linear regression eqaalions forrr-

the sste. In offedl. Ike indeo salac represented an

(alionships between ordinal/on anis scores and

eslimuso of the criticol dissolved onygon eoncon-

stroow GO,5m5 sod T5555 values. Nonstgnsficaol

irasiossor Iemperatcrn for tho average fish in each

correlasionc memo discarded, and significant rela~

sionshipn

were used to build a deseriplise model

only

We

35

made

of she

lsboralomy

St species

solenonee

capburodmeasumemenbsdaring lhss fieldfor

shot

s/no of

predicted

contmunisy

ordinusion

composition..

coordinates,

from t)Otc,n

an

ropers’

55d

slody.Ihono

untestedIn

culcalatingspeciesthewereindices.overagewe osoumedin

their tolthat-

Twan salons.

erance so hypoxia sod hypnmthomm/u, und we nub-

Boults

stitnsed means of all measured species tolerance

Stream

Oxygen Mieiws

and

solsen for these unknown salons. In mont canon,

Ternperostare Moziosa

these onteoted species cOnslitused such a smoll por-

Silo means for GG,0~5values ranged from 0.8

lion of she community thaI this subotilutinn had

Id 6.0 mg/L, and moons for

Tm,n values ranged

---

)MALk

661)6168601

PHy0ICOCHEMICAL INFLUENCES GM

P1550

oSaEMnLAGex

717

Tons,e 2.—Comelsiien coeffieiensa (r) foe ertetianehipe

between n/to dra/nage sanee. pkynicoshnmieel saniaklns,

and soleosare indou salons; s/to means were send for each

sanishle. Signifiroos comnlabium ore marked with on 5.n.

tednk (df

Ifi. P160.01).

Mess

Mess

lees-

die’

pore. Hyponia

eoleed

tarn

toter’

Sue

serene

snsai.

5500

thdnete nmninia

mm

mites

Vsaisktn

ons

IDGoisI ff501

nslana

Mean diseotood osygon

minima IDGesel

0.77’

Meas ienspnoalasn masima

l1’,,~,l

0.51

0.27

Hypeais solersern irden

saleoe

0.77’

0.05’

0.37

Hppeokemme rolreercs

icons sOusa

553~ U.t3’

0.02

0.07’

Gedinadon

c-asia ecsno

0.07W

o.2a

Gedinatico y.uoie scene

099

0.70

from 19.6 so 30.7°C.Gionolved onygon us low on

0.0 mgfL and bempnmstares as high as 40°Cwere

foond at come locations. Silo moans for 00min

memo poorly cooreboted (r so 0.25,

P

0.051 with

wean Tmen values (Takbe 2). This noon-indepen-

dence indicated shot the warmest sines wore nob

necossarily Ike moat kyposie sites, nor wore cooler

sites bettor onygenaled.

There were lsmgo differences in GOmin saloon

bosweon regions and between upstream and down-

stream silos. Oxygen winiws mere lowest in Prai-

rie silos, intermedislo

itt

Ozark Border sites, oud

highest in Ozark silos (Table I). regiosul means

differing by 1.3—2.8 mgIL. Values for DOmin were

also 0.5—1.3 wg/L higher at downnbmeom silos in

all three regions. Site mean DOmin values were

positively correlated (r

O,77,

Pm

0.01) w/th the

drainuge areas of the sites (Table 2), which nd/-

outed a generel trend of increasing oxygen levels

m/lk inemoasing utresm size across all three

regions.

Regional and bongitodisol differences in rite

meao T~00values were not as consistent an for

DOmin values, Tempemsbunes wore warmest in

Ozark Border s/leo, which aseraged 2.9—5.fi’C

wormer than Pro/rio ond Ozark upstream sites and

2.d~b,s’Cwaomer Ihon Prairie and Ozark down-

stream sites. One upstream Ozark site was spring

fed and remained asypiesily cool, bob T~05values

for the three olhor Ozark sites were actually slight-

ly warmer Ihon for moss Prairie sites. Monimom

lemperosuros also wore 0.5—4.6°Chighom at down-

stmoum than as opssrosm sites in all three negicns.

Silo moan Tmso values were mildly correlated

(r

= 0.31,

P

0,05) with site druinage areas. Oen-

erolly, Tmss values tended In vary msme with in-

dividual nile characteristics. part/enlanly Ihe de-

gmee of riponian shading,

and

were nob as strongly

patterned with reg/onal or longitudinal differences,

Drought in the summers of 1980 and 1909 en-

sulsod in inemoaaod hypoxis and hyporthermia Ins-

els in Prairie and Ozark Border sites. Because

droaghls were not an intense en prolonged in Ike

Ozark Region (NOAA 19901 and Ocark stream-

flow persiuted lhroaghoot the study, mc ignpood

tompomol changes at she four Ocork s/sos, Ssroom-

flow ceased for enteusise periods during 1988 sod

1989 as all non-Ozark sites; in the more normal

years of I907 and 1990, enbeodeden-tow periods

wore limited so the apstream Prairie and some up-

stream Ozurk Border sites. Sbagnunt conditions

from low flows resulted in deemeosns in DOmis

values during 1980—1989, which asorogod (row

0.3 to 1.4

mg/L lower shun averages for 1907 ond

1990 (Figure 2). Temperatures were also higher

daring 1980—1909, with Tman values averaging

1.1—2.1°Chigher Ihan in nondrought years (Figaro

2). Generally, temporal changes /5 DOmie values

weeo smaller in mugs/lade than a/shoe regional or

longitudinal differences, hal temporul changes in

Tmsn salons were of comparable magnitude to geo-

graphical differences.

