ILLINOIS POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
July 22, 1999
IN THE MATTER OF:
SDWA UPDATE, USEPA REGULATIONS
(July 1, 1998, through December 31, 1998)
)
)
)
)
)
R99-12
(Identical-in-Substance Rulemaking -
Public Water Supplies)
Adopted Rule. Final Order.
ORDER OF THE BOARD (by R.C. Flemal):
Under Section 17.5 of the Environmental Protection Act (Act) (415 ILCS 5/17.5
(1996)), the Board adopts amendments to the Illinois regulations that are “identical in
substance” to the National Primary Drinking Water regulations (NPDWRs) adopted by the
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). These regulations implement
sections 1412(b), 1414(c), 1417(a), and 1445(a) of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), 42
U.S.C. §§ 300g-1(b), 300g-3(c), 300g-6(a), 300j-4(a). The nominal timeframe of this docket
includes SDWA amendments that the USEPA adopted in the period July 1, 1998, through
December 31, 1998. However, this docket also considers a correction taken after
December 31, 1998, on which the Board is acting without delay. The USEPA took four
actions during the nominal timeframe period that necessitate Board action. The federal SDWA
regulations are found at 40 C.F.R. 141 and 142.
Section 17.5 provides for quick adoption of regulations that are “identical in substance”
(IIS) to federal regulations that the USEPA adopts to implement sections 1412(b), 1414(c),
1417(a), and 1445(a) of the SDWA. Section 17.5 also provides that Title VII of the Act and
Section 5 of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) (5 ILCS 100/5-35 & 5-40 (1996)) do not
apply to the Board’s adoption of IIS regulations.
This final order is supported by an opinion that the Board also adopts today. The
Board will cause the amendments to be published in the
Illinois Register
.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
I, Dorothy M. Gunn, Clerk of the Illinois Pollution Control Board, do hereby certify
that the above order was adopted on the 22nd day of July 1999 by a vote of 5-0.
Dorothy M. Gunn, Clerk
Illinois Pollution Control Board
2
TITLE 35: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
SUBTITLE F: PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES
CHAPTER I: POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
PART 611
PRIMARY DRINKING WATER STANDARDS
SUBPART A: GENERAL
Section
611.100
Purpose, Scope and Applicability
611.101
Definitions
611.102
Incorporations by Reference
611.103
Severability
611.107
Agency Inspection of PWS Facilities
611.108
Delegation to Local Government
611.109
Enforcement
611.110
Special Exception Permits
611.111
Relief Equivalent to SDWA Section 1415(a) Variances
611.112
Relief Equivalent to SDWA Section 1416 ExemptionsVariances
611.113
Alternative Treatment Techniques
611.114
Siting requirements
611.115
Source Water Quantity
611.120
Effective dates
611.121
Maximum Contaminant Levels and Finished Water Quality
611.125
Fluoridation Requirement
611.126
Prohibition on Use of Lead
611.130
Special Requirements for Certain Variances and Adjusted Standards
611.131
Relief Equivalent to SDWA Section 1415(e) Small System Variance
611.160 Composite Correction Program
SUBPART B: FILTRATION AND DISINFECTION
Section
611.201
Requiring a Demonstration
611.202
Procedures for Agency Determinations
611.211
Filtration Required
611.212
Groundwater under Direct Influence of Surface Water
611.213
No Method of HPC Analysis
611.220
General Requirements
611.230
Filtration Effective Dates
611.231
Source Water Quality Conditions
611.232
Site-specific Conditions
611.233
Treatment Technique Violations
611.240
Disinfection
3
611.241
Unfiltered PWSs
611.242
Filtered PWSs
611.250
Filtration
611.261
Unfiltered PWSs: Reporting and Recordkeeping
611.262
Filtered PWSs: Reporting and Recordkeeping
611.271
Protection during Repair Work
611.272
Disinfection following Repair
SUBPART C: USE OF NON-CENTRALIZED TREATMENT DEVICES
Section
611.280
Point-of-Entry Devices
611.290
Use of Point-of-Use Devices or Bottled Water
SUBPART D: TREATMENT TECHNIQUES
Section
611.295
General Requirements
611.296
Acrylamide and Epichlorohydrin
611.297
Corrosion Control
SUBPART F: MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVELS (MCL’s)
AND
MAXIMUM RESIDUAL DISINFECTANT LEVELS (MRDLs)
Section
611.300
Old MCLs for Inorganic Chemicals
611.301
Revised MCLs for Inorganic Chemicals
611.310
Old Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for Organic Chemicals
611.311
Revised MCLs for Organic Contaminants
611.312 Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs)
611.313 Maximum Residual Disinfectant Levels (MRDLs)
611.320
Turbidity
611.325
Microbiological Contaminants
611.330
Radium and Gross Alpha Particle Activity
611.331
Beta Particle and Photon Radioactivity
SUBPART G: LEAD AND COPPER
Section
611.350
General Requirements
611.351
Applicability of Corrosion Control
611.352
Corrosion Control Treatment
611.353
Source Water Treatment
611.354
Lead Service Line Replacement
611.355
Public Education and Supplemental Monitoring
611.356
Tap Water Monitoring for Lead and Copper
611.357
Monitoring for Water Quality Parameters
611.358
Monitoring for Lead and Copper in Source Water
4
611.359
Analytical Methods
611.360
Reporting
611.361
Recordkeeping
SUBPART I: DISINFECTANT RESIDUALS, DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS, AND
DISINFECTION BYPRODUCT PRECURSORS
Section
611.380 General Requirements
611.381 Analytical Requirements
611.382 Monitoring Requirements
611.383 Compliance Requirements
611.384 Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements
611.385 Treatment Technique for Control of Disinfection Byproduct (DBP) Precursors
SUBPART K: GENERAL MONITORING AND ANALYTICAL
REQUIREMENTS
Section
611.480
Alternative Analytical Techniques
611.490
Certified Laboratories
611.491
Laboratory Testing Equipment
611.500
Consecutive PWSs
611.510
Special Monitoring for Unregulated Contaminants
SUBPART L: MICROBIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND ANALYTICAL
REQUIREMENTS
Section
611.521
Routine Coliform Monitoring
611.522
Repeat Coliform Monitoring
611.523
Invalidation of Total Coliform Samples
611.524
Sanitary Surveys
611.525
Fecal Coliform and E. Coli Testing
611.526
Analytical Methodology
611.527
Response to Violation
611.531
Analytical Requirements
611.532
Unfiltered PWSs
611.533
Filtered PWSs
SUBPART M: TURBIDITY MONITORING AND ANALYTICAL
REQUIREMENTS
Section
611.560
Turbidity
SUBPART N: INORGANIC MONITORING AND ANALYTICAL
REQUIREMENTS
5
Section
611.591
Violation of State MCL
611.592
Frequency of State Monitoring
611.600
Applicability
611.601
Monitoring Frequency
611.602
Asbestos Monitoring Frequency
611.603
Inorganic Monitoring Frequency
611.604
Nitrate Monitoring
611.605
Nitrite Monitoring
611.606
Confirmation Samples
611.607
More Frequent Monitoring and Confirmation Sampling
611.608
Additional Optional Monitoring
611.609
Determining Compliance
611.610
Inorganic Monitoring Times
611.611
Inorganic Analysis
611.612
Monitoring Requirements for Old Inorganic MCLs
611.630
Special Monitoring for Sodium
611.631
Special Monitoring for Inorganic Chemicals
SUBPART O: ORGANIC MONITORING AND ANALYTICAL
REQUIREMENTS
Section
611.640
Definitions
611.641
Old MCLs
611.645
Analytical Methods for Organic Chemical Contaminants
611.646
Phase I, Phase II, and Phase V Volatile Organic Contaminants
611.647
Sampling for Phase I Volatile Organic Contaminants (Repealed)
611.648
Phase II, Phase IIB, and Phase V Synthetic Organic Contaminants
611.650
Monitoring for 36 Contaminants (Repealed)
611.657
Analytical Methods for 36 Contaminants (Repealed)
611.658
Special Monitoring for Organic Chemicals
SUBPART P: THM MONITORING AND ANALYTICAL REQUIREMENTS
Section
611.680
Sampling, Analytical and other Requirements
611.683
Reduced Monitoring Frequency
611.684 Averaging
611.685 Analytical Methods
611.686
Modification to System
611.687
Sampling for THM Potential
611.688 Applicability Dates
SUBPART Q: RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND ANALYTICAL
REQUIREMENTS
6
Section
611.720
Analytical Methods
611.731
Gross Alpha
611.732
Manmade Radioactivity
SUBPART R ENHANCED FILTRATION AND DISINFECTION
Section
611.740 General Requirements
611.741 Standards for Avoiding Filtration
611.742 Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking
611.743 Filtration
611.744 Filtration Sampling Requirements
611.745 Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements
SUBPART T: REPORTING, PUBLIC NOTIFICATION AND
RECORDKEEPING
Section
611.830
Applicability
611.831
Monthly Operating Report
611.832
Notice by Agency
611.833
Cross Connection Reporting
611.840
Reporting
611.851
Reporting MCL
, MRDL,
and other Violations
611.852
Reporting other Violations
611.853
Notice to New Billing Units
611.854
General Content of Public Notice
611.855
Mandatory Health Effects Language
611.856
Fluoride Notice
611.858
Fluoride Secondary Standard
611.860
Record Maintenance
611.870
List of 36 Contaminants
SUBPART U: CONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORTS
Section
611.881 Purpose and Applicability of this Subpart
611.882 Compliance Dates
611.883 Content of the Reports
611.884 Required Additional Health Information
611.885 Report Delivery and Recordkeeping
611.Appendix A
Mandatory Health Effects Information
611.Appendix B
Percent Inactivation of G. Lamblia Cysts
611.Appendix C
Common Names of Organic Chemicals
7
611.Appendix D
Defined Substrate Method for the Simultaneous Detection of Total
Coliforms and Eschericia Coli from Drinking Water
611.Appendix E
Mandatory Lead Public Education Information
611.Appendix F Converting Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) Compliance Values for
Consumer Confidence Reports
611.Appendix G Regulated Contaminants
611.Appendix H Health Effects Language
611.Table A
Total Coliform Monitoring Frequency
611.Table B
Fecal or Total Coliform Density Measurements
611.Table C
Frequency of RDC Measurement
611.Table D
Number of Lead and Copper Monitoring Sites
611.Table E
Lead and Copper Monitoring Start Dates
611.Table F
Number of Water Quality Parameter Sampling Sites
611.Table G
Summary of Monitoring Requirements for Water Quality Parameters
1
611.Table Z
Federal Effective Dates
AUTHORITY: Implementing Sections 17 and 17.5 and authorized by Section 27 of the
Environmental Protection Act [415 ILCS 5/17, 17.5, and 27].
SOURCE: Adopted in R88-26 at 14 Ill. Reg. 16517, effective September 20, 1990; amended in
R90-21 at 14 Ill. Reg. 20448, effective December 11, 1990; amended in R90-13 at 15 Ill. Reg.
1562, effective January 22, 1991; amended in R91-3 at 16 Ill. Reg. 19010, effective December 1,
1992; amended in R92-3 at 17 Ill. Reg. 7796, effective May 18, 1993; amended in R93-1 at 17 Ill.
Reg. 12650, effective July 23, 1993; amended in R94-4 at 18 Ill. Reg. 12291, effective July 28,
1994; amended in R94-23 at 19 Ill. Reg. 8613, effective June 20, 1995; amended in R95-17 at 20
Ill. Reg. 14493, effective October 22, 1996; amended in R98-2 at 22 Ill. Reg. 5020, effective
March 5, 1998; amended in R99-6 at 23 Ill. Reg. 2756, effective February 17, 1999; amended in
R99-12 at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________.
Note: Capitalization denotes statutory language
SUBPART A: GENERAL
Section 611.101
Definitions
As used in this Part, the term:
“Act” means the Environmental Protection Act [415 ILCS 5].
“Agency” means the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency.
BOARD NOTE: The Department of Public Health (“Public Health”) regulates
non-community water supplies (“non-CWSs”, including non-transient, non-
community water supplies (“NTNCWSs”) and transient non-community water
8
supplies (“transient non-CWSs”)). For the purposes of regulation of supplies by
Public Health by reference to this Part, “Agency” shall mean Public Health.
“Ai” means “inactivation ratio”.
“Approved source of bottled water”, for the purposes of Section 611.130(e)(4),
means a source of water and the water therefrom, whether it be from a spring,
artesian well, drilled well, municipal water supply, or any other source, that has
been inspected and the water sampled, analyzed, and found to be a safe and sanitary
quality according to applicable laws and regulations of State and local government
agencies having jurisdiction, as evidenced by the presence in the plant of current
certificates or notations of approval from each government agency or agencies
having jurisdiction over the source, the water it bottles, and the distribution of the
water in commerce.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 142.62(g)(2) and 21 CFR 129.3(a) (1998).
The Board cannot compile an exhaustive listing of all federal, state, and local laws
to which bottled water and bottling water may be subjected. However, the statutes
and regulations of which the Board is aware are the following: the Illinois Food,
Drug and Cosmetic Act [410 ILCS 620], the Bottled Water Act [815 ILCS 310],
the DPH Water Well Construction Code (77 Ill. Adm. Code 920), the DPH Water
Well Pump Installation Code (77 Ill. Adm. Code 925), the federal bottled water
quality standards (21 CFR 103.35), the federal drinking water processing and
bottling standards (21 CFR 129), the federal Good Manufacturing Practices for
human foods (21 CFR 110), the federal Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (15 USC
1451 et seq.), and the federal Fair Packaging and Labeling regulations (21 CFR
201).
“Best available technology” or “BAT” means the best technology, treatment
techniques or other means that USEPA has found are available for the contaminant
in question. BAT is specified in Subpart F of this Part.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Board” means the Illinois Pollution Control Board.
“CAS No” means “Chemical Abstracts Services Number”.
“CT” or “CT
calc
” is the product of “residual disinfectant concentration” (RDC or C)
in mg/L determined before or at the first customer, and the corresponding
“disinfectant contact time” (T) in minutes. If a supplier applies disinfectants at
more than one point prior to the first customer, it shall determine the CT of each
disinfectant sequence before or at the first customer to determine the total percent
inactivation or “total inactivation ratio”. In determining the total inactivation ratio,
the supplier shall determine the RDC of each disinfection sequence and
9
corresponding contact time before any subsequent disinfection application point(s).
(See “CT
99.9
”
.
)
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“CT
99.9
” is the CT value required for 99.9 percent (3-log) inactivation of Giardia
lamblia cysts. CT
99.9
for a variety of disinfectants and conditions appear in Tables
1.1-1.6, 2.1 and 3.1 of Section 611.Appendix B. (See “Inactivation Ratio”.)