/sd/cea of !dypoS/a and Hypertlsennia

Mean hyponia loden values (Table I) rungod

from 0.69 to 1.20. a difference of 0.51, and hy-

perlhermia index values ranged fnom 35,90 Ia

37.13, a diffeecoco of 1.15. Across Ihe 18 s/ten as

whole, there was a osrang rolut/unokip between

hyponia mdcc values and stream DO~m5values

(F’tgsme 3). Silo moons mere nign/fleuntly correlat-

ed

(r

°

0.85,

P

16

0.01), wh/ch indicoted thaI

much higher proport/on of hypnx/s-tolenoet Spe-

cies occurred at silos w/th Ike Inweal 00mi5 values

and shot higher propentions of senoitise .specieo

ozcsrrod at the well-oxygestused silen. Esen within

each of the three regional groups, where thorn was

much less contrast in ta0nin 000dili005, hy-

poe/a indon soluno were positivelyzormelssed with

DOmmn levels.

Hypemthorm/a index values son/ed independent-

ly of Tm,n values (r so 0.02,

P

0.05; Figure 3).

The highest freqoenc/es of hyperthermia-tolerons

species did not occar alIke warmonl s/tes, norwere

sensitive species relosisely more ahondunt at cool-

ersites. When sites warn grouped by regioss. hy-

peexlterw/o iodoc values wore negatively cormolat-

7

0

29

0)

~a7

I

~zs

a)

1-

Ls

z

Z2

p51010

pothole

GZA,Ot(0005000

02.0900000105

oPnT9EsM ooWNnToxsM

cpnxnxanl

DGWeasSnEOkI

0

—B---—

‘0~-.

~

N

(ci

~

~.er-.....-..-.-.-...°.....-...-..-.e

I.

(d)

a

~

~

372

‘16

on

36.0

5—

on

-

a)a,

-

36.0

so

n.e

2

3°

I

1907

inns

snoa

1950

1907

1900

iono

neon

YEAR

YEAR

Piecer 2.—Temporel trends in phynienekemical eosditiosn and talos-ance inden scones for upsteeaw and demo-

stream groopo at yea/rio and Oaank Bordee s/tes. Values for lab stream lempenataro man/ma and mel dissotsed osygov

minima are asenagee ofthe esimewe satsoe measured during the ynae ci all Iacuiivnn end dates from all otter sit

Ike groote. Soonon for/b) the kypenskenmie indes and(dl the hypnnis indes are nonning moans leom iwocsinsncclice

nomples, averaged for alt n/irs in the grasp.

-

37.2

sn.o

P

C

30.4

on

38.0

.

n

Reside

s/ten

Ozark bandersites

£

Oaathniteo

£

‘:;

,.

/

£

-

555

•s

5/7:

lab

,,,,~‘

ma)

zn

20

24

05

as

so

5

2

3

a

n

e

MEAN TEMPERATURE

MEAN

DISSOLVED

MAXIMUM (°

C)

OXYGEN

MINIMUM

I rslg.

L’t

l.2

so

5.15)

C)

so

s9~

84

-J

0.9

C

n.e

0.7 I

Ficcae 3.—Seneos fun lab she hypenskorm/a eden end IbI she hyponie indes osoragod noon the doensino or sIr

atody for cock s/te in relat/on to site meon temperature masima and diunolned onygon minima.

---

718

SHALe AND RA5k5l

PHYOICOCHEMICAL INFLUeNCes ON P1550 ,snsgMflL.s005

7t9

ed so/lb Tmss raIses wilhin oil three groups, which

isdicaled a trend of increased frequencies of by-

pamlhemmio-aanoilise species at warmer sites. This

Imand was contrary (a expeelalions.

There were strong and cans/steel differences in

hypoxia index values helwenn regions ond be-

tween upstreow ood downsbream s/tes in all

regions. At upstream silos, hyponia volses were

lower in the Prairie region (indicat/ng morn tol-

erant species) than in Ike Ozark Border sod Ozark

neginjss by magnisudes of 0.14 and 0.22. renpoc-

tisely, Al downstream sites, tolerances in Ike Prai-

rie region averaged 0.10 ond 0.32 lower than in

Ihe Ozark Border and Ozark regions. Increased

frequencies of hypoxia.tobomanl species were

found at upstream shun 01 dawnslream s/ten: as-

erogo d/fferences in hyponia values between ap-

stream and downstream groups wore 0,07—0.22.

Site moos hypox/a /odea values were also pnsi-

lively correlated (m = 0.77.

P

16

0.01) wilh silo

drainage areas, wh/ch indicated a general /ncrease

in

she

freqoexcies of sensisiso species with larger

stream sizes across the lhroe regions. These re-

gional and longitodinal diffenescas in hyponis in-

dex values were cancordunb wish differences in

00min values.

Theme wore also distinct regional and longitu-

dinal differences in

hypes-therm/ainden values, bus

Ihose diffanencos wore discordant wish she pattern

of differences in stream Tmas values. Much higher

fnaqeenc/es of hyparthormia-tolomonl spec/es oc-

curred at Prairie than as Ozark sites, oven Ihoogh

Tmae salons differed lithe besmoen these regions.