BOARD NOTE: Derived from the definition of “CT” in 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Coagulation” means a process using coagulant chemicals and mixing by which
colloidal and suspended materials are destabilized and agglomerated into flocs.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Community Water System” or “CWS” means a public water system (PWS) that
serves at least 15 service connections used by year-round residents or regularly
serves at least 25 year-round residents.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998). This definition differs
slightly from that of Section 3.05 of the Act.
“Compliance cycle” means the nine-year calendar year cycle during which public
water systems (PWSs) must monitor. Each compliance cycle consists of three three-
year compliance periods. The first calendar cycle begins January 1, 1993, and ends
December 31, 2001; the second begins January 1, 2002
,
and ends December 31,
2010; the third begins January 1, 2011, and ends December 31, 2019.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Compliance period” means a three-year calendar year period within a compliance
cycle. Each compliance cycle has three three-year compliance periods. Within the
first compliance cycle, the first compliance period runs from January 1, 1993, to
December 31, 1995; the second from January 1, 1996, to December 31, 1998; the
third from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2001.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Comprehensive performance evaluation” or “CPE” is a thorough review and
analysis of a treatment plant’s performance-based capabilities and associated
administrative, operation, and maintenance practices. It is conducted to identify
factors that may be adversely impacting a plant’s capability to achieve compliance
and emphasizes approaches that can be implemented without significant capital
improvements.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Confluent growth” means a continuous bacterial growth covering the entire
filtration area of a membrane filter or a portion thereof, in which bacterial colonies
are not discrete.
10
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Contaminant” means any physical, chemical, biological or radiological substance
or matter in water.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Conventional filtration treatment” means a series of processes including
coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and filtration resulting in substantial
particulate removal.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Diatomaceous earth filtration” means a process resulting in substantial particulate
removal in which:
A precoat cake of diatomaceous earth filter media is deposited on a support
membrane (septum); and
While the water is filtered by passing through the cake on the septum,
additional filter media known as body feed is continuously added to the feed
water to maintain the permeability of the filter cake.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Direct filtration” means a series of processes including coagulation and filtration
but excluding sedimentation resulting in substantial particulate removal.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Disinfectant” means any oxidant, including but not limited to chlorine, chlorine
dioxide, chloramines and ozone added to water in any part of the treatment or
distribution process, that is intended to kill or inactivate pathogenic microorganisms.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Disinfectant contact time” or “T” means the time in minutes that it takes for water
to move from the point of disinfectant application or the previous point of RDC
measurement to a point before or at the point where RDC is measured.
Where only one RDC is measured, T is the time in minutes that it takes for
water to move from the point of disinfectant application to a point before or
at
the point
where RDC is measured.
Where more than one RDC is measured, T is:
For the first measurement of RDC, the time in minutes that it takes
for water to move from the first or only point of disinfectant
11
application to a point before or at the point where the first RDC is
measured, and
For subsequent measurements of RDC, the time in minutes that it
takes for water to move from the previous RDC measurement point
to the RDC measurement point for which the particular T is being
calculated.
T in pipelines must be calculated based on “plug flow” by dividing the
internal volume of the pipe by the maximum hourly flow rate through that
pipe.
T within mixing basins and storage reservoirs must be determined by tracer
studies or an equivalent demonstration.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Disinfection” means a process that inactivates pathogenic organisms in water by
chemical oxidants or equivalent agents.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Disinfection Byproduct” or “DBP” means a chemical byproduct that forms
when disinfectants used for microbial control react with naturally occurring
compounds already present in source water. DBPs include, but are not limited
to, bromodichloromethane, bromoform, chloroform, dichloroacetic acid,
bromate, chlorite, dibromochloromethane, and certain haloacetic acids.
“Disinfection profile” is a summary of daily Giardia lamblia inactivation through
the treatment plant. The procedure for developing a disinfection profile is
contained in Section 611.742.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Distribution system” includes all points downstream of an “entry point” to the
point of consumer ownership.
“Domestic or other non-distribution system plumbing problem” means a coliform
contamination problem in a PWS with more than one service connection that is
limited to the specific service connection from which the coliform-positive sample
was taken.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Dose equivalent” means the product of the absorbed dose from ionizing radiation
and such factors as account for differences in biological effectiveness due to the type
of radiation and its distribution in the body as specified by the International
Commission on Radiological Units and Measurements (ICRU).
12
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Enhanced coagulation” means the addition of sufficient coagulant for improved
removal of disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors by conventional filtration
treatment.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Enhanced softening” means the improved removal of disinfection byproduct
(DBP) precursors by precipitative softening.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Entry point” means a point just downstream of the final treatment operation, but
upstream of the first user and upstream of any mixing with other water. If raw
water is used without treatment, the “entry point” is the raw water source. If a
PWS receives treated water from another PWS, the “entry point” is a point just
downstream of the other PWS, but upstream of the first user on the receiving PWS,
and upstream of any mixing with other water.
“Filter profile” is a graphical representation of individual filter performance, based
on continuous turbidity measurements or total particle counts versus time for an
entire filter run, from startup to backwash inclusively, that includes an assessment
of filter performance while another filter is being backwashed.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Filtration” means a process for removing particulate matter from water by passage
through porous media.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Flocculation” means a process to enhance agglomeration or collection of smaller
floc particles into larger, more easily settleable particles through gentle stirring by
hydraulic or mechanical means.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“GAC10” means granular activated carbon (GAC) filter beds with an empty-bed
contact time of 10 minutes based on average daily flow and a carbon reactivation
frequency of every 180 days.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“GC” means “gas chromatography” or “gas-liquid phase chromatography”.
“GC/MS” means gas chromatography (GC) followed by mass spectrometry (MS).
“Gross alpha particle activity” means the total radioactivity due to alpha particle
emission as inferred from measurements on a dry sample.
13
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Gross beta particle activity” means the total radioactivity due to beta particle
emission as inferred from measurements on a dry sample.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Groundwater under the direct influence of surface water”
means any water
beneath the surface of the ground with significant occurrence of insects or other
macroorganisms, algae, or large-diameter pathogens such as Giardia lamblia or
(for Subpart B systems serving at least 10,000 persons only) Cryptosporidium, or
significant and relatively rapid shifts in water characteristics such as turbidity,
temperature, conductivity, or pH which closely correlate to climatological or
surface water conditions.
“Groundwater under the direct influence of surface
water” is as determined in Section 611.212.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“GWS” means “groundwater system”, a public water supply (PWS) that uses only
groundwater sources.
BOARD NOTE: Drawn from 40 CFR 141.23(b)(2) & 141.24(f)(2) note (1998).
“Haloacetic acids (five)” or HAA5 means the sum of the concentrations in
milligrams per liter (mg/L) of five haloacetic acid compounds (monochloroacetic
acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, and
dibromoacetic acid), rounded to two significant figures after addition.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Halogen” means one of the chemical elements chlorine, bromine or iodine.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“HPC” means “heterotrophic plate count”, measured as specified in Section
611.531(c).
“Inactivation Ratio” (Ai) means:
Ai = CT
calc
/CT
99.9
The sum of the inactivation ratios, or “total inactivation ratio” (B) is
calculated by adding together the inactivation ratio for each disinfection
sequence:
B =
Σ
(Ai)
A total inactivation ratio equal to or greater than 1.0 is assumed to provide a
3-log inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts.
14
BOARD NOTE: Derived from the definition of “CT” in 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Initial compliance period” means the three-year compliance period that begins
January 1, 1993, except for the MCLs for dichloromethane, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene,
1,1,2-trichloroethane, benzo[a]pyrene, dalapon, di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate, di(2-ethyl-
hexyl)phthalate, dinoseb, diquat, endothall, endrin, glyphosate, hexachlorobenzene,
hexachlorocyclopentadiene, oxamyl, picloram, simazine, 2,3,7,8-TCDD, antimony,
beryllium, cyanide, nickel, and thallium as they apply to suppliers whose supplies
have fewer than 150 service connections, for which it means the three-year
compliance period that begins on January 1, 1996.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Inorganic contaminants” or “IOCs” refers to that group of contaminants
designated as such in United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
regulatory discussions and guidance documents. IOCs include antimony,
asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, mercury, nickel,
nitrate, nitrite, selenium, and thallium.
BOARD NOTE: The IOCs are derived from 40 CFR 141.23(a)(4) (1998).
“L” means “liter”.
“Legionella” means a genus of bacteria, some species of which have caused a type
of pneumonia called Legionnaires Disease.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Man-made beta particle and photon emitters” means all radionuclides emitting beta
particles and/or photons listed in Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and
Maximum Permissible Concentrations of Radionuclides in Air and in Water for
Occupational Exposure, NCRP Report Number 22, incorporated by reference in
Section 611.102, except the daughter products of thorium-232, uranium-235 and
uranium-238.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Maximum contaminant level” (“MCL”) means the maximum permissible level of
a contaminant in water that is delivered to any user of a public water system.
(
See
Section 611.121.
)
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Maximum contaminant level goal” (“MCLG”) means the maximum level of a
contaminant in drinking water at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on
the health of persons would occur, and which allows an adequate margin of safety.
MCLGs are nonenforceable health goals.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998). The Board has not
routinely adopted the regulations relating to the federal MCLGs because they are
15
outside the scope of the Board’s identical-in-substance mandate under Section
17.5 of the Act.
“Maximum residual disinfectant level” or “MRDL” means the maximum
permissible level of a disinfectant added for water treatment that may not be
exceeded at the consumer’s tap without an unacceptable possibility of adverse
health effects. MRDLs are enforceable in the same manner as are MCLs. (See
Section 611.313 and Section 611.383.)
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Maximum residual disinfectant level goal” or “MRDLG” means the maximum
level of a disinfectant added for water treatment at which no known or anticipated
adverse effect on the health of persons would occur, and which allows an adequate
margin of safety. MRDLGs are nonenforceable health goals and do not reflect the
benefit of the addition of the chemical for control of waterborne microbial
contaminants.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Maximum Total Trihalomethane Potential” or “MTP” means the maximum
concentration of total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) produced in a given water
containing a disinfectant residual after 7 days at a temperature of 25
°
C or above.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“MFL” means millions of fibers per liter larger than 10 micrometers.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.23(a)(4)(i) (1998).
“mg” means milligrams (1/1000th of a gram).
“mg/L” means milligrams per liter.
“Mixed system” means a PWS that uses both groundwater and surface water
sources.
BOARD NOTE: Drawn from 40 CFR 141.23(b)(2) and 141.24(f)(2) note (1998).
“MUG” means 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-beta-d-glucuronide.
“Near the first service connection” means at one of the 20 percent of all service
connections in the entire system that are nearest the public water system (PWS)
treatment facility, as measured by water transport time within the distribution
system.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“nm” means nanometer (1/1,000,000,000
th
of a meter).
16
“Non-community water system” or “NCWS” or “non-CWS” means a public water
system (PWS) that is not a community water system (CWS). A non-community
water system is either a “transient non-community water system (TWS)” or a
“non-transient non-community water system (NTNCWS).”
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Non-transient non-community water system” or “NTNCWS” means a public
water system (PWS) that is not a community water system (CWS) and that regularly
serves at least 25 of the same persons over 6 months per year.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“NPDWR” means “national primary drinking water regulation”.
“NTU” means “nephelometric turbidity units”.
“Old MCL” means one of the inorganic maximum contaminant levels (MCLs),
codified at Section 611.300, or organic MCLs, codified at Section 611.310,
including any marked as “additional state requirements.”
BOARD NOTE: Old MCLs are those derived prior to the implementation of the
U.S. EPAUSEPA “Phase II” regulations. The Section 611.640 definition of this
term, which applies only to Subpart O of this Part, differs from this definition in
that the definition does not include the Section 611.300 inorganic MCLs.
“P-A Coliform Test” means “Presence-Absence Coliform Test”.
“Paired sample” means two samples of water for Total Organic Carbon (TOC).
One sample is of raw water taken prior to any treatment. The other
sample is
taken after the
point of combined filter effluent and is representative of the treated
water. These samples are taken at the same time. (See Section 611.382.)
“Performance evaluation sample” means a reference sample provided to a
laboratory for the purpose of demonstrating that the laboratory can successfully
analyze the sample within limits of performance specified by the Agency; or, for
bacteriological laboratories, Public Health; or, for radiological laboratories, the
Illinois Department of Nuclear Safety. The true value of the concentration of the
reference material is unknown to the laboratory at the time of the analysis.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Person” means an individual, corporation, company, association, partnership,
State, unit of local government, or federal agency.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Phase I” refers to that group of chemical contaminants and the accompanying
regulations promulgated by USEPA on July 8, 1987, at 52 Fed. Reg. 25712.
17
“Phase II” refers to that group of chemical contaminants and the accompanying
regulations promulgated by USEPA on January 30, 1991, at 56 Fed. Reg. 3578.
“Phase IIB” refers to that group of chemical contaminants and the accompanying
regulations promulgated by USEPA on July 1, 1991, at 56 Fed. Reg. 30266.
“Phase V” refers to that group of chemical contaminants promulgated by USEPA
on July 17, 1992, at 57 Fed. Reg. 31776.
“Picocurie” or “pCi” means the quantity of radioactive material producing 2.22
nuclear transformations per minute.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Point of disinfectant application” is the point at which the disinfectant is applied
and downstream of which water is not subject to recontamination by surface water
runoff.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Point-of-entry treatment device” is a treatment device applied to the drinking water
entering a house or building for the purpose of reducing contaminants in the
drinking water distributed throughout the house or building.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Point-of-use treatment device” is a treatment device applied to a single tap used for
the purpose of reducing contaminants in drinking water at that one tap.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Public Health” means the Illinois Department of Public Health.
BOARD NOTE: The Department of Public Health (“Public Health”) regulates
non-community water supplies (“non-CWSs”, including non-transient, non-
community water supplies (“NTNCWSs”) and transient non-community water
supplies (“transient non-CWSs”)). For the purposes of regulation of supplies by
Public Health by reference to this Part, “Agency” shall mean Public Health.
“Public water system” or “PWS” means a system for the provision to the public of
piped water for human consumption or other constructed conveyances, if such
system has at least fifteen service connections or regularly serves an average of at
least 25 individuals daily at least 60 days out of the year. A PWS is either a
community water system (CWS) or a non-community water system (non-CWS).
Such term includes:
18
Any collection, treatment, storage and distribution facilities under control of
the operator of such system and used primarily in connection with such
system; and
Any collection or pretreatment storage facilities not under such control that
are used primarily in connection with such system.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“R
adioactive contaminants”
refers to that group of contaminants designated
“radioactive contaminants” in USEPA regulatory discussions and guidance
documents. “Radioactive contaminants” include tritium, strontium-89,
strontium-90, iodine-131, cesium-134, gross beta emitters, and other nuclides.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.25(c) Table B (1998). These
radioactive contaminants must be reported in Consumer Confidence Reports
under Subpart U when they are detected above the levels indicated in Section
611.720(c)(3).
“Reliably and consistently” below a specified level for a contaminant means an
Agency determination based on analytical results following the initial detection of a
contaminant to determine the qualitative condition of water from an individual
sampling point or source. The Agency shall base this determination on the
consistency of analytical results, the degree below the MCL, the susceptibility of
source water to variation, and other vulnerability factors pertinent to the
contaminant detected that may influence the quality of water.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.23(b)(9), 141.24(f)(11)(ii), and
141.24(f)(11)(iii) (1998).
“Rem” means the unit of dose equivalent from ionizing radiation to the total body
or any internal organ or organ system. A “millirem (mrem)” is 1/1000 of a rem.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Repeat compliance period” means a compliance period that begins after the initial
compliance period.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Representative” means that a sample must reflect the quality of water that is
delivered to consumers under conditions when all sources required to supply water
under normal conditions are in use and all treatment is properly operating.
“Residual disinfectant concentration” (“RDC” or “C” in CT calculations) means the
concentration of disinfectant measured in mg/L in a representative sample of water.
For purposes of the requirement of Section 611.241(d) of maintaining a detectable
RDC in the distribution system, “RDC” means a residual of free or combined
chlorine.
19
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Safe Drinking Water Act” or “SDWA” means the Public Health Service Act, as
amended by the Safe Drinking Water Act, Pub. L. 93-523, 42 USC 300f et seq.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Sanitary survey” means an onsite review of the water source, facilities, equipment,
operation and maintenance of a public water system (PWS) for the purpose of
evaluating the adequacy of such source, facilities, equipment, operation and
maintenance for producing and distributing safe drinking water.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Sedimentation” means a process for removal of solids before filtration by gravity
or separation.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“SEP” means special exception permit (Section 611.110).
“Service connection,” as used in the definition of public water system, does not
include a connection to a system that delivers water by a constructed
conveyance other than a pipe if any of the following is true:
The water is used exclusively for purposes other than residential use
(consisting of drinking, bathing, and cooking, or other similar uses);
The Agency determines by issuing a SEP that alternative water for
residential use or similar uses for drinking and cooking is provided to
achieve the equivalent level of public health protection provided by the
applicable national primary drinking water regulations; or
The Agency determines by issuing a SEP that the water provided for
residential use or similar uses for drinking, cooking, and bathing is
centrally treated or treated at the point of entry by the provider, a
pass-through entity, or the user to achieve the equivalent level of
protection provided by the applicable national primary drinking water
regulations.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998). See sections
1401(4)(B)(i)(II) and (4)(B)(i)(III) of SDWA (42 USC 300f(4)(B)(i)(II) &
(4)(B)(i)(III) (1996)).
“Slow sand filtration” means a process involving passage of raw water through a
bed of sand at low velocity (generally less than 0.4 meters per hour (m/h)) resulting
in substantial particulate removal by physical and biological mechanisms.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
20
“SOC” or “Synthetic organic chemical contaminant” refers to that group of
contaminants designated as “SOCs”, or “synthetic organic chemicals” or “synthetic
organic contaminants”, in U.S. EPAUSEPA regulatory discussions and guidance
documents. “SOCs” include alachlor, aldicarb, aldicarb sulfone, aldicarb sulfoxide,
atrazine, benzo[a]pyrene, carbofuran, chlordane, dalapon, dibromoethylene
(ethylene dibromide or EDB), dibromochloropropane (DBCP), di(2-ethylhexyl)-
adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, dinoseb, diquat, endothall, endrin, glyphosate,
heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclopentadiene,
lindane, methoxychlor, oxamyl, pentachlorophenol, picloram, simazine, toxaphene,
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 2,4-D, 2,3,7,8-TCDD, and 2,4,5-TP.
“Source” means a well, reservoir, or other source of raw water.
“Special irrigation district” means an irrigation district in existence prior to May
18, 1994 that provides primarily agricultural service through a piped water
system with only incidental residential use or similar use, where the system or
the residential users or similar users of the system comply with either of the
following exclusion conditions:
The Agency determines by issuing a SEP that alternative water is
provided for residential use or similar uses for drinking or cooking to
achieve the equivalent level of public health protection provided by the
applicable national primary drinking water regulations; or
The Agency determines by issuing a SEP that the water provided for
residential use or similar uses for drinking, cooking,
and
an bathing is
centrally treated or treated at the point of entry by the provider, a pass-
through entity, or the user to achieve the equivalent level of protection
provided by the applicable national primary drinking water regulations.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998) and sections
1401(4)(B)(i)(II) and (4)(B)(i)(III) of SDWA (42 USC 300f(4)(B)(i)(II) &
(4)(B)(i)(III) (1996)).
“Standard sample” means the aliquot of finished drinking water that is examined for
the presence of coliform bacteria.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Subpart B system” means a public water system that uses surface water or
groundwater under the direct influence of surface water as a source and which is
subject to the requirements of Subpart B and the analytical and monitoring
requirements of Sections 611.531, 611.532, 611.533, 611.Appendix B, and
611.Appendix C of this Part.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
21
“Supplier of water” or “supplier” means any person who owns or operates a public
water system (PWS). This term includes the “official custodian”.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Surface water” means all water that is open to the atmosphere and subject to
surface runoff.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“SUVA” means specific ultraviolet absorption at 254 nanometers (nm), which is an
indicator of the humic content of water. It is a calculated parameter obtained by
dividing a sample’s ultraviolet absorption at a wavelength of 254 nm (UV
254
) (in
m
-1
) by its concentration of dissolved organic carbon (in mg/L).
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“SWS” means “surface water system”, a public water supply (PWS) that uses only
surface water sources, including “groundwater under the direct influence of surface
water”.
BOARD NOTE: Drawn from 40 CFR 141.23(b)(2) and 141.24(f)(2) note (1998).
“System with a single service connection” means a system that supplies drinking
water to consumers via a single service line.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Too numerous to count” means that the total number of bacterial colonies exceeds
200 on a 47-mm diameter membrane filter used for coliform detection.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Total Organic Carbon” (“TOC”) means total organic carbon (in mg/L) measured
using heat, oxygen, ultraviolet irradiation, chemical oxidants, or combinations of
these oxidants that convert organic carbon to carbon dioxide, rounded to two
significant figures.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Total trihalomethanes” or “TTHM” means the sum of the concentration of
trihalomethanes (THMs), in milligrams per liter (mg/L), rounded to two significant
figures.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from the definition of “total trihalomethanes” in 40 CFR
141.2 (1998).
(
See the definition of THMs for a listing of the four compounds that
USEPA considers TTHMs to comprise.
)
“Transient, non-community water system” or “transient non-CWS” means a non-
CWS that does not regularly serve at least 25 of the same persons over six months
of the year.
22
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998). The federal regulations
apply to all “public water systems”, which are defined as all systems having at least
15 service connections or regularly serving water to at least 25 persons.
(
See 42
USC 300f(4).
)
The Act mandates that the Board and the Agency regulate “public
water supplies”, which it defines as having at least 15 service connections or
regularly serving 25 persons daily at least 60 days per year.
(
See Section 3.28 of
the Act [415 ILCS 5/3.28].
)
The Department of Public Health regulates transient
non-community water systems.
“Treatment” means any process that changes the physical, chemical,
microbiological, or radiological properties of water, is under the control of the
supplier, and is not a “point of use” or “point of entry treatment device” as defined
in this Section. “Treatment” includes, but is not limited to
,
aeration, coagulation,
sedimentation, filtration, activated carbon treatment, disinfection, and fluoridation.
“Trihalomethane” or “THM” means one of the family of organic compounds,
named as derivatives of methane, in which three of the four hydrogen atoms in
methane are each substituted by a halogen atom in the molecular structure. The
THMs are:
Trichloromethane (chloroform),
Dibromochloromethane,
Bromodichloromethane
,
and
Tribromomethane (bromoform)
BOARD NOTE: Derived from the definitions of “total trihalomethanes” and
“trihalomethanes” in 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“
μ
g” means micrograms (1/1,000,000
th
of a gram).
“USEPA” or “U.S. EPA” means the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
“Uncovered finished water storage facility” is a tank, reservoir, or other facility
that is open to the atmosphere and which is used to store water that will undergo
no further treatment except residual disinfection.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Virus” means a virus of fecal origin that is infectious to humans by waterborne
transmission.
“VOC” or “volatile organic chemical contaminant” refers to that group of
contaminants designated as “VOCs”, or “volatile organic chemicals”, or “volatile
23
organic contaminants”, in USEPA regulatory discussions and guidance documents.
“VOCs” include benzene, dichloromethane, tetrachloromethane (carbon tetra-
chloride), trichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl
chloroform), 1,1-dichloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene,
ethylbenzene, monochlorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, styrene, 1,2,4-trichloro-
benzene, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, trans-1,2-dichloro-
ethylene, xylene, and 1,2-dichloropropane.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Waterborne disease outbreak” means the significant occurrence of acute infectious
illness, epidemiologically associated with the ingestion of water from a public water
system (PWS) that is deficient in treatment, as determined by the appropriate local
or State agency.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.2 (1998).
“Wellhead Protection Program” means the wellhead protection program for the
State of Illinois, approved by USEPA under Section 1428 of the SDWA.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.71(b) (1998). The wellhead
protection program will includes the “groundwater protection needs assessment”
under Section 17.1 of the Act, and regulations to be adopted in 35 Ill. Adm. Code
615 et seq.
(Source: Amended at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.102
Incorporations by Reference
a)
Abbreviations and short-name listing of references. The following names and
abbreviated names, presented in alphabetical order, are used in this Part to refer to
materials incorporated by reference:
“Amco-AEPA-1 Polymer” is available from Advanced Polymer Systems.
“ASTM Method” means a method published by and available from the
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
“Colisure Test” means “Colisure Presence/Absence Test for Detection and
Identification of Coliform Bacteria and Escherichia Coli in Drinking
Water”, available from Millipore Corporation, Technical Services
Department.
“Dioxin and Furan Method 1613” means “Tetra- through Octa-
Chlorinated Dioxins and Furans by Isotope-Dilution HRGC/HRMS”,
available from NTIS.
24
“GLI Method 2” means GLI Method 2, “
Turbidity”, Nov. 2, 1992,
available from Great Lakes Instruments, Inc.
“Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection
Requirements for Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources”,
available from USEPA Science and Technology Branch.
“HASL Procedure Manual” means HASL Procedure Manual, HASL 300,
available from ERDA Health and Safety Laboratory.
“Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible
Concentrations of Radionuclides in Air and in Water for Occupational
Exposure”, NCRP Report Number 22, available from NCRP.
“NCRP” means “National Council on Radiation Protection”.
“NTIS” means “National Technical Information Service”.
“New Jersey Radium Method” means “Determination of Radium 228 in
Drinking Water”, available from the New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection.
“New York Radium Method” means “Determination of Ra-226 and Ra-
228 (Ra-02)”, available from the New York Department of Public Health.
“ONGP-MUG Test” (meaning “minimal medium ortho-nitrophenyl-beta-d-
galactopyranoside-4-methyl-umbelliferyl-beta-d-glucuronide test”), also
called the “Autoanalysis Colilert System”, is Method 9223, available in
“Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater”, 18th
ed., from American Public Health Association.
“Procedures for Radiochemical Analysis of Nuclear Reactor Aqueous
Solutions”, available from NTIS.
“Radiochemical Methods” means “Interim Radiochemical Methodology for
Drinking Water”, available from NTIS.
“Standard Methods”, means “Standard Methods for the Examination of
Water and Wastewater”, available from the American Public Health
Association or the American Waterworks Association.
“Technical Bulletin 601” means “Technical Bulletin 601, Standard Method
of Testing for Nitrate in Drinking Water”, July, 1994, available from
Analytical Technology, Inc.
25
“Technicon Methods” means “Fluoride in Water and Wastewater”,
available from Technicon.
“USDOE Manual” means “EML Procedures Manual”, available from the
United State Department of Energy.
“USEPA Asbestos Methods-100.1” means Method 100.1, “Analytical
Method for Determination of Asbestos Fibers in Water”, available from
NTIS.
“USEPA Asbestos Methods-100.2” means Method 100.2, “Determination
of Asbestos Structures over 10-mm in Length in Drinking Water”,
available from NTIS.
“USEPA Environmental Inorganics Methods” means “Methods for the
Determination of Inorganic Substances in Environmental Samples”,
available from NTIS; “Methods for the Determination of Inorganic
Substances in Environmental Samples”, August 1993, for Method 300.0;
“Determination of Inorganic Anions in Drinking Water by Ion
Chromatography, Revision 1.0”, 1997, for Method 300.1.
“USEPA Environmental Metals Methods” means “Methods for the
Determination of Metals in Environmental Samples”, available from NTIS.
“USEPA Organic Methods” means “Methods for the Determination of
Organic Compounds in Drinking Water”, July, 1991, for Methods 502.2,
505, 507, 508, 508A, 515.1, and 531.1; “Methods for the Determination of
Organic Compounds in Drinking Water--Supplement I”, July, 1990, for
Methods 506, 547, 550, 550.1, and 551; and “Methods for the
Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking Water--Supplement II”,
August, 1992, for Methods 515.2, 524.2, 548.1, 549.1, 552.1, and 555,
available from NTIS. Methods 504.1, 508.1, and 525.2 are available from
EPA EMSL; “Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds” in
Drinking Water-Supplement II, August 1992, for Method 552.1; “Methods
for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking
Water-Supplement III”, August 1995, for Methods 502.2, 524.2, 551.1,
and 552.2.
“USEPA Interim Radiochemical Methods” means “Interim Radiochemical
Methodology for Drinking Water”, EPA 600/4-75-008 (revised), March
1976. Available from NTIS.
26
“USEPA Radioactivity Methods” means “Prescribed Procedures for
Measurement of Radioactivity in Drinking Water”, EPA 600/4-80-032,
August 1980. Available from NTIS.
“USEPA Radiochemical Analyses” means “Radiochemical Analytical
Procedures for Analysis of Environmental Samples”, March 1979.
Available from NTIS.
“USEPA Radiochemistry Methods” means “Radiochemistry Procedures
Manual”, EPA 520/5-84-006, December 1987. Available from NTIS.
“USEPA Technical Notes” means “Technical Notes on Drinking Water
Methods”, available from NTIS.
“USGS Methods” means “Methods of Analysis by the U.S. Geological
Survey National Water Quality Laboratory--Determination of Inorganic
and Organic Constituents in Water and Fluvial Sediments”, available from
NTIS and USGS.
“Waters Method B-1011” means “Waters Test Method for the
Determination of Nitrite/Nitrate in Water Using Single Column Ion
Chromatography”, available from Millipore Corporation, Waters
Chromatography Division.
b)
The Board incorporates the following publications by reference:
Access Analytical Systems, Inc., (See Environetics, Inc.)
Advanced Polymer Systems, 3696 Haven Avenue, Redwood City, CA
94063 415-366-2626:
Amco-AEPA-1 Polymer. See 40 CFR 141.22(a) (19958). Also, as
referenced in ASTM D1889.