Nyporlhenmia index saloon wore insenmed/ale 01

Ike manmesl Ozomk Border region silos. At up-

stream sites, hyperthormia values in the Prair/e

region averaged 0.33 and 0.80 higher than values

in the Ozark Border and Ozark regions, and 01

downstream sites, tolerances in she Pro/rio region

averaged 0.30 and 0.78 h/gher Ihon sutaos in Ike

Ozark Border and Ozark regions. Higher hypon-

Ihermis values were also found 05 opsbream s/len

than at dowoslmeam silos io all three regions. Iho

difference ranging from 0.07 to 0.10. S/se moon

hypenthemmia index volses wore aegulivaly cor-

related Ic = —0,63,

P 16

0.05) wilh drainage areas.

Even though temperatures tended In /ncrease with

stream size, downstream assemblages more ado-

ally morn reesisise so hyporthermis.

Allbsogh hypzrlhnrw/u /ndex voices memo in-

dependenl of monimum temperatures, they more

ssmongly correlated with s/be mean DOin salons

(r = 0.85,

P

16 0.05) and wish site moan hypoxia

mdcc values

/r

= 0.07,

P 16

0.03). Additionally,

the highest hypemlkerwio inden values occurred in

stream groapa with she lowesl DDmin values rather

shun in stream groups with highest Tmao saloon.

On the whole,

lhc

highcsl freqltencien of both

hyp-

ooia- and hyperlhormia-solenant species were

found at the most hyposic silos, and spec/os sen-

sitive In cuber factor were moss frequent al well-

osygenoled rather than 01 cool silos, Hyponia val-

ues were poorly correlated with silo Tmse values

(r = ‘0.3S,

P

0.051, which indicaled that tharo

was no eamplnmentary relationship whereby hyp-

oxia values ware infioenzod by lempenstured.

in the non-Ozark s/tan. cansiolent incmesses oc-

curred in hygsxio index values, hal not in hypor-

therm/a values, is response Is the homshem physi-

cochamical conditions brought about by drought

(Figure 21. Hypoxia indices in drought yosms us-

emagod fmom 0.02 (upstream Prairie) 100.07 (down-

stream Onark Border) lowerin 1908—1989 samples

thanin 1987 und 1990 somplos. Allhough tamponal

changos wore smaller/n mugnitade Ihan googmuph-

icol differences, thoy were eonsislaOt. Decreased

hypoxia index values occurred is sib four groups

(Figure 2) and as nIl 14 of She nen-Ozurk sites,

which differed significantly (cki-uqsume test.

P

16

0.03) from tke 50:50 rat/o expected by chance. Os

the other band, there

was

I/tIle uv000ge difference

is hypothermia saloon belm000 droughl-yesr and

000droaghl-yoar samples. Allkoagh hyperthenmia

indos values Ouzloosed somowbal from year to

your. Ihore was no olnady trend of ioen005e (Figsme

2) in any group, snd dnoughl-yoar saloon were

higher than nondrougkt-yenr values ub only 9 of

Ike 14 s/Ins /eh/-sqsaro,

P

0.101. In gonamul. the

overall uhueduece of fishrs as all sites declined

during Ihe droughts. Hypoxia-tolerant species

were less affected than sonnilive species, and by-

pomshcmmio-iolemanbspecies were ne/ther selective-

ly favored nor disfosomod.

Ordiossisso Aoulvnis

The DCA cmdinalion coordinosos for Ihe IS spe-

cies composition lists (Figure 41 showed a nbmoog

segmegal/On along Ihe x-an/s so/bk Prairie sites to

Ike lafI, Ozark Border s/los oean the middle, and

Ozark sites to Iha

right

of the diagram. A second-

ary segregation slung the y-ocis occurred only

among she fosm Oaark s/tes; y-snis scores for the

abhor two regions were virtually uniform. Assem-

blages from some silas

Sbus

ware a considerable

geogmophie dislanee aparl ordinased closoly to-

gether, and some geographically neighboring s/los

ordinsled fan oporl. which indicoled shutsimilarity

350

so 200.

0

0

0

lao

C)

0)

m

20,0

ad-a

C)

‘C

FIRST

ORDINA11ON

AXIS

o

tm

200

300

dOO

mo

o Reside opsieeuet

e Pm/Se doanseeom

o Gush border

upovaam

A

• Goasls border dossnsteenm

A Goads

cpslrmam

£

Goadsduwnnaeam

.

A

-

La

t.0

2.0

2.0

5.5

n.e

s.n

DISSOLVED OXYGEN MINIMA

(

mg

-

L’t)

Pisoas d.—Desmrndod coreenpondosce analysis scares for rpamien-fnnquency data useroged ova the duration of

iha study feom she It s/ten. The top and lefi as/n ssabeu are she vnigioal med/noliss scorer. The bottom and tighr

so/s scales urn streom dissolved asygen minima and temperature masima. calculated from she rennoasios eqoat/oss

rebating au/s scorer 10 each physiencheni/col sam/able.

25.0

in spec/os compos/tion was not a simple function

of dislanco between sites.

Fish assombluges from kyponic s/Ins ordinatod

In the far left is P/game 4, and asoomblagos from

wore oxygonuled s/lee end/noted In the might. The

a-ax/s scores wore stmougly corrolased (r = 0.85,

P160.05) milk silo DOmin valnor (Table 2). which

indicalod a strong nh/fl in spec/cs composition

along the grad/ens from lxw to high m/n/mum ox-

ygeo leNds. The x-usio scones worm therefore do-

scm/bed

hy the nogmess/on oqsasion

a-axis =

—

108 +

94.4)Df)un).

negated strongly along Ike y-anis in robalion 101cm-

poratuno max/mo, These silos segregated isIs a

enolsoasom silO at Ike sop of she d/agram and

Wanw~

maser sites toward the bottom. For she foen Ozark

s/ten, y-axis scones wane slrongly correlated wish

Tmss values (r = 0.99,

P

16

0.0)1: Ihus, scones

cosbd he descr/bed by She regression oqootion

yasin

1.306 — 49.4(Tmaol.

The effecs of bk/s equal/on in shown in P/gore 4

as a osbsbitalicn of a woninsuni lomporotume gra-

dient fan the omig/ool y-axis scale, hot this poetic-

slam substitution spplied only to Ozark aosnns-

htagos.

Those relationships brtwooo site ondistatios avis

scones and site

00ivin

and Twas valaes revolted in

simple twit-step model for predizb/ng hoth n-as/n

and y-an/s coord/nates from she two ensimoomonlal

vamiobbos.

Slop

)

x.anis = — 00 +

9d.dlDOmivI.

Stop 2: y-ocsn =

101

if 0Omis

4 mg/I..: or

y-asin = .306 —

49.4)Tms,l

/fDO~=05

mg/L.

The offodl of Ihis regress/on equation is shown is

Figure 4 on a simple sobas/lution of a DO/r gnu-

diens foe Ike original ordination a-axis valuer.

For the IS silos as a whole, y-anis scores were

modemuleby correlated

(r

= 0.58,

P

0.05) with

s/In

Tmas values hot not with

00mmn voIces. Bos

when we considered Ike 14 non-Ozark s/tes sop-

arotely from the Ozunk sites, theme wan almoss no

van/al/on in y-an/s scores. Thus, for these 45/los.

y-osis

scones

could ha described by thm moan vol.

ae:y-os/s = tOl.Al the non-Ozark sites, malabively

cool and warm sites ordinosed closely together;

thereforo, there was no relationsh/p hotweoo Tmos

voloen aud ordination scorer on e/ther us/i.

Considered sepamusely, the four Ozunk ailes seg-

---

‘120

SHALE

Alit

ISA5ENI

PI0Y5ICOCOOEMICAL INFLUENCES ON FInN ASSEMBLAGES

The simplest intonprebotion of skis model is that

n/los segregated pm/warily in relation to the degree

of hypasio. At sovere to moderule levels of hyp-

oxia,

when

00min vahtea wece less (han 4—5 mgI

L, communities sum/ed in rclolion to oxygen min-

ima bus not to Tmes values or any oshon variable.

Variation in domponibion of the fish ossewbbogen,

an cxptossnd by she ondinss/os caocdisoses, oc-

curred independently of DOmin values only in

these few Ozark S/sos where severe to moderate

hypoxia was absent. In these few s/1c5. 055cm-

bloges appeared to vary in relation to maximum

lempomasares.

Discussion

Several lines of evidence suggest Ihat hypoxia

exerted a major effect on fish assemblages-in small

hoodwascn streams. The strong correlation between

hypox/a index valuet and stream oxygen win/nsa

cleanly indicated that Ike relative frequency of kyp-

oxia-lolomonI sped/es increased aa stream DOmie

values decreused. Freqoane/es of hyposio-bolarant

species also increased at all non-Ozark silos when

drought induced wore onIonS/se kyposia. We ulso

found clean snd concondsel geographical pubtemns

is osygen min/ma and hyposia tolerance index

voloos such that Ike moss sesone hypes/a ond the

most tolemast assemblages were found at npslmeam

and ab Pro/rio region sites, Oeogmsph/cul varial/aa

in physicazhomical conditions is considered a

probable /nfloeszo on koth the long/Isdinul as-

nut/on of stream fishes and Iheir long-bmw zoo-

geographic distributions (Scklosson 1987; Mul-

thews 1987). and mesulbs from our slsdy support

this cssons/on. Moss of the exceps/aoally hypoxia-

saberanl spec/os io this stady

are

common in Prairie

mogion stmeostss; sho most sensitive spec/es ore me-

nlmieled 10 Ozork and Ozork Bonder streams (Pflio-

ger 1975). This regional dislnibsms/oa of taborons

and sensitive spec/as also suggests thaI nelobisely

severn hyposio has hens c pensisseol und endomic

ckanaelenist/c of Pro/rio rag/on ssneuws.

The DCA and/sat/os analys/s prov/ded Addi-

tional ev/dence shot species composiliou was

strongly influenced by oxygen minima undee the

mango of conditions encompassed by this study.