American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW,
Washington, DC 20005 800-645-5476:
“Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater”, 17th Edition 1989 (referred to as “Standard
Methods, 17th ed.”).
“Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater”, 18th Edition, 1992, including “Supplement to the
18th Edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water
27
and Wastewater”, 1994 (collectively referred to as “Standard
Methods, 18th ed.”). See the methods listed separately for the
same references under American Water Works Association.
“Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater”, 19th Edition, 1995 (referred to as “Standard
Methods, 19th ed.”).
American Waterworks Association et al., 6666 West Quincy Ave., Denver,
CO 80235 303-794-7711:
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,
13th Edition, 1971 (referred to as “Standard Methods, 13th ed.”).
Method 302, Gross Alpha and Gross Beta Radioactivity in
Water (Total, Suspended and Dissolved).
Method 303, Total Radioactive Strontium and Strontium 90
in Water.
Method 304, Radium in Water by Precipitation.
Method 305, Radium 226 by Radon in Water (Soluble,
Suspended and Total).
Method 306, Tritium in Water.
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,
18th Edition, 1992 (referred to as “Standard Methods, 18th ed.”):
Method 2130 B, Turbidity, Nephelometric Method.
Method 2320 B, Alkalinity, Titration Method.
Method 2510 B, Conductivity, Laboratory Method.
Method 2550, Temperature, Laboratory and Field Methods.
Method 3111 B, Metals by Flame Atomic Absorption
Spectrometry, Direct Air-Acetylene Flame Method.
Method 3111 D, Metals by Flame Atomic Absorption
Spectrometry, Direct Nitrous Oxide-Acetylene Flame
Method.
28
Method 3112 B, Metals by Cold-Vapor Atomic Absorption
Spectrometry, Cold-Vapor Atomic Absorption
Spectrometric Method.
Method 3113 B, Metals by Electrothermal Atomic
Absorption Spectrometry, Electrothermal Atomic
Absorption Spectrometric Method.
Method 3114 B, Metals by Hydride Generation/Atomic
Absorption Spectrometry, Manual Hydride
Generation/Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Method.
Method 3120 B, Metals by Plasma Emission Spectroscopy,
Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Method.
Method 3500-Ca D, Calcium, EDTA Titrimetric Method.
Method 4110 B, Determination of Anions by Ion
Chromatography, Ion Chromatography with Chemical
Suppression of Eluent Conductivity.
Method 4500-CN
-
C, Cyanide, Total Cyanide after
Distillation.
Method 4500-CN
-
E, Cyanide, Colorimetric Method.
Method 4500-CN
-
F, Cyanide, Cyanide-Selective Electrode
Method.
Method 4500-CN
-
G, Cyanide, Cyanides Amenable to
Chlorination after Distillation.
Method 4500-Cl D, Chlorine (Residual), Amperometric
Titration Method.
Method 4500-Cl E, Chlorine (Residual), Low-Level
Amperometric Titration Method.
Method 4500-Cl F, Chlorine (Residual), DPD Ferrous
Titrimetric Method.
Method 4500-Cl G, Chlorine (Residual), DPD Colorimetric
Method.
29
Method 4500-Cl H, Chlorine (Residual), Syringaldazine
(FACTS) Method.
Method 4500-Cl I, Chlorine (Residual), Iodometric
Electrode Technique.
Method 4500-ClO
2
C, Chlorine Dioxide, Amperometric
Method I.
Method 4500-ClO
2
D, Chlorine Dioxide, DPD Method.
Method 4500-ClO
2
E, Chlorine Dioxide, Amperometric
Method II (Proposed).
Method 4500-F
-
B, Fluoride, Preliminary Distillation Step.
Method 4500-F
-
C, Fluoride, Ion-Selective Electrode
Method.
Method 4500-F
-
D, Fluoride, SPADNS Method.
Method 4500-F
-
E, Fluoride, Complexone Method.
Method 4500-H
+
B, pH Value, Electrometric Method.
Method 4500-NO
2
-
B, Nitrogen (Nitrite), Colorimetric
Method.
Method 4500-NO
3
-
D, Nitrogen (Nitrate), Nitrate Electrode
Method.
Method 4500-NO
3
-
E, Nitrogen (Nitrate), Cadmium
Reduction Method.
Method 4500-NO
3
-
F, Nitrogen (Nitrate), Automated
Cadmium Reduction Method.
Method 4500-O
3
B, Ozone (Residual) (Proposed), Indigo
Colorimetric Method.
Method 4500-P E, Phosphorus, Ascorbic Acid Method.
30
Method 4500-P F, Phosphorus, Automated Ascorbic Acid
Reduction Method.
Method 4500-Si D, Silica, Molybdosilicate Method.
Method 4500-Si E, Silica, Heteropoly Blue Method.
Method 4500-Si F, Silica, Automated Method for
Molybdate-Reactive Silica.
Method 4500-SO
4
2-
C, Sulfate, Gravimetric Method with
Ignition of Residue.
Method 4500-SO
4
2-
D, Sulfate, Gravimetric Method with
Drying of Residue.
Method 4500-SO
4
2-
F, Sulfate, Automated Methylthymol
Blue Method.
Method 6610, Carbamate Pesticide Method.
Method 6651, Glyphosate Herbicide (Proposed).
Method 7110 B, Gross Alpha and Beta Radioactivity
(Total, Suspended, and Dissolved), Evaporation Method for
Gross Alpha-Beta.
Method 7110 C, Gross Alpha and Beta Radioactivity
(Total, Suspended, and Dissolved), Coprecipitation Method
for Gross Alpha Radioactivity in Drinking Water
(Proposed).
Method 7500-Cs B, Radioactive Cesium, Precipitation
Method.
Method 7500-3H, B, Tritium, Liquid Scintillation
Spectrometric Method.
Method 7500-I B, Radioactive Iodine, Precipitation
Method.
Method 7500-I C, Radioactive Iodine, Ion-Exchange
Method.
31
Method 7500-I D, Radioactive Iodine, Distillation Method.
Method 7500-Ra B, Radium, Precipitation Method.
Method 7500-Ra C, Radium, Emanation Method.
Method 7500-Ra D, Radium, Sequential Precipitation
Method (Proposed).
Method 7500-U B, Uranium, Radiochemical Method
(Proposed).
Method 7500-U C, Uranium, Isotopic Method (Proposed).
Method 9215 B, Heterotrophic Plate Count, Pour Plate
Method.
Method 9221 A, Multiple-Tube Fermentation Technique for
Members of the Coliform Group, Introduction.
Method 9221 B, Multiple-Tube Fermentation Technique for
Members of the Coliform Group, Standard Total Coliform
Fermentation Technique.
Method 9221 C, Multiple-Tube Fermentation Technique for
Members of the Coliform Group, Estimation of Bacterial
Density.
Method 9221 D, Multiple-Tube Fermentation Technique for
Members of the Coliform Group, Presence-Absence (P-A)
Coliform Test.
Method 9222 A, Membrane Filter Technique for Members
of the Coliform Group, Introduction.
Method 9222 B, Membrane Filter Technique for Members
of the Coliform Group, Standard Total Coliform Membrane
Filter Procedure.
Method 9222 C, Membrane Filter Technique for Members
of the Coliform Group, Delayed-Incubation Total Coliform
Procedure.
32
Method 9223, Chromogenic Substrate Coliform Test
(Proposed).
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,
19th Edition, 1995 (referred to as “Standard Methods, 19th ed.”):
Method 7120-B, Gamma Spectrometric Method.
Method 7500-U C, Uranium, Isotopic Method.
Method 4500-Cl D, Chlorine (Residual), Amperometric
Titration Method.
Method 4500-Cl E, Chlorine (Residual), Low-Level
Amperometric Titration Method.
Method 4500-Cl F, Chlorine (Residual), DPD Ferrous
Titrimetric Method.
Method 4500-Cl G, Chlorine (Residual), DPD Colorimetric
Method.
Method 4500-Cl H, Chlorine (Residual), Syringaldazine
(FACTS) Method.
Method 4500-Cl I, Chlorine (Residual), Iodometric
Electrode Technique.
Method 4500-ClO
2
D, Chlorine Dioxide, DPD Method.
Method 4500-ClO
2
E, Chlorine Dioxide, Amperometric
Method II.
Method 6251 B, Disinfection Byproducts: Haloacetic Acids
and Trichlorophenol, Micro Liquid-Liquid Extraction Gas
Chromatographic Method.
Method 5910 B, UV Absorbing Organic Constituents,
Ultraviolet Absorption Method.
Supplement to the 19th Edition of Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health
Association, 1996:
33
Method 5310 B, TOC, Combustion-Infrared Method.
Method 5310 C, TOC, Persulfate-Ultraviolet Oxidation
Method.
Method 5310 D, TOC, Wet-Oxidation Method.
Analytical Technology, Inc. ATI Orion, 529 Main Street, Boston, MA
02129:
Technical Bulletin 601, “Standard Method of Testing for Nitrate in
Drinking Water”, July, 1994, PN 221890-001 (referred to as
“Technical Bulletin 601”).
ASTM. American Society for Testing and Materials, 1976 Race Street,
Philadelphia, PA 19103 215-299-5585:
ASTM Method D511-93 A and B, “Standard Test Methods for
Calcium and Magnesium in Water”, “Test Method A--
complexometric Titration” & “Test Method B--Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometric”, approved 1993.
ASTM Method D515-88 A, “Standard Test Methods for
Phosphorus in Water”, “Test Method A--Colorimetric Ascorbic
Acid Reduction”, approved August 19, 1988.
ASTM Method D859-88, “Standard Test Method for Silica in
Water”, approved August 19, 1988.
ASTM Method D1067-92 B, “Standard Test Methods for Acidity
or Alkalinity in Water”, “Test Method B--Electrometric or Color-
Change Titration”, approved May 15, 1992.
ASTM Method D1125-91 A, “Standard Test Methods for
Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity of Water”, “Test Method A-
-Field and Routine Laboratory Measurement of Static (Non-
Flowing) Samples”, approved June 15, 1991.
ASTM Method D1179-93 B “Standard Test Methods for Fluoride
in Water”, “Test Method B--Ion Selective Electrode”, approved
1993.
ASTM Method D1293-84 “Standard Test Methods for pH of
Water”, “Test Method A--Precise Laboratory Measurement” &
34
“Test Method B--Routine or Continuous Measurement”, approved
October 26, 1984.
ASTM Method D1688-90 A or C, “Standard Test Methods for
Copper in Water”, “Test Method A--Atomic Absorption, Direct” &
“Test Method C--Atomic AbsorptionAbsorbtion, Graphite
Furnace”, approved March 15, 1990.
ASTM Method D2036-91 A or B, “Standard Test Methods for
Cyanide in Water”, “Test Method A--Total Cyanides after
Distillation” & “Test Method B--Cyanides Amenable to
Chlorination by Difference”, approved September 15, 1991.
ASTM Method D2459-72, “Standard Test Method for Gamma
Spectrometry in Water,” approved July 28, 1972, discontinued
1988.
ASTM Method D2460-90, “Standard Test Method for
Radionuclides of Radium in Water”, approved 1990.
ASTM Method D2907-91, “Standard Test Methods for
Microquantities of Uranium in Water by Fluorometry”, “Test
Method A--Direct Fluorometric” & “Test Method B—Extraction”,
approved June 15, 1991.
ASTM Method D2972-93 B or C, “Standard Test Methods for
Arsenic in Water”, “Test Method B--Atomic Absorption, Hydride
Generation” & “Test Method C--Atomic Absorption, Graphite
Furnace”, approved 1993.
ASTM Method D3223-91, “Standard Test Method for Total
Mercury in Water”, approved September 23, 1991.
ASTM Method D3454-91, “Standard Test Method for Radium-226
in Water”, approved 1991.
ASTM Method D3559-90 D, “Standard Test Methods for Lead in
Water”, “Test Method D--Atomic Absorption, Graphite Furnace”,
approved August 6, 1990.
ASTM Method D3645-93 B, “Standard Test Methods for
Beryllium in Water”, “Method B--Atomic Absorption, Graphite
Furnace”, approved 1993.
35
ASTM Method D3649-91, “Standard Test Method for High-
Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectrometry of Water”, approved 1991.
ASTM Method D3697-92, “Standard Test Method for Antimony in
Water”, approved June 15, 1992.
ASTM Method D3859-93 A, “Standard Test Methods for Selenium
in Water”, “Method A--Atomic Absorption, Hydride Method”,
approved 1993.
ASTM Method D3867-90 A and B, “Standard Test Methods for
Nitrite-Nitrate in Water”, “Test Method A--Automated Cadmium
Reduction” & “Test Method B--Manual Cadmium Reduction”,
approved January 10, 1990.
ASTM Method D3972-90, “Standard Test Method for Isotopic
Uranium in Water by Radiochemistry”, approved 1990.
ASTM Method D4107-91, “Standard Test Method for Tritium in
Drinking Water”, approved 1991.
ASTM Method D4327-91, “Standard Test Method for Anions in
Water by Ion Chromatography”, approved October 15, 1991.
ASTM Method D4785-88, “Standard Test Method for Low-Level
Iodine-131 in Water”, approved 1988.
ASTM Method D5174-91, “Standard Test Method for Trace
Uranium in Water by Pulsed-Laser Phosphorimetry”, approved
1991.
ASTM Method D 1253-86, “Standard Test Method for Residual
Chlorine in Water,” reapproved 1992.
ERDA Health and Safety Laboratory, New York, NY:
HASL Procedure Manual, HASL 300, 1973. See 40 CFR
141.25(b)(2) (19958).
Great Lakes Instruments, Inc., 8855 North 55th Street, Milwaukee, WI
53223:
GLI Method 2, “Turbidity”, Nov. 2, 1992.
36
Millipore Corporation, Technical Services Department, 80 Ashby Road,
Milford, MA 01730 800-654-5476:
Colisure Presence/Absence Test for Detection and Identification of
Coliform Bacteria and Escherichia Coli in Drinking Water,
February 28, 1994 (referred to as “Colisure Test”).
Millipore Corporation, Waters Chromatography Division, 34 Maple St.,
Milford, MA 01757 800-252-4752:
Waters Test Method for the Determination of Nitrite/Nitrate in
Water Using Single Column Ion Chromatography, Method B-1011
(referred to as “Waters Method B-1011”).
NCRP. National Council on Radiation Protection, 7910 Woodmont Ave.,
Bethesda, MD 301-657-2652:
“Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible
Concentrations of Radionuclides in Air and in Water for
Occupational Exposure”, NCRP Report Number 22, June 5, 1959.
NSF.
National Sanitation Foundation International, 3475 Plymouth Road,
PO Box 130140, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48113-0140
,
(telephone:
734-769-
8010
)
:
NSF Standard 61, section 9, November 1998.
NTIS. National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of
Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161, (703-) 487-
4600 or 800-553-6847:
“Interim Radiochemical Methodology for Drinking Water”, EPA
600/4-75-008 (revised), March 1976 (referred to as “USEPA
Interim Radiochemical Methods”). (Pages 1, 4, 6, 9, 13, 16, 24,
29, 34)
Method 100.1, “Analytical Method for Determination of Asbestos
Fibers in Water”, EPA-600/4-83-043, September, 1983, Doc. No.
PB83-260471 (referred to as “USEPA Asbestos Methods-100.1”).
Method 100.2, “Determination of Asbestos Structures over 10-mm
in Length in Drinking Water”, EPA-600/4-83-043, June, 1994,
Doc. No. PB94-201902 (Referred to as “USEPA Asbestos
Methods-100.2”).
37
“Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes”, March,
1983, Doc. No. PB84-128677 (referred to as “USEPA Inorganic
Methods”). (Methods 150.1, 150.2, and 245.2, which formerly
appeared in this reference, are available from USEPA EMSL.)
“Methods for the Determination of Metals in Environmental
Samples”, June, 1991, Doc. No. PB91-231498 (referred to as
“USEPA Environmental Metals Methods”).
“Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in
Drinking Water”, December, 1988, revised July, 1991, EPA-600/4-
88/039 (referred to as “USEPA Organic Methods”). (For methods
502.2, 505, 507, 508, 508A, 515.1, and 531.1.)
“Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in
Drinking Water--Supplement I”, July, 1990, EPA-600-4-90-020
(referred to as “USEPA Organic Methods”). (For methods 506,
547, 550, 550.1, and 551.)
“Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in
Drinking Water--Supplement II”, August, 1992, EPA-600/R-92-
129 (referred to as “USEPA Organic Methods”). (For methods
515.2, 524.2, 548.1, 549.1, 552.1, and 555.)
“Prescribed Procedures for Measurement of Radioactivity in
Drinking Water”, EPA 600/4-80-032, August 1980 (referred to as
“USEPA Radioactivity Methods”). (Methods 900, 901, 901.1, 902,
903, 903.1, 904, 905, 906, 908, 908.1)
“Procedures for Radiochemical Analysis of Nuclear Reactor
Aqueous Solutions”, H.L. Krieger and S. Gold, EPA-R4-73-014,
May, 1973, Doc. No. PB222-154/7BA.
“Radiochemical Analytical Procedures for Analysis of
Environmental Samples”, March, 1979, Doc. No. EMSL LV
053917 (referred to as “USEPA Radiochemical Analyses”). (Pages
1, 19, 33, 65, 87, 92)
“Radiochemistry Procedures Manual”, EPA-520/5-84-006,
December, 1987, Doc. No. PB-84-215581 (referred to as “USEPA
Radiochemistry Methods”). (Methods 00-01, 00-02, 00-07, H-02,
Ra-03, Ra-04, Ra-05, Sr-04)
38
“Technical Notes on Drinking Water Methods”, EPA-600/R-94-
173, October, 1994, Doc. No. PB-104766 (referred to as “USEPA
Technical Notes”).
BOARD NOTE: USEPA made the following assertion with regard
to this reference at 40 CFR 141.23(k)(1) and 141.24(e) and (n)(11)
(1995): “This document contains other analytical test procedures
and approved analytical methods that remain available for
compliance monitoring until July 1, 1996.”
“Tetra- through Octa- Chlorinated Dioxins and Furans by Isotope
Dilution HRGC/HRMS”, October, 1994, EPA-821-B-94-005
(referred to as “Dioxin and Furan Method 1613”).
New Jersey Department of Environment, Division of Environmental
Quality, Bureau of Radiation and Inorganic Analytical Services, 9 Ewing
Street, Trenton, NJ 08625:
“Determination of Radium 228 in Drinking Water”, August 1990.
New York Department of Health, Radiological Sciences Institute, Center
for Laboratories and Research, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201:
“Determination of Ra-226 and Ra-228 (Ra-02)”, January 1980,
Revised June 1982.
Technicon Industrial Systems, Tarrytown, NY 10591:
“Fluoride in Water and Wastewater”, Industrial Method #129-71W,
December, 1972 (referred to as “Technicon Methods: Method
#129-71W”). See 40 CFR 141.23(k)(1), footnote 11 (1995).
“Fluoride in Water and Wastewater”, #380-75WE, February, 1976
(referred to as “Technicon Methods: Method #380-75WE”). See
40 CFR 141.23(k)(1), footnote 11 (1995).
United States Department of Energy, available at the Environmental
Measurements Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, 376 Hudson
Street, New York, NY 10014-3621:
“EML Procedures Manual”, 27th Edition, Volume 1, 1990.
United States Environmental Protection Agency, EMSL, Cincinnati, OH
45268 513-569-7586:
39
“Interim Radiochemical Methodology for Drinking Water”, EPA-
600/4-75-008 (referred to as “Radiochemical Methods”). (Revised)
March, 1976.
“Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Finished
Drinking Water and Raw Source Water” (referred to as “USEPA
Organic Methods”). (For methods 504.1, 508.1, and 525.2 only).
See NTIS.
“Procedures for Radiochemical Analysis of Nuclear Reactor
Aqueous Solutions”. See NTIS.
USEPA, Science and Technology Branch, Criteria and Standards Division,
Office of Drinking Water, Washington D.C. 20460:
“Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and
Disinfection Requirements for Public Water Systems using Surface
Water Sources”, October, 1989.
USGS. Books and Open-File Reports Section, United States Geological
Survey, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225-0425:
Methods available upon request by method number from “Methods
of Analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality
Laboratory--Determination of Inorganic and Organic Constituents
in Water and Fluvial Sediments”, Open File Report 93-125 or Book
5, Chapter A-1, “Methods for Determination of Inorganic
Substances in Water and Fluvial Sediments”, 3d ed., Open-File
Report 85-495, 1989, as appropriate (referred to as “USGS
Methods”).
I-1030-85
I-1062-85
I-1601-85
I-1700-85
I-2598-85
I-2601-90
40
I-2700-85
I-3300-85
Methods available upon request by method number from
“”Methods for Determination of Radioactive Substances in Water
and Fluvial Sediments”, Chapter A5 in Book 5 of “Techniques of
Water-Resources Investigations of the United States Geological
Survey”, 1997.
R-1110-76
R-1111-76
R-1120-76
R-1140-76
R-1141-76
R-1142-76
R-1160-76
R-1171-76
R-1180-76
R-1181-76
R-1182-76
c)
The Board incorporates the following federal regulations by reference:
40 CFR 136, Appendix B and C (1998).
d)
This Part incorporates no later amendments or editions.
(Source: Amended at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.111
Relief Equivalent to SDWA Section 1415(a) Variances
This Section is intended to describe how the Board grants State relief as a State equivalent to
that available from USEPA under of Section 1415(a)(1)(A) and (B) of the SDWA. SDWA
41
Section 1415 variances do not require ultimate compliance within five years in every situation.
Variances under Sections 35-37 of the Act do require compliance within five years in every
case. Consequently, a PWS may have the option of seeking State regulatory relief equivalent
to a SDWA Section 1415 variance through one of three procedural mechanisms: a variance
under Sections 35-37 of the Act and 35 Ill. Adm. Code 104; a site-specific rule under Sections
27-28 of the Act and 35 Ill. Adm. Code 102; or an adjusted standard under Section 28.1 of the
Act and 35 Ill. Adm. Code 106.
a)
The Board willmay grant a PWSsupplier a variance, a site-specific rule or an
adjusted standard from aan MCL or a treatment technique pursuant to this
SectionNPDWR in this Part.
1)
The PWSsupplier shall file a variance petition pursuant to 35 Ill. Adm.
Code 102, 104, or 106, as applicable except as modified or
supplemented by this Section.
2)
If a State requirement does not have a federal counterpart, the The Board
may grant reliefa variance from the additional State requirements in this
Part without following this Section.
b)
Relief from an MCL.
1) As part of the justification for relief from an MCL under this
Section,showing of arbitrary or unreasonable hardship, the PWSsupplier
shall demonstrate the following that:
A) Because of characteristics of the raw water sources and
alternative sources that are reasonably available to the system, the
PWS supplier cannot meet the MCLor other requirement; and
B) The PWS will install or has installed the best available
technology (BAT) (as identified in Subpart F of this Part),
treatment technique, or other means which the Agency finds
available. The system has applied BAT as identified in Subpart
G of this Part.BAT may vary depending on:
i) The number of persons served by the system;
ii) Physical conditions related to engineering feasibility; and
iii) Costs of compliance; and
C) The variance will not result in an unreasonable risk to health, as
defined in subsection (g) below.
42
2) In any order granting relief under this
subsection
, theThe Board will
prescribe a schedule for:
A) Compliance, including increments of progress, by the
PWSsupplier, with each MCL or other requirement with respect
to which the relief variance was granted, and
B) Implementation by the PWSsupplier of each additional control
measure for each MCL with respect to which the relief is
grantedor other requirement
, during the period ending on the date
compliance with such requirement is required.
3) Schedule of compliance for relief from an MCL.A schedule of
compliance will require compliance with each MCL or other requirement
with respect to which the variance was granted as expeditiously as
practicable.
A) A schedule of compliance will require compliance with each
MCL with respect to which the relief was granted as
expeditiously as practicable.
B) If the Board prescribes a schedule requiring compliance with an
MCL for which the relief is granted later than five years from
the date of issuance of the relief, the Board will:
i) Document its rationale for the extended compliance
schedule;
ii) Discuss the rationale for the extended compliance
schedule in the required public notice and opportunity for
public hearing; and
iii) Provide the shortest practicable time schedule feasible
under the circumstances.
c) Relief from a treatment technique requirement.
1) As part of the justification for relief from a treatment technique
requirement under this Section, the PWS shall demonstrate that the
treatment technique is not necessary to protect the health of persons
served because of the nature of the raw water source.
43
2) The Board may prescribe monitoring and other requirements as a
condition for relief from a treatment technique requirement.
d)
The Board will hold at least oneprovide notice and opportunity for a public
hearing. In addition the Board will accept comments as appropriate pursuant to
as provided in 35 Ill. Adm. Code 102, 104, or 106.
e)
The Board will not grant relief a variance:
1)
From the MCL for total coliforms
. H; provided, h
owever,
that
the Board
may grant a variance from the total coliform MCL of Section 611.325
for PWSs that provedemonstrate that the violation of the total coliform
MCL is due to persistent growth of total coliforms in the distribution
system, rather than from fecal or pathogenic contamination, from a
treatment lapse or deficiency, or from a problem in the operation or
maintenance of the distribution system.
2)
FromOr, from any of the treatment technique requirements of Subpart B
of this Part.
3) From the residual disinfectant concentration (RDC) requirements of
Sections 611.241(c) and 611.242(b).
f
)
The Agency shall promptly send USEPA the Opinion and Order of the Board
granting relief pursuant to this Section. The Board may reconsider and modify
a grant of relief, or relief conditions, if USEPA notifies the Board of a finding
pursuant to Section 1415 of the SDWA.As used in this Section and Section
611.112, “unreasonable risk to health level” (“URTH level”) means the
concentration of a contaminant that will cause a serious health effect within the
period of time specified in the variance or exemption requested by a supplier
seeking to come into compliance by installing the treatment required to reduce
the contaminant to the MCL. URTH level determinations are made on the basis
of the individual contaminant, taking into account: the degree by which the
level exceeds the MCL; duration of exposure; historical data; and population
exposed. A risk to health is assumed to be unreasonable unless the supplier
demonstrates that there are costs involved that clearly exceed the health benefits
to be derived.
g)
In addition to the requirements of this Section, theThe provisions of
Section
611.130 or 611.131 may apply to relief granteddeterminations made pursuant to
this Section.
44
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.4 (19941998), from Section
1415(a)(1)(A) and (B) of the SDWA and from the “Guidance Manual for
Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection Requirements for Public Water
Systems using Surface Water Sources”, incorporated by reference in Section
611.102. USEPAU.S. EPA has reserved the discretion to review and modify or
nullify Board determinations made pursuant to this Section at 40 CFR 142.23
(19941998).
(Source: Amended at __ Ill. Reg. __________, effective _____________)
Section 611.112
Relief Equivalent to SDWA Section 1416 ExemptionsVariances
This Section is intended to describe how the Board grants State reliefas a Stateequivalent to
that available from USEPA under of Section 1416 of the SDWA. SDWA Section 1416
exemptions do not require ultimate compliance within five years in every situation. Variances
under Sections 35-37 of the Act do require compliance within five years in every case.
Consequently, a PWS may have the option of seeking State regulatory relief equivalent to a
SDWA Section 1416 exemption through one of three procedural mechanisms: a variance
under Sections 35-37 of the Act and 35 Ill. Adm. Code 104; a site-specific rule under Sections
27-28 of the Act and 35 Ill. Adm. Code 102; or an adjusted standard under Section 28.1 of the
Act and 35 Ill. Adm. Code 106.
a)
The Board willmay grant a PWSsupplier a variance, a site-specific rule, or an
adjusted standard from any requirement respecting an MCL or treatment
technique requirement, or from both, pursuant to this Section requirement of an
NPDWR in this Part.
1)
The PWSsupplier shall file a variance petition pursuant to 35 Ill. Adm.
Code 102, 104, or 106, as applicable except as modified or
supplemented by this Section.
2)
If a State requirement does not have a federal counterpart, theThe Board
may grant reliefa variance from the additional State requirements in this
Part without following this Section.
b)
As part of the justification for relief under this Section,showing of arbitrary or
unreasonable hardship, the PWSsupplier shall demonstrate the followingthat:
1)
Due to compelling factors (which may include economic factors), the
PWSsupplier is unable to comply with the MCL or treatment technique
requirement, or to implement measures to develop an alternative source
of water supply;
2)
The PWSsupplier was:
45
A)
In operation on the effective date of the MCL or treatment
technique requirement; or
B)
Not in operation on the effective date of the MCL or treatment
technique requirement and no reasonable alternative source of
drinking water is available to the PWSsupplier; and
3)
The relief variance will not result in an unreasonable risk to health; and.
4) Management or restructuring changes cannot reasonably be made that
will result in compliance with the NPDWR or, if compliance cannot be
achieved, improve the quality of the drinking water.
BOARD NOTE: In determining that management or restructuring
changes cannot reasonably be made that will result in compliance with
the NPDWR, the Board will consider the factors required by USEPA
under 40 CFR 142.20(b)(1).
c)
In any order granting relief under this Section, theThe Board will prescribe a
schedule for:
1)
Compliance, including increments of progress, by the PWSsupplier, with
each MCL and treatment technique requirement with respect to which
the reliefvariance was granted; and
2)
Implementation by the PWSsupplier, during the period ending on the
date when compliance is required, of each additional control measure for
each contaminant subject to the MCL or treatment technique
requirement, with respect to which relief is granted.
d)
Schedule of compliance. A schedule of compliance will require compliance
with each MCL or treatment technique other requirement with respect to which
reliefthe variance was granted as expeditiously as practicable
,; but no schedule
shall extend more than 12 months after the date of the relief and relief may not be
requested
but not later than three years after the otherwise applicable compliance
date established in Section 1412(b)(10) of the SDWA,
except as follows:
1)
No relief may be granted unless
The Board may extend the date for a
period not to exceed three years beyond the date of the variance if
the
PWSsupplier establishes: that it is taking all practicable steps to meet
the NPDWRstandard
;
and:
46
A)
The PWSsupplier cannot meet the NPDWRstandard without
capital improvements that cannot be completed within 12 months;
B)
In the case of a PWS supplier that needs financial assistance for
the necessary improvements, the PWSsupplier has entered into an
agreement to obtain such financial assistance; or
C)
The PWSsupplier has entered into an enforceable agreement to
become a part of a regional PWS; and.