Sites w/sh s/m/lar DO~~values5

soppansed assem-

blages with s/milar spec/os eomposil/055. 00 Cs-

pressed by ordinal/an coamdinasns. regardless of

their geograph/cal local/on em temperature moxi-

ma. S/len so/lb differool DOmin values suppamsad

dissimilar usrnmklugoa even when sites were iu

close geographical pros/wily or differed markedly

in lompomalamn maxima, By itself, th/s osnoziasion

between species composition and oxygen min/ma

could be span/aus. Bal the ordination model soon

ssppsmsed by concurrent shifts in hypoxia index

acoceS ihat showed Iha( the fneqseeciel of (olefaltI

and sensitive species respondedto oxygen win/wa.

Is seems veny unlikely Shot sack strong shifts in

both Ihe compositions ofassemblages and Iho to!-

occecos of their members would bx caused by any

factor other than hypox/a.

We did nol /ovesligste she spec/fic mochooixmx

hy wh/ch hypnnio /nfluenced lhcsa assemblages.

is tho Iuboeasony, hypoxia was not lethal so any

spec/es when dissolvedosyges was ohovo 1.6 mgI

L. Bet/s Iho held, DOnievalans /nfluenced sped/es

csmpnsisio/ls sp to oppeos/wulely 4—5

wglL.

which is s/muon to moeommended standardsfoe ox-

ygen win/mu in warwwolor sleesms bWelch and

Lisdeil 1992). Dissolved oxygen requirements for

long-termpersistence of Slmaum fishes are typ/colly

much higher than those determined in bokomusory

somvivul lests (Moore 1942; Warren at ul, 1973;

Davis 1975), and lhnno is a need In understood why

this d/screpancy occurs. Prev/ous stadies (Ba/lay

1955; Tmawer 19771 showed that fish Iroppad in

pools w/th severe coed/l/ons oflen die in masses

doming brief I/we periods. Noweser, during this

slsdy, manever observed extens/ve fish kills, even

at the mass kyposic sites. Nong ofoar obsamvut/ons

soggossed that direct spnc/es-nolactive mortal/by

wan the most comwon means by which hypoxia

influenced she compos/tions of tkeno assemblages.

We enpeet that oddit/osal invosligal/on mb

she

effeeln of kyponbo on aeloclive emigration, habitat

selection, and ssppmossion of. growth and repmo-

does/an mighb bring underasonding of whyspectes

ore oflon lens abandunl 01 hypoxio levels well

above the/n opparanl leIhol thresholds.

(n conlmast to oor field lost of kypsnio IcIer-

andes, Ike field lest ofthn hypershemmia index was

nagot/ve. Nypnmshorwia indas scones mere not no-

bused so s/to Tm., vslues. nor wane themo any con-

cordant regional, longitudinal. or lempomal pat-

ternsso shnsc two somiah(es, These eegalisO results

way hose occanned siwply because she in/b/al us-

suwpsion of cotnsssst colas/se species tolerances

under bobb lakomulony and field coed/I/aol was

fslse. However, oshnr rcsuUs. psesiculanly she or-

dinal/os modal, mndicused Ikas other factons were

impoesusl. Pot she 14 nas-Ocsrk sites, species

composition. us onpeansad by ordination eoomds-

sates, soss nab related to (emyctutono max/me,

Silos with disnimilur Tm.e saluos sometimes sup-

ported similar assemblages, asd d/ssimilar ossom-

blages wane found at sites with siwilor Twas sal-

non. Addilionally. hypenthemmia-sansisiso species

sack an wh/te tuckers mono common even at the

warmess sites, which implied Ihal the absonco of

shccn epeciex from mo9( c/boo eanno( ho oxplaised

on the basis of lemyoraluro max/mu. Thss,the best

oxplonntion for she oegal/vo (ens of the hypemshon-

mis index is Ihab assemblage compositions wore

nob, in most cases, affected by tempcratsrr man-

/wa.

The anty evidence son found shut fish eumpo-

s/tines responded to kyprmshermia war rngmegol/oo

of tho Oanrk fog/on S/Icr mb

enolsonsor sansus

-

wummsoatom assemblages. One snosually cool

Ozark s/so may hose ssypnrled a relatively unique

axsomhlogo

for neurons other than bemperosnro.

The hyperthenmia indes volae for th/n eonlwuter

ansomblogo was s/milar to Ihosa fmow She warmer

Ozark sites. but we believe Ibis apparent d/ncmop-

ascy

is an error zaaned by Ihe high pemeositogo of

untested spoeinn in 1k/s pars/color assemblage.

Ozark scalpins. which wore very abundant at thin

s/re. see probahly very sensitive to worm tempnr-

stunes (Pfliegen 1975). Sub, regardless of wheshor

temperature differences wore she actual caoae, she

well-osygenatad Ozork sites soame Ike only canes

whore s/lw wish sim/Ism oxygen minima sopponxod

varyiog asnemblogos.

Nypenbhommia iednv values were onilhen 00/-

form

non mondom in She/n variabion among the itudy

sites; instead. shey were strongly correlated wibh

bosh DDmin and hypox/a /ndex vulnos. This false-

p65/live result occommod because several lasted spe-

cies wore 0/Ihor dually sensitive log.. bleedieg

shinemsl

or daully tolemant (e.g.. green sonfish) of

bolb hyponia and hypershermia. Nigh fnoqseneias

ofailhar dually sons/I/so or dually bolenonI species

/0

assemblages resolled is corresponding changer

10

both she kyponiaand hypenlhermia index values.

Thss, both indices mono affected by onygen m/o-

/wo, wh/ch masolted in a spar/ass relationship be-

ssosen

00m/n and hypenthammin mdcc vuluos. This

effect

/0 0

posanbial problem

/0

upply/og theso in-

dices hocosso the effects of hyporlhonmia on as-

semblages cannot nacossan/ly he distinguished

from the effects of hypoxia so/shout addisiosal

data.

The ord/nal/on model suggested Ihot spec/cs

compos/tions could be predicted from two simple

physicochemicul sarisblns and Ihal these son/ablcs

coold he predicted for olhen sites from spec/es fre-

quency measurements. The ordination model sop-

ported the tolerance index nasally by establish/ag

shot bolb ossomblage compositions and ossemn-

klogo tolemaneen mere influenced by she same van-

oblos. The modol also ind/colod that dl sites with

severe tomoderate levels of hyposia. the offccs of

hyponia on species composit/on was dominant

oven the effeclx of hyporihcrmsu and that affects

of lemporatumo man/ma were enpnessod only when

ocygen mm/ba enceodod 4—5 mglL. Beidso this

mange, assemblages d/ffernd only whes osyges

minima differed, which indicated that other pa-

bent/al infisooces mane overwhelmed by she slnnn-

gee effects of hypos/o. Ahnse this mango. s/laS with

r/m/Ion noygen m/aimn hut dissimilar sempomasoro

msxiass suppnnsnsb varied assanshlagos. A follow-

up olody /5 needed shol compares assemblages os

a lsmges eumben of soell-nvygnoalod silos so/tb

varying tempenaturo mon/mo so confirm shot as-

semblages do cespond to hypenehnrmia in the oh.

nonco of severe to moderate hypoxia.

Hypoxia was sevens enough

lit

influcoce spec/ms

composition atoll hula few of sho 18 study sites.

wh/ch implied that Ibis died is common in small

slneaws of Missouri. Tho ontont to which stream

hypoxia is influnuced by agricullamo and is in need

of management attention in nob known. Allhough

organic malarial from both natural and agr/cultural

sources can daplole stream onygen. hyposio in

some eases may be a noburol feature of lb/s lypo

and size of stream to which fisk hove become

adopsed. The frequensly low onygen win/nsa at

many s/los wore largely on offecl of sbognant con-

ditions which prevailed during periods of I/Isle ne

no rtneamflow. Severe hyposia did not ocean iv

stnoanss wish panoisbenl flow.

Slmeom hydrolog/cal chucuesemirtics are infix-

oncad mostly by watenshod factors inch as dma/s-

age area, slope, soil permeability, and vegetative

coven. The slnoog long/tudinal and regional pal-

bcmning of osygeo minima and hypoxia index sul-

son wan probably an effect ef these factors. Man-

agement nf stream onygee bevels hecsose of their

potential ho affecb fish asseoshlages requires con-

sideration of such watershed foctons.

Ripxn/an shod/ag. the primary influence on low-

parolumo men/ma. was moch msne dopendesut vs

local factors, particularly she condition of rsponmas

segotss/oo at ench site. Tho soammess silos wore

Ihose with Ike least shade. and /ndisidxal peals

without shada soene wormer than adjacent shaded

pools. Thor. temponabure soon/ma wnmr not as

strongly gvogruph/cally patterned us onyges os/n’

into. Oxygen minima and temperature mat/wa

were controlled by diffocont factors, and this soon

reficcsod in bIte poor comneloliss botwaan Ihamn. Al-

though lnmporotura max/mo snsy be relatively

maoogeable lhnosgh efforts to impr050 locol ni-

r

---

722

IMAIU AND maim

.

4

P1IYIICOCHUMICAL INPLUINCII ON P1111 AJIUMULAOU$

723

purian vegetation, results of this shady indicated

that such m000gdmenh in likely So nessll in a mar

sponse ofthe fish assemblage only in stnaumswith-

001 severe hypoxia.

Aeknnwledgmanto

This is a contribut/on from the M/ssouri Co-

operative Fish and Wildlife Roveareb Unit (Nu-

t/anal Biological Sonvice; Missouri Departmenl of

Conseevusion; The School of Natural Resources,

University of Missouri; ond Wildlife Management

Inst/tute cooperating). Fanding and support far

this study was provided by she Missouri Dopurl-

wool of Natonal Resources, Division of Environ-

mental Quality. We Ihank B. Nelson and several

shudents and assistanbs who helped with field eel’

leclioas, and we thank), Fairchild and A. DaLonay

for nasiewing an earlier versionof this mansvznipl.

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3.

1987. Physicockemicat loleruoco and

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Appandis follows

nrceiccdfohviuty Ii. ii54

5~vvtcndFchvu,eyh. iwiy

---

___________________________________________________

124

SMALE ANts 1*11881

PlIYSIflaCuIIla4IC’AL INI’LtIIrNres 15N 815)1 AssrlMn..Arans

125

Appoasdin: Collection Data

T.soLe A.l —Spec/so cmllecuad ai rock otndy site, so/sb Ike en/feet dissolved oeygno eoncosmssl/ons sod temparamorso

for rack spm/en ISmabe and Rakmoi 199)) aod the hequonc/en of aenarnonce (percent by namhne of fiehI of apecios am

each s/In. ‘limo fnmiysonciea g/oniu ate ssrtages over Ike

3—4-year

study pen/cd. S/ta nhknreietu’ona are tinted in Tnkle

I.