2
)
In the case of a PWS which serves 3,300 or fewer personswith 500 or
fewer service connections that needs financial assistance for the
necessary improvements, relief a variance under subsections (d)(1)(A) or
(d)(1)(B) above may be renewed for one or more additional two year
periods, not to exceed a total of six years, if the PWSsupplier establishes
that it is taking all practicable steps to meet the final date for
compliance.
3) A PWS may not receive relief under this Section if the PWS was granted
relief under Section 611.111 or 611.131.
e)
The Board will hold at least one provide notice and opportunity for a public
hearing. In addition the Board will accept comments as appropriate pursuant to
as provided in 35 Ill. Adm. Code 102, 104, or 106.
f)
The Agency shall promptly send U.S. EPAUSEPA the Opinion and Order of
the Board granting a reliefvariance pursuant to this Section. The Board may
reconsider and modify a grant of reliefvariance, or reliefvariance conditions, if
U.S. EPAUSEPA notifies the Board of a finding pursuant to Section 1416 of
the SDWA.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from Section 1416 of the SDWA.
g)
The Board will not grant reliefa variance:
1)
From the MCL for total coliforms
. H; provided, h
owever,
that
the Board
may grant reliefa variance from the total coliform MCL of Section
611.325 for PWSs that provedemonstrate that the violation of the total
coliform MCL is due to persistent growth of total coliforms in the
distribution system, rather than from fecal or pathogenic contamination,
from a treatment lapse or deficiency, or from a problem in the operation
or maintenance of the distribution system.
47
2)
From any of the treatment technique requirements of Subpart B of this
Part.
3)
From the residual disinfectant concentration (RDC) requirements of
Sections 611.241(c) and 611.242(b).
h)
In addition to the requirements of this Section, theThe provisions of Section
611.130 or 611.131 may apply to relief granteddeterminations made pursuant to
this Section.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.4 (19941998). U.S. EPAUSEPA
has reserved the discretion to review and modify or nullify Board determinations
made pursuant to this Section at 40 CFR 142.23 (19941998).
(Source: Amended at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.131 Relief Equivalent to SDWA Section 1415(e) Small System Variance
This Section is intended as a
S
tate equivalent of Section 1415(e) of the SDWA.
a) Variances may be obtained from the requirement to comply with an MCL or
treatment technique to a PWS serving fewer than 10,000 persons in this Section.
The PWS shall file a variance petition pursuant to 35 Ill. Adm. Code 104,
except as modified or supplemented by this Section.
b) The Board will grant a small system variance to a PWS serving fewer than
3,300 persons. The Board will grant a small system variance to a PWS serving
more than 3,300 persons but fewer than 10,000 persons with the approval of the
USEPA. In determining the number of persons served by the PWS, the Board
will include persons served by consecutive systems. A small system variance
granted to a PWS also applies to any consecutive system served by it.
c) Availability of a
v
ariance.
1) A small system variance is not available under this Section for an
NPDWR for a microbial contaminant (including a bacterium, virus, or
other organism) or an indicator or treatment technique for a microbial
contaminant.
2) A small system variance under this Section is available for compliance
with a requirement specifying an MCL or treatment technique for a
contaminant with respect to which:
A) An NPDWR was promulgated on or after January 1, 1986; and
48
B) The USEPA has published a small system variance technology
pursuant to Section 1412(b)(15) of the SDWA.
BOARD NOTE: Small system variances are not available for PWSs above the
pre-1986 MCL even if subsequently revised. If the USEPA revises a pre-1986
MCL and makes it more stringent, then a variance would be available for that
contaminant, but only up to the pre-1986 maximum contaminant level.
d) No small system variance will be in effect until the later of the following:
1) 90 days after the Board proposes to grant the small system variance;
2) If the Board is proposing to grant a small system variance to a PWS
serving fewer than 3,300 persons and the USEPA objects to the small
system variance, the date on which the Board makes the recommended
modifications or responds in writing to each objection; or
3) If the Board is proposing to grant a small system variance to a PWS
serving a population of more than 3,300 and fewer than 10,000 persons,
the date the USEPA approves the small system variance.
e) As part of the showing of arbitrary or unreasonable hardship, the PWS shall
prove and document the following to the Board:
1) The PWS is eligible for a small system variance pursuant to subsection
(c) of this Section;
2) The PWS cannot afford to comply with the NPDWR for which a small
system variance is sought, including by:
A) Treatment;
B) Alternative sources of water supply;
C) Restructuring or consolidation changes, including ownership
change or physical consolidation with another PWS; or
D) Obtaining financial assistance pursuant to Section 1452 of the
SDWA or any other federal or State program;
3) The PWS meets the source water quality requirements for installing the
small system variance technology developed pursuant to guidance
published under Section 1412(b)(15) of the SDWA;
49
4) The PWS is financially and technically capable of installing, operating,
and maintaining the applicable small system variance technology; and
5) The terms and conditions of the small system variance ensure adequate
protection of human health, considering the following:
A) The quality of the source water for the PWS; and
B) Removal efficiencies and expected useful life of the small system
variance technology.
f) Terms and Conditions.
1) The Board will set the terms and conditions of a small system variance
issued under this Section and will include, at a minimum, the following
requirements:
A) Proper and effective installation, operation, and maintenance of
the applicable small system variance technology in accordance
with guidance published by the USEPA, taking into consideration
any relevant source water characteristics and any other
site-specific conditions that may affect proper and effective
operation and maintenance of the technology;
B) Monitoring requirements, for the contaminant for which a small
system variance is sought; and
C) Any other terms or conditions that are necessary to ensure
adequate protection of public health, which may include:
i) Public education requirements; and
ii) Source water protection requirements.
2) The Board will establish a schedule for the PWS to comply with the
terms and conditions of the small system variance that will include, at a
minimum, the following requirements:
A) Increments of progress, such as milestone dates for the PWS to
apply for financial assistance and begin capital improvements;
B) Quarterly reporting to the Agency of the PWSs compliance with
the terms and conditions of the small system variance;
50
C) Schedule for the Board to review the small system variance; and
BOARD NOTE: Corresponding 40 CFR 142.307(d) provides
that the states must review variances no less frequently than every
five years. Section 36 of the Act provides that 5 years is the
maximum terms of a variance.
D) Compliance with the terms and conditions of the small system
variance as soon as practicable, but not later than three years
after the date on which the small system variance is granted. The
Board may allow up to two additional years if the Board
determines that additional time is necessary for the PWS to:
i) Complete necessary capital improvements to comply with
the small system variance technology, secure an
alternative source of water, or restructure or consolidate;
or
ii) Obtain financial assistance provided pursuant to Section
1452 of the SDWA or any other federal or State program.
g) The Board will provide notice and opportunity for a public hearing as provided
in 35 Ill. Adm. Code 104, except as modified or supplemented by this Section.
1) At least 30 days before the public hearing to discuss the proposed small
system variance, the PWS shall provide notice to all persons served by
the PWS. For billed customers, this notice must include the information
listed in subsection (g)(2) of this Section. For other persons regularly
served by the PWS, notice must provide sufficient information to alert
readers to the proposed variance and direct them to where to receive
additional information, and must be as provided in subsection (g)(1)(B)
of this Section. Notice must be by:
A) Direct mail or other home delivery to billed customers or other
service connections, and
B) Any other method reasonably calculated to notify, in a brief and
concise manner, other persons regularly served by the PWS.
Such methods may include publication in a local newspaper,
posting in public places or delivery to community organizations.
2) The notice in subsection (g)(1)(A) of this Section must include, at a
minimum, the following:
51
A) Identification of the contaminant(s) for which a small system
variance is sought;
B) A brief statement of the health effects associated with the
contaminant(s) for which a small system variance is sought using
language in Appendix H of this Part;
C) The address and telephone number at which interested persons
may obtain further information concerning the contaminant and
the small system variance;
D) A brief summary, in easily understandable terms, of the terms
and conditions of the small system variance;
E) A description of the consumer petition process under subsection
(h) of this Section and information on contacting the USEPA
Regional Office;
F) A brief statement announcing the public meeting required under
subsection (g)(3) of this Section, including a statement of the
purpose of the meeting, information regarding the time and
location for the meeting, and the address and telephone number at
which interested persons may obtain further information
concerning the meeting; and
G) In communities with a large proportion of non-English-speaking
residents, as determined by the Board, information in the
appropriate language regarding the content and importance of the
notice.
3) The Board will provide for at least one public hearing on the small
system variance. The PWS shall provide notice in the manner required
under subsection (g)(1) of this Section at least 30 days prior to the public
hearing.
4) Prior to promulgating the final variance, the Board will respond in
writing to all significant public comments received relating to the small
system variance. Response to public comment and any other
documentation supporting the issuance of a variance will be made
available to the public after final promulgation.
52
h) Any person served by the PWS may petition the USEPA to object to the
granting of a small system variance within 30 days after the Board proposes to
grant a small system variance for the PWS.
i) The Agency shall promptly send the USEPA the Opinion and Order of the
Board granting the proposed small system variance. The Board will make the
recommended modifications, respond in writing to each objection, or withdraw
the proposal to grant the small system variance if USEPA notifies the Board of
a finding pursuant to Section 1415 of the SDWA.
j) In addition to the requirements of this Section, the provisions of Section
611.111, 611.112, or 611.130 may apply to relief granted pursuant to this
Section.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 142, Subpart K (1998).
(Source: Added at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.160 Composite Correction Program
a) The Agency may require in writing that a PWS conduct a Composite Correction
Program (CCP). The CCP shall consist of two elements: a Comprehensive
Performance Evaluation (CPE) and a Comprehensive Technical Assistance (CTA).
1) A CPE is a thorough review and analysis of a plant’s performance-based
capabilities and associated administrative, operation, and maintenance
practices. It must identify factors that may be adversely impacting a plant’s
capability to achieve compliance and emphasize approaches that can be
implemented without significant capital improvements.
2) For purposes of compliance with Subpart R of this Part, the comprehensive
performance evaluation must consist of at least the following components:
Assessment of plant performance; evaluation of major unit processes;
identification and prioritization of performance limiting factors; assessment
of the applicability of comprehensive technical assistance; and preparation
of the CPE report.
3) A CTA is the performance improvement phase that is implemented if the
CPE results indicate improved performance potential. During the CTA
phase, the PWS shall identify and systematically address plant-specific
factors. The CTA is a combination of utilizing CPE results as a basis for
followup, implementing process control priority-setting techniques and
maintaining long-term involvement to systematically train staff and
administrators.
53
b) A PWS shall implement any followup recommendations made in writing by the
Agency that result as part of the CCP.
c) A PWS may appeal to the Board, pursuant to Section 40 of the Act, any Agency
requirement that it conduct a CCP or any followup recommendations made in
writing by the Agency that result as part of the CCP, except when a CPE is
required under Section 611.745(b)(4).
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 142.16 (1998).
(Source: Added at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
SUBPART B: FILTRATION AND DISINFECTION
Section 611.212
Groundwater under Direct Influence of Surface Water
The Agency shall, pursuant to Section 611.201, require all CWSs to demonstrate whether they
are using “groundwater under the direct influence of surface water”. The Agency shall
determine with information provided by the supplier whether a PWS uses “groundwater under
the direct influence of surface water” on an individual basis. The Agency shall determine that
a groundwater source is under the direct influence of surface water based upon:
a)
Physical characteristics of the source: whether the source is obviously a surface
water source, such as a lake or stream. Other sources which may be subject to
influence from surface waters include: springs, infiltration galleries, wells, or
other collectors in subsurface aquifers.
b)
Well construction characteristics and geology with field evaluation.
1)
The Agency may use the wellhead protection program’s requirements,
which include delineation of wellhead protection areas, assessment of
sources of contamination and implementation of management control
systems, to determine if the wellhead is under the influence of surface
water.
2)
Wells less than or equal to 50 feet in depth are likely to be under the
influence of surface water.
3)
Wells greater than 50 feet in depth are likely to be under the influence of
surface water, unless they include:
A)
A surface sanitary seal using bentonite clay, concrete, or similar
material,
54
B)
A well casing that penetrates consolidated (slowly permeable)
material, and
C)
A well casing that is only perforated or screened below
consolidated (slowly permeable) material.
4)
A source which is less than 200 feet from any surface water is likely to
be under the influence of surface water.
c)
Any structural modifications to prevent the direct influence of surface water and
eliminate the potential for Giardia lamblia cyst contamination.
d)
Source water quality records. The following are indicative that a source is
under the influence of surface water:
1)
A record of total coliform or fecal coliform contamination in untreated
samples collected over the past three years,
2)
A history of turbidity problems associated with the source, or
3)
A history of known or suspected outbreaks of Giardia lamblia, or
Cryptosporidium or other pathogenic organisms associated with surface
water (e.g. cryptosporidium) that has been attributed to that source.
e)
Significant and relatively rapid shifts in water characteristics such as turbidity,
temperature, conductivity, or pH.
1)
A variation in turbidity of 0.5 NTU or more over one year is indicative
of surface influence.
2)
A variation in temperature of 9 Fahrenheit degrees or more over one
year is indicative of surface influence.
f)
Significant and relatively rapid shifts in water characteristics such as turbidity,
temperature, conductivity, or pH which closely correlate to climatological or
surface water conditions are indicative of surface water influence.
1)
Evidence of particulate matter associated with the surface water. or,
2)
Turbidity or temperature data which correlates to that of a nearby
surface water source.
55
g)
Particulate analysis: Significant occurrence of insects or other macroorganisms,
algae or large diameter pathogens such as Giardia lamblia is indicative of
surface influence.
1)
“Large diameter” particulates are those over 7 micrometers.
2)
Particulates must be measured as specified in the “Guidance Manual for
Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection Requirements for Public
Water Systems using Surface Water Sources”, incorporated by reference
in Section 611.102.
h)
The potential for contamination by small-diameter pathogens, such as bacteria
or viruses, does not alone render the source “under the direct influence of
surface water”.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from the definition of “groundwater under the direct influence of
surface water” in 40 CFR 141.2 (19951998); from the Preamble at 54 Fed. Reg. 27489 (June
29, 1989); and from the USEPA “Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and
Disinfection Requirements for Public Water Systems using Surface Water Sources”,
incorporated by reference in Section 611.102.
(Source: Amended at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.220
General Requirements
a)
The requirements of this Subpart constitute NPDWRs. This Subpart establishes
criteria under which filtration is required as a treatment technique for PWSs
supplied by a surface water source and PWSs supplied by a groundwater source
under the direct influence of surface water. In addition, these regulations
establish treatment technique requirements in lieu of MCLs for the following
contaminants: Giardia lamblia, viruses, HPC bacteria, Legionella, and
turbidity. Each supplier with a surface water source or a groundwater source
under the direct influence of surface water shall provide treatment of that source
water that complies with these treatment technique requirements. The treatment
technique requirements consist of installing and properly operating water
treatment processes which reliably achieve:
1)
At least 99.9 percent (3-log) removal or inactivation of Giardia lamblia
cysts between a point where the raw water is not subject to
recontamination by surface water runoff and a point downstream before
or at the first customer; and
56
2)
At least 99.99 percent (4-log) removal or inactivation of viruses between
a point where the raw water is not subject to recontamination by surface
water runoff and a point downstream before or at the first customer.
b)
A supplier using a surface water source or a groundwater source under the
direct influence of surface water is considered to be in compliance with the
requirements of subsection (a) if:
1)
It meets the requirements for avoiding filtration in Sections 611.230
through 611.232 and the disinfection requirements in Section 611.241;
or
2)
It meets the filtration requirements in Section 611.250 and the
disinfection requirements in Section 611.242.
c)
Each supplier using a surface water source or a groundwater source under the
direct influence of surface water shall have a certified operator pursuant to 35
Ill. Adm. Code 603.103 and the Public Water Supply Operations Act [415
ILCS 45].
d) Additional requirements for
PWSs
serving 10,000 or more persons. In addition
to complying with requirements in this Subpart,
PWSs s
erving 10,000 or more
persons must also comply with the requirements in
Subpart R
of this Part.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.70 (19951998). The Public Water Supply
Operations Act applies only to CWSs, which are regulated by the Agency. It does not apply to
non-CWSs, which are regulated by Public Health. Public Health has its own requirements for
personnel operating water supplies that it regulates, e.g., 77 Ill. Adm. Code 900.40(e).
(Source: Amended at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.232
Site-specific Conditions
The Agency shall consider the following site specific criteria in determining whether to require
filtration pursuant to Section 611.211:
a)
Disinfection.
1)
The supplier shall meet the requirements of Section 611.241(a) at least
11 of the 12 previous months that the system served water to the public,
on an ongoing basis, unless the system fails to meet the requirements
during 2 of the 12 previous months that the system served water to the
public, and the Agency determines that at least one of these failures was
caused by circumstances that were unusual and unpredictable.
57
2)
The supplier shall meet the following requirements at the times specified
for each:
A)
The requirements of Section 611.241(b)(1), at all times the
system serves water to the public; and
B)
The requirements of Section 611.241(b)(2) at all times the system
serves water to the public, unless the Agency determines that any
such failure was caused by circumstances that were unusual and
unpredictable.
3)
The supplier shall meet the requirements of Section 611.241(c) at all
times the system serves water to the public unless the Agency determines
that any such failure was caused by circumstances that were unusual and
unpredictable.
4)
The supplier shall meet the requirements of Section 611.241(d) on an
ongoing basis unless the Agency determines that failure to meet these
requirements was not caused by a deficiency in treatment of the source
water.
b)
Watershed control program. The supplier shall maintain a watershed control
program which minimizes the potential for contamination by Giardia lamblia
cysts and viruses in the source water.
1)
The Agency shall determine whether the watershed control program is
adequate to meet this goal. The Agency shall determine the adequacy of
a watershed control program based on:
A)
The comprehensiveness of the watershed review;
B)
The effectiveness of the system’s program to monitor and control
detrimental activities occurring in the watershed; and
C)
The extent to which the water system has maximized land
ownership or controlled the land use within the watershed. At a
minimum, the watershed control program must:
i)
Characterize the watershed hydrology and land ownership;
ii)
Identify watershed characteristics and activities which may
have an adverse effect on source water quality; and
58
iii)
Monitor the occurrence of activities which may have an
adverse effect on source water quality.
2)
The supplier shall demonstrate through ownership or written agreements
with landowners within the watershed that it can control all human
activities which may have an adverse impact on the microbiological
quality of the source water. The supplier shall submit an annual report
to the Agency that identifies any special concerns about the watershed
and how they are being handled; describes activities in the watershed
that affect water quality; and projects what adverse activities are
expected to occur in the future and describes how the supplier expects to
address them. For systems using a groundwater source under the direct
influence of surface water, an approved wellhead protection program
may be used, if appropriate, to meet these requirements.
c)
On-site inspection. The supplier shall be subject to an annual on-site inspection
to assess the watershed control program and disinfection treatment process. The
Agency shall conduct the inspection. A report of the on-site inspection
summarizing all findings must be prepared every year. The on-site inspection
must demonstrate that the watershed control program and disinfection treatment
process are adequately designed and maintained. The on-site inspection must
include:
1)
A review of the effectiveness of the watershed control program;
2)
A review of the physical condition of the source intake and how well it
is protected;
3)
A review of the system’s equipment maintenance program to ensure
there is low probability for failure of the disinfection process;
4)
An inspection of the disinfection equipment for physical deterioration;
5)
A review of operating procedures;
6)
A review of data records to ensure that all required tests are being
conducted and recorded and disinfection is effectively practiced; and
7)
Identification of any improvements which are needed in the equipment,
system maintenance, and operation or data collection.
d)
Absence of waterborne disease outbreaks. The PWS must not have been
identified as a source of a waterborne disease outbreak, or if it has been so
59
identified, the system must have been modified sufficiently to prevent another
such occurrence.
e)
Total
coliformColiform
MCL. The supplier shall comply with the MCL for
total coliforms in Section 611.325 at least 11 months of the 12 previous months
that the system served water to the public, on an ongoing basis, unless the
Agency determines that failure to meet this requirement was not caused by a
deficiency in treatment of the source water.
f)
TTHM MCL. The supplier shall comply with the MCL for TTHM in Section
611.310. The
PWS shall
comply with the requirements for trihalomethanes
until December
31
, 2001. After December
31
, 2001, the system
shall
comply
with the requirements for total trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids (five), bromate,
chlorite, chlorine, chloramines, and chlorine dioxide in Subpart I of this Part.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.71(b)
(19911998)
.
(Source: Amended at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.250
Filtration
A supplier that uses a surface water source or a groundwater source under the direct influence
of surface water, and does not meet all of the criteria in Section 611.231 and 611.232 for
avoiding filtration, shall provide treatment consisting of both disinfection, as specified in
Section 611.242, and filtration treatment which complies with the requirements of subsection
(a), (b), (c), (d) or (e) by June 29, 1993, or within 18 months
afterof
the failure to meet any
one of the criteria for avoiding filtration in Section 611.231 and 611.232, whichever is later.
Failure to meet any requirement after the date specified in this introductory paragraph is a
treatment technique violation.
a)
Conventional filtration treatment or direct filtration.
1)
For systems using conventional filtration or direct filtration, the turbidity
level of representative samples of a system’s filtered water must be less
than or equal to 0.5 NTU in at least 95 percent of the measurements
taken each month, except that, if the Agency determines, by special
exception permit, that the system is capable of achieving at least 99.9
percent removal or inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts at some turbidity
level higher than 0.5 NTU in at least 95 percent of the measurements
taken each month, the Agency shall substitute this higher turbidity limit
for that system. However, in no case may the Agency approve a
turbidity limit that allows more than 1 NTU in more than 5 percent of
the samples taken each month.
60
2)
The turbidity level of representative samples of a system’s filtered water
must at no time exceed 5 NTU.
b)
Slow sand filtration.
1)
For systems using slow sand filtration, the turbidity level of
representative samples of a system’s filtered water must be less than or
equal to 1 NTU in at least 95 percent of the measurements taken each
month, except that if the Agency determines, by special exception
permit, that there is no significant interference with disinfection at a
higher level, the Agency shall substitute the higher turbidity limit for
that system.
2)
The turbidity level of representative samples of a system’s filtered water
must at no time exceed 5 NTU.
c)
Diatomaceous earth filtration.
1)
For systems using diatomaceous earth filtration, the turbidity level of
representative samples of a system’s filtered water must be less than or
equal to 1 NTU in at least 95 percent of the measurements taken each
month.
2)
The turbidity level of representative samples of a system’s filtered water
must at no time exceed NTU.
d)
Other filtration technologies. A supplier may use a filtration technology not
listed in subsections (a) through (c) if it demonstrates, by special exception
permit application, to the Agency, using pilot plant studies or other means, that
the alternative filtration technology, in combination with disinfection treatment
that meets the requirements of Section 611.242, consistently achieves 99.9
percent removal or inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts and 99.99 percent
removal or inactivation of viruses. For a system that makes this demonstration,
the requirements of subsection (b) apply. Beginning
January 1
,
2002
, systems
serving 10,000 or more persons
shall
meet the requirements for other filtration
technologies in Section 611.743(b).
e)
Turbidity is measured as specified in Sections 611.531(d) and 611.533(a).
Beginning
January 1
,
2002
, systems serving 10,000 or more persons
shall
meet
the turbidity requirements in Section 611.743(a).
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.73 (1991
1998
).
(Source: Amended at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
61
SUBPART F: MAXIMUM CONTAMINANT LEVELS (MCL’s)
AND
MAXIMUM RESIDUAL DISINFECTANT LEVELS (MRDLs)
Section 611.310
Old Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for Organic Chemicals
The following are the MCLs for organic chemicals. The MCLs for organic chemicals in
subsections (a) and (b) apply to all CWSs. Compliance with the MCLs in subsections (a) and
(b) is calculated pursuant to Section 611.641 et seq. Compliance with the MCL for TTHM is
calculated pursuant to Subpart P.
Contaminant
Level
mg/L
Additional State
Requirement (*)
a)
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Aldrin
0.001
*
DDT
0.05
*
Dieldrin
0.001
*
Heptachlor
0.0001
*
Heptachlor epoxide
0.0001
*
BOARD NOTE: Originally derived from 40 CFR 141.12(a)(1994), U.S. EPAUSEPA
removed the last entry in this subsection and marked it reserved at 57 Fed. Reg. 31838 (July
17, 1992). U.S. EPAUSEPA added another listing of organic MCLs at 40 CFR 141.61 (
1994). Heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, and 2,4-D appear in both this Section and in Section
611.311, with a different MCL in each Section. The heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, and 2,4-
D MCLs in this Section are Illinois limitations that are more stringent than the federal
requirements. However, detection of these contaminants or violation of their federally-derived
revised Section 611.311 MCLs imposes more stringent monitoring, reporting, and notice
requirements.
b)
Chlorophenoxys:
2,4-D
0.01
*
BOARD NOTE: Originally derived from 40 CFR 141.12(b) (1994), U.S. EPAUSEPA
removed the last entry in this subsection and marked it reserved at 56 Fed. Reg. 3578 (Jan.
30, 1991). See the preceding Board Note regarding the dual listing of MCLs for 2,4-D.
c)
TTHM
0.10
*
1) The MCL of 0.10 mg/L for TTHM applies to a Subpart B community
water system that serves
10,000 or more persons
, until December 31,
2001.
62
2) The MCL of 0.10 mg/L for TTHM applies to community water systems
that use only groundwater not under the direct influence of surface water
and serve
10,000 or more persons
, until December 31, 2003.
3) After December 31, 2003, the MCL for TTHM in this Section is no longer
applicable.
BOARD NOTE: Derived in part from 40 CFR 141.12(c) ( 19948). This is an
additional State requirement to the extent it applies to supplies other than CWSs
that add a disinfectant at any part of treatment and which provide water to
10,000 or more persons individuals. Also d
erived from 40 CFR 141.12 (1998).
The new MCL for TTHM is listed in Section 611.312.
(Source: Amended at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.312 Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for Disinfection Byproducts
(DBPs)
a) The maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are
as follows:
Disinfection byproduct
MCL (mg/L)
Total trihalomethanes (TTHM)
0.080
Haloacetic acids (five) (HAA5)
0.060
Bromate
0.010
Chlorite
1.0
b) Compliance dates.
1) CWSs and NTNCWSs. A Subpart B system serving 10,000 or more
persons shall comply with this Section beginning January 1
,
2002. A
Subpart B system serving fewer than 10,000 persons and systems using
only groundwater not under the direct influence of surface water shall
comply with this Section beginning January 1
,
2004.
2) A PWS that is installing GAC or membrane technology to comply with this
Section may apply to the Board for an extension of up to 24 months past
the dates in subsection (b)(1) of this Section, but not beyond December 31,
2003. The Board shall grant the extension, and shall set a schedule for
compliance and may specify any interim measures that the PWS must take.
Failure to meet the schedule or interim treatment requirements constitutes a
violation of an NPDWR.
63
c) The following are identified as the best technology, treatment techniques, or other
means available for achieving compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for
disinfection byproducts (DBPs) identified in subsection (a) of this Section.
Disinfection byproduct
(DBP)
Best available technology
(BAT)
TTHM
Enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening or GAC10,
with chlorine as the primary and residual disinfectant
HAA5
Enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening or GAC10,
with chlorine as the primary and residual disinfectant
Bromate
Control of ozone treatment process to reduce production
of bromate
Chlorite
Control of treatment processes to reduce disinfectant
demand and control of disinfection treatment processes
to reduce disinfectant levels
(Source: Added at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.313 Maximum Residual Disinfectant Levels (MRDLs)
a) Maximum residual disinfectant levels (MRDLs) are as follows:
Disinfectant residual
MRDL (mg/L)
Chlorine
4.0 (as Cl
2
)
Chloramines
4.0 (as Cl
2
)
Chlorine dioxide
0.8 (as ClO
2
)
b) Compliance dates.
1) CWSs and NTNCWSs. A Subpart B system serving 10,000 or more
persons shall comply with this Section beginning January 1
,
2002. A
Subpart B system serving fewer than 10,000 persons and systems using
only groundwater not under the direct influence of surface water shall
comply with this Section beginning January 1
,
2004.
2) Transient NCWSs. A Subpart B system serving 10,000 or more persons
and using chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant shall comply with the
chlorine dioxide MRDL beginning January 1
,
2002. A Subpart B system
serving fewer than 10,000 persons and using chlorine dioxide as a
disinfectant or oxidant and systems using only groundwater not under the
direct influence of surface water and using chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant
64
or oxidant shall comply with the chlorine dioxide MRDL beginning January
1
,
2004.
c) The following are identified as the best technology, treatment techniques, or other
means available for achieving compliance with the maximum residual disinfectant
levels identified in subsection (a): control of treatment processes to reduce
disinfectant demand and control of disinfection treatment processes to reduce
disinfectant levels.