Dashes are sighs ga/des only.

.

Sysoina

mman species

nnygescm/i/cel

Commom name

Sciesoifie vnmn

cos~n. memnpen-

ImeJLl

CCI

hIP I

Sysoieufuoqseooy at Pu/do a/Ins:

III

gL I

88 I

PC I

MF

2

Ginned ahad

Dososcna oeyou/iemcso

a

b

Cvmmonasop

Cypnsmamc’asyie

•

Deldoeshivnn

Ncmonie0000 cnyactesrw

0.70

36.8

12.2

0.3

21.6

12.7

arcs

4,8

Creek

nhah

Scnncshia

assomiavatamoc

0.14

35.7

v.7

s.n

9,4

5.3

0.5

8.0

Nvsoyhead chub

Sachenncsih so/neon

Nwcmth

kigsscnaa’t.5fi

PSomeveb/con/mb/On

5.5.6

1.04

0.3

Soashem tndbmlly

dsce

Psoeimeaos’shvsowniom

0.74

35.9

Rsayfacnshienn

Sigirvush shines

5igsyr sb/see

‘

Nmiovc’m sokoflvm

Ncmrcy/c dsrecku

Ncssspfn kcojnu

1.49

35.3

1.02

ss.

a

6

564

Sasduhinem

Ncisspiuumeoes’mocn

0.93

37.0

.

Omoehnetn sb/ens

Ncimpfn isnsrsoiepcm

•

6

Ooemk soisooso

Ncssspi.nmcbdnn

1.43

36.2

RndOm shiner

Lvtomsac ymmbeooi/o

1.17

35.2

0.4

5.5

3.7

4.0

5.1

6.9

Censoon sb/eon

ceo/Inn ccnymci

0.97

35.7

—

—

—

0.3

0.1

—

Sndyrd uk/sen

Dsc/iiss rhq.norephohic

1.03

39.2

alnnd/egab/eon

I.tucilccecmavic

1.75

35.3

Rod abuser

cype/melio

iomrmsonfe

1)91

36.1

11.8

5.7

2.4

c

0.7

Olset!ioarm/mim,iw

flmnrpsaleoomimmiso

1.04

36.6

—

4.2

St

0.6

—

2.5

Pashmad minnow

Pismephaloa

ps’..srlac

0.73

36.5

41.5

26.0

20.u

5.1

—

h.4

Control .nmcmmrmtlnn

Gmiwnvscro

omusmioismei

0.95

37.2

5.1

0.5

1.1

2.6

0.t

4.1

Lnngrnnsiescvenoibrm

Comneconcmnaohmsmtrriu

a

0

whine euvkns

Camvcn,sonn rcsonoeacni

0.98

34.9

0.1

—

1.0

4.0

5.4

1.5

Nonvsonhogsochns

iflitnrsootSinmm/gnlromr

5

Getdvnnrdhaue

Mccemscnaen’nmtsuwos

—

Yellow hullhnad

Amcicinma mcmoi/.n

0.49

37.9

5.2

0.2

0.1

0.2

16.1

0.9

Slsoh

hsllhnad

Ano/enu notou

1.15..

.30.1

0.1

—

0.7

—

1.2

n

Stnnmlsonadmcm

Nticmuno/tlm

0.60

36.5

MosqsinoOek

Gambia/a offim/a

alrbsdpe

lore/snow

Pamdolac mmcnamsu

0.88

38.3

—

—

0.1

—

—

—

Eisohtyvtind nopnieeoso

Famdoluuc cl/morris

0.68

38.8

Nemhnnnsmud6a/s

Pamdoioaraiooativn

a

v

Ptsiss uopmsinsco

Poodelsu ur/odjncu

0.92

37.0

Onvsknuionmmktnu

zasidnaihecclceetis

39

36.0

Doath svolpiv

Ccmwa 0,upcetiunmia

6

8so6

hana

Asohlopiiom soyeaieic

Largenssomh haut

Micsopmrnsn cstneldoo

0,70

35.3

—

0.1

u

0.7

0.0

—

Ssocilneonhhauu

Mia’soesosocdcicasios

1.19

56.9

Given

easish

Letsonia vvssienso

0.65

37.9

34.2

12.4

22.5

22.7

24.5

fl.2

Duaogntponmvd moOch

0.oyvsoia Son/ho

o.sS

39.4

4.4

—

0.3

—

—

1,0

Longer aanOnk

Loposolu

monaoh,siu

0.68

37.8

Slsngdi

w’himecnoyp:o

Loran/a ners,vsisim

Pcsmeaia amocierk

0.06

37.9

—

•6

.7

0.1

2.0

0.9

0.1

l,cgevsoh

Peer/va m’apssdvn

a

5

Johnny daoen

eis000ieioe n/zncm

0.70

36.5

0.1

5.1

4.2

9.5

0.5

0.7

Dnnngnskcoei doont

Esheoumenaeyersabfle

0.86

36,4

—

—

2.4

37.2

0.5

0.1

Pesnait

dastnm

gmsrocnvurajhabetiose

0.90

30.0

0.1

—

0.1

‘

—

0.2

Oninoedds’nrn

gsyemcmvsoo ucmmio

Ruinhoudnonm

Esseosmcmiasornnlescm

1.15

35.6

Gnenesidnduies

gssreancnasioonucideo

Ssippind dacet

‘

Libroanemna esrnmotansn

All unmnamed apeciva

5.0

0.0

5.0

0.0

0.1

0.5

a

Open/na kyposiu umlenanso wasno Inosot: ttsrenfnee, Ikeenrageonion fso all rated apee/en (0.93 mgil..) ama iuned is uatnsladog iedcn tulane.