(Source: Added at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
SUBPART I: DISINFECTANT RESIDUALS, DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS, AND
DISINFECTION BYPRODUCT PRECURSORS
Section 611.380 General Requirements
a) The requirements of this Subpart constitute NPDWRs.
1) The regulations in this Subpart establish standards under which community
water systems (CWSs) and non-transient, non-community water systems
(NTNCWSs) that add a chemical disinfectant to the water in any part of
the drinking water treatment process or which provide water that contains
a chemical disinfectant must modify their practices to meet MCLs and
MRDLs in Sections 611.312 and 611.313, respectively, and must meet the
treatment technique requirements for DBP precursors in Section 611.385.
2) The regulations in this Subpart establish standards under which transient
non-community water systems (transient non-CWSs) that use chlorine
dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant must modify their practices to meet the
MRDL for chlorine dioxide in Section 611.313.
3) The Board has established MCLs for TTHM and HAA5 and treatment
technique requirements for DBP precursors to limit the levels of known
and unknown DBPs which may have adverse health effects. These DBPs
may include chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane,
bromoform, dichloroacetic acid, and trichloroaecetic acid.
b) Compliance dates.
1) CWSs and NTNCWSs. Unless otherwise noted, systems must comply
with the requirements of this Subpart as follows. A Subpart B system
serving 10,000 or more persons shall comply with this Subpart beginning
January 1
,
2002. A Subpart B system serving fewer than 10,000 persons
65
and systems using only groundwater not under the direct influence of
surface water must comply with this Subpart beginning January 1
,
2004.
2) Transient non-CWSs. A Subpart B system serving 10,000 or more persons
and using chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant shall comply with
any requirements for chlorine dioxide in this Subpart beginning January 1
,
2002. A Subpart B system serving fewer than 10,000 persons and using
chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant and systems using only
groundwater not under the direct influence of surface water and using
chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant shall comply with any
requirements for chlorine dioxide in this Subpart beginning January 1
,
2004.
c) Each CWS and NTNCWS regulated under subsection (a) of this Section must be
operated by qualified personnel who meet the requirements specified in 35 Ill.
Adm. Code 680.
d) Control of disinfectant residuals. Notwithstanding the MRDLs in Section
611.313, systems may increase residual disinfectant levels in the distribution
system of chlorine or chloramines (but not chlorine dioxide) to a level and for a
time necessary to protect public health, to address specific microbiological
contamination problems caused by circumstances such as, but not limited to,
distribution line breaks, storm run-off events, source water contamination events,
or cross-connection events.
(Source: Added at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.381 Analytical Requirements
a) Systems shall use only the analytical method(s) specified in this Section to
demonstrate compliance with the requirements of this Subpart.
b) Disinfection byproducts (DBPs).
1) Systems shall measure disinfection byproducts (DBPs) by the methods (as
modified by the footnotes) listed in the following table:
Approved Methods for Disinfection Byproduct (DBP) Compliance
Monitoring
Byproduct Measured
1
Methodology
2
EPA method
Standard
method
TTHM
HAA5
Chlorite
4
Bromate
P&T/GC/ElCD
3
502.2
X
66
& PID
P&T/GC/MS
524.2
X
LLE/GC/ECD
551.1
X
LLE/GC/ECD
6251 B
X
SPE/GC/ECD
552.1
X
LLE/GC/ECD
552.2
X
Amperometric
Titration
4500-Cl
O
2
E
X
IC
300.0
X
IC
300.1
X
X
1
X indicates method is approved for measuring specified disinfection
byproduct.
2
P&T = purge and trap; GC = gas chromatography; ElCD = electrolytic
conductivity detector; PID = photoionization detector; MS = mass
spectrometer; LLE = liquid/liquid extraction; ECD = electron capture
detector; SPE = solid phase extractor; IC = ion chromatography.
3
If TTHMs are the only analytes being measured in the sample, then a PID
is not required.
4
Amperometric titration may be used for routine daily monitoring of
chlorite at the entrance to the distribution system, as prescribed in Section
611.382(b)(2)(A)(i). Ion chromatography must be used for routine
monthly monitoring of chlorite and additional monitoring of chlorite in the
distribution system, as prescribed in Sections 611.382(b)(2)(A)(ii) and
(b)(2)(B).
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.131(b) (1998).
2) Analysis under this Section for DBPs shall be conducted by laboratories
that have received certification by USEPA or the Agency except as
specified under subsection (b)(3) of this Section. To receive certification
to conduct analyses for the contaminants in Section 611.312, the laboratory
must carry out annual analyses of performance evaluation (PE) samples
approved by USEPA or the Agency. In these analyses of PE samples, the
laboratory must achieve quantitative results within the acceptance limit on
a minimum of 80% of the analytes included in each PE sample. The
acceptance limit is defined as the 95% confidence interval calculated
around the mean of the PE study data between a maximum and minimum
acceptance limit of +/-50% and +/-15% of the study mean.
3) A party approved by USEPA or the Agency must measure daily chlorite
samples at the entrance to the distribution system.
c) Disinfectant residuals.
67
1) Systems shall measure residual disinfectant concentrations for free chlorine,
combined chlorine (chloramines), and chlorine dioxide by the methods (as
modified by the footnotes) listed in the following table:
Approved Methods for Disinfectant Residual Compliance Monitoring
Residual Measured
1
Methodology
Standard
method
ASTM
method
Free
chlorine
Combined
chlorine
Total
chlorin
e
Chlorine
dioxide
Amperometric
Titration
4500-Cl D
D 1253-86
X
X
X
Low Level
Amperometric
Titration
4500-Cl E
X
DPD Ferrous
Titrimetric
4500-Cl F
X
X
X
DPD
Colorimetric
4500-Cl G
X
X
X
Syringaldazine
(FACTS)
4500-Cl H
X
Iodometric
Electrode
4500-Cl I
X
DPD
4500-ClO
2
D
X
Amperometric
Method II
4500-ClO
2
E
X
1
X indicates method is approved for measuring specified disinfectant
residual.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.131(c) (1998).
2) If approved by the Agency, systems may also measure residual disinfectant
concentrations for chlorine, chloramines, and chlorine dioxide by using
DPD colorimetric test kits.
3) A party approved by USEPA or the Agency shall measure residual
disinfectant concentration.
d) Systems required to analyze parameters not included in subsections (b) and (c) of
this Section shall use the methods listed below. A party approved by USEPA or
the Agency shall measure these parameters.
1) Alkalinity. All methods allowed in Section 611.611 (a) (21) for measuring
alkalinity,
2) Bromide. USEPA Method 300.0 or USEPA Method 300.1,
68
3) Total Organic Carbon (TOC). Standard Method 5310 B (High-
Temperature Combustion Method), Standard Method 5310 C (Persulfate-
Ultraviolet or Heated-Persulfate Oxidation Method), or Standard Method
5310 D (Wet-Oxidation Method). TOC samples may not be filtered prior
to analysis. TOC samples must either be analyzed or must be acidified to
achieve pH less than 2.0 by minimal addition of phosphoric or sulfuric acid
as soon as practical after sampling, not to exceed 24 hours. Acidified TOC
samples must be analyzed within 28 days,
4) Specific Ultraviolet Absorbance (SUVA). SUVA is equal to the UV
absorption at 254nm (UV
254
) (measured in m-
1
) divided by the dissolved
organic carbon (DOC) concentration (measured as mg/L). In order to
determine SUVA, it is necessary to separately measure UV
254
and DOC.
When determining SUVA, systems must use the methods stipulated in
subsection (d)(4)(A) of this Section to measure DOC and the method
stipulated in subsection (d)(4)(B) of this Section to measure UV
254
. SUVA
must be determined on water prior to the addition of disinfectants/oxidants
by the system. DOC and UV
254
samples used to determine a SUVA value
must be taken at the same time and at the same location,
A) Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC). Standard Method 5310 B
(High-Temperature Combustion Method), Standard Method 5310
C (Persulfate-Ultraviolet or Heated-Persulfate Oxidation Method),
or Standard Method 5310 D (Wet-Oxidation Method). Prior to
analysis, DOC samples must be filtered through a 0.45
μ
m
pore-diameter filter. Water passed through the filter prior to
filtration of the sample must serve as the filtered blank. This
filtered blank must be analyzed using procedures identical to those
used for analysis of the samples and must meet the following
standards: DOC < 0.5 mg/L. DOC samples must be filtered
through the 0.45
μ
m pore-diameter filter prior to acidification.
DOC samples must either be analyzed or must be acidified to
achieve pH less than 2.0 by minimal addition of phosphoric or
sulfuric acid as soon as practical after sampling, not to exceed 48
hours. Acidified DOC samples must be analyzed within 28 days,
and
B) Ultraviolet Absorption at 254 nm (UV
254
). Method 5910 B
(Ultraviolet Absorption Method). UV absorption must be
measured at 253.7 nm (may be rounded off to 254 nm). Prior to
analysis, UV
254
samples must be filtered through a 0.45
μ
m
pore-diameter filter. The pH of UV
254
samples may not be
adjusted. Samples must be analyzed as soon as practical after
sampling, not to exceed 48 hours, and
69
5) pH. All methods allowed in Section 611.611 (a) (17) for measuring pH.
(Source: Added at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.382 Monitoring Requirements
a) General requirements.
1) Systems shall take all samples during normal operating conditions.
2) Systems may consider multiple wells drawing water from a single aquifer as
one treatment plant for determining the minimum number of TTHM and
HAA5 samples required with Agency approval.
3) Failure to monitor in accordance with the monitoring plan required under
subsection (f) of this Section is a monitoring violation.
4) Where compliance is based on a running annual average of monthly or
quarterly samples or averages and the system’s failure to monitor makes it
impossible to determine compliance with MCLs or MRDLs, this failure to
monitor will be treated as a violation for the entire period covered by the
annual average.
5) Systems shall use only data collected under the provisions of this Subpart
or under the Information Collection Rule (40 CFR 141 Subpart M ) to
qualify for reduced monitoring.
b) Monitoring requirements for disinfection byproducts (DBPs).
1) TTHMs and HAA5.
A) Routine monitoring. Systems shall monitor at the frequency
indicated in the following table:
Routine Monitoring Frequency for TTHM and HAA5
Type of system
Minimum monitoring
frequency
Sample location in the
distribution system
Subpart B system serving
10,000 or more persons
.
Four water samples per
quarter per treatment plant.
At least 25 percent of all
samples collected each quarter
at locations representing
maximum residence time.
70
Remaining samples taken at
locations representative of at
least average residence time in
the distribution system and
representing the entire
distribution system, taking into
account number of persons
served, different sources of
water, and different treatment
methods.
1
Subpart B system serving
from 500 to 9,999 persons.
One water sample per quarter
per treatment plant.
Locations representing
maximum residence time.
1
Subpart B system serving
fewer than 500 persons.
One sample per year per
treatment plant during month
of warmest water temperature.
Locations representing
maximum residence time.
1
If
the sample (or average of
annual samples, if more than
one sample is taken) exceeds
MCL, system must increase
monitoring to one sample per
treatment plant per quarter,
taken at a point reflecting the
maximum residence time in
the distribution system, until
system meets reduced
monitoring standards in
Section 611.382(b)(1)(D).
System using only
groundwater not under direct
influence of surface water
using chemical disinfectant
and serving
10,000 or more
persons
.
One water sample per quarter
per treatment plant
2
.
Locations representing
maximum residence time.
1
System using only
groundwater not under direct
influence of surface water
using chemical disinfectant
and serving fewer than
10,000
persons
.
One sample per year per
treatment plant
2
during month
of warmest water temperature.
Locations representing
maximum residence time.
1
If
the sample (or average of
annual samples, if more than
one sample is taken) exceeds
MCL, system must increase
monitoring to one sample per
treatment plant per quarter,
taken at a point reflecting the
71
maximum residence time in
the distribution system, until
system meets standards in
Section 611.382(b)(1)(D) for
reduced monitoring.
1
If a system elects to sample more frequently than the minimum required, at least 25 percent of all
samples collected each quarter (including those taken in excess of the required frequency) must be
taken at locations that represent the maximum residence time of the water in the distribution
system. The remaining samples must be taken at locations representative of at least average
residence time in the distribution system.
2
Multiple wells drawing water from a single aquifer may be considered one treatment plant for
determining the minimum number of samples required with Agency approval.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.132(b) (1998).
B) Systems may reduce monitoring, except as otherwise provided, in
accordance with the following table:
Reduced Monitoring Frequency for TTHM and HAA5
If you are a . . .
You may reduce monitoring if
you have monitored at least
one year and your . . .
To this level
Subpart B system serving
10,000 or more persons
which has a source water
annual average TOC level,
before any treatment,
ó
4.0
mg/L.
TTHM annual average
ó
0.040
mg/L and HAA5 annual
average
ó
0.030 mg/L.
One sample per treatment
plant per quarter at
distribution system location
reflecting maximum residence
time.
Subpart B system serving
from 500 to 9,999 persons
which has a source water
annual average TOC level,
before any treatment,
ó
4.0
mg/L.
TTHM annual average
ó
0.040
mg/L and HAA5 annual
average
ó
0.030 mg/L.
One sample per treatment
plant per year at distribution
system location reflecting
maximum residence time
during month of warmest
water temperature. NOTE:
Any Subpart B system serving
fewer than 500 persons may
not reduce its monitoring to
less than one sample per
treatment plant per year.
72
System using only
groundwater not under direct
influence of surface water
using chemical disinfectant
and serving
10,000 or more
persons
.
TTHM annual average
ó
0.040
mg/L and HAA5 annual
average
ó
0.030 mg/L.
One sample per treatment
plant per year at distribution
system location reflecting
maximum residence time
during month of warmest
water temperature.
System using only
groundwater not under direct
influence of surface water
using chemical disinfectant
and serving fewer than 10,000
persons.
TTHM annual average
ó
0.040
mg/L and HAA5 annual
average
ó
0.030 mg/L for two
consecutive years OR TTHM
annual average
ó
0.020 mg/L
and HAA5 annual average
ó
0.015 mg/L for one year.
One sample per treatment
plant per three year
monitoring cycle at
distribution system location
reflecting maximum residence
time during month of warmest
water temperature, with the
three-year cycle beginning on
January 1 following quarter in
which system qualifies for
reduced monitoring.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 132(c) (1998).
C) Systems on a reduced monitoring schedule may remain on that
reduced schedule as long as the average of all samples taken in the
year (for systems which must monitor quarterly) or the result of the
sample (for systems which must monitor no more frequently than
annually) is no more than 0.060 mg/L and 0.045 mg/L for TTHMs
and HAA5, respectively. Systems that do not meet these levels
shall resume monitoring at the frequency identified in subsection
(b)(1)(A) of this Section in the quarter immediately following the
quarter in which the system exceeds 0.060 mg/L and 0.045 mg/L
for TTHMs and HAA5, respectively. For systems using only
groundwater not under the direct influence of surface water and
serving