6Spsoiso hypcuthmunsia ulenoce inns mom nnnncd: flzaefcnr, she nvnugr

saw

(coal mindepsoins

l7kFC( own urea is natccbsdng dam

sdsnn.

Spnoins am psosemi alibis s/se. bat at an anungernnqsenvy of less thsn 0.03.

Taste A. I .—Fnuandnd.

.

Ccnsococesor

Opec/os

knqi:tnnysm

ttmra/dn

a/lou:

o,mPs

~k.2

Syrvmns fsoqsnnnyas

Geank sotdnn miles:

Spec/mu lunqsomn5ol

Geumb isles

‘sF1

Cull

net

nn2

sF2

vCs sort rvi sort- nbc

Giaaacdshad

-

‘

Conmnn

easy

‘

—

7.3

24.8

244

12.4

3.6

1.3

0.7

0.6

—

—

‘

—

Crnehckuk

Hssoyknnduhah

Sscknwoyih so/snow

Smulhnmsodb000d

Rmnyrorcskinen

13.2

b_i

01

—

2.3

9.6

2.4

i.e

co

4.4

I

——

—

Si

—

0.5

1

549

01

11

..

00

—

II

03

ss

augsovods abject

Oinnpnshiscn

1.4

, ‘

—

—

0.1

—

“

—

66

—

0.1

—

‘

—

—

—

—

—

Btesknomcshisom

—

—

5.0

‘5

—

7

‘

—

—

Gosnhn/neow

4.7

—

15.1

IS’s

‘RedOs mhinen

Coesonc ehisen

So/pod shiner

Sleedingahinem

ned

ak/cnn

Slunlnvarntimncw

Pamhnsd minnow

Consul stossoullnn

t.acgnsnalrulosnnollnn

yvhiu aunken

rlonknm hegnachen

Goldno oedhensn

10.4

27.2

—

0.3

12.4

5.3

1.0

1.2

10.1

.1

c.s

0.2

2.9

4.2

—

—

3.5

5,3

22.1

2.7

0.1

0.5

‘

2.9

0.1

i

0.)

—

—

—

—

6.7

0.1

04

22.5

263

4.0

9.2

1.2

4.0

lbS

5.7

—‘

3.5

5.9

01

0.1

—

0.2

0.4

17 I

4.5

0.0

11.1

-

2.2

02

02

25.1

0.4

10.2

53

—

1.7

0.3

03

——

—

——

—

0.4

1.1

6,7

40.9

0.2

76.5

—

—

—

—

—

55

—

‘

—

167

14.2

It I

St

—

1.2

—

0.1

0.1

0.2

—-

—

—

—

156

lIt

—

‘

72

03

—

0.1

OlsnkhsOhncut

0.2

—

02

‘

—

—

‘‘

—

—

01

—

•

0.3

0.1

——

—

-

—

0.1

-

‘

Menqa/umSnk

Slanhttdpninpso/nnsw

nlankspoondmopmi

Nnmhnuselad5tk

Plainnnopoisooso

nwokdlonusidrs

Gnaskncslyis

—

‘

—

4.6

—

‘

—

——

—

—

3.0

—

‘

—

5

—

0.9

—

—

8.9

‘

02

—

1.0

5.0

—

72

3.4

—

0.7

—

06

0.7 10.2

‘

1.2

5.0

‘

11.8

0.1

Rsokbaca

t,aagesoysnkkaas

0.1

09

07

0,2

0.5

05

0.5

03

07

—

—

‘

Li

‘

Smsacnosihnson

05

Drone aav5nli

——

1031

10.1

9.0

0.4

t.i

3.7

2.3

2.0

0.1

-

57

01

Grangespeont ssn5sh

Lcvgnaovsefiuh

nlungot

while macpin

Lcgpnech

IohnnydaOcn

Gnoognnhsont dacnn

Period aaont

3.6

0.3

—

—

—

2.4

0.5

1.0

——

5.1

1.6

0.1

5.5

—

0.2

—

—

1.9

—

—

1.9

20.6

—

—

0.9

0.1

—

..

fii.t

0.1

——

09

—

0.9

2.1

‘

01

‘

—

00

1.1

27 2

24.9

—

1.3

00

1.4

5.7

‘

0.1

Ii

40.2

—

01

‘

I

11.1

0.1

24

34 I

—

—

‘

—

—

—

02

.5’’

0.)

——

——

—

——

-

5.2 10.7

0 I

.4

02

0.1

‘

0.6

‘

.

‘

.

14.2

0.3

aamdnddaOnn

‘

damon

2.7

0.3

2.7

9.2

Dnoecn/dedunnc

Smipyteddaonn

—

01

‘

02

iii

‘

Alt ysneated specins

0.5

1.1

0.0

0.1

7.6

6,7

1.4

0.3

4.5

18.2

77

4.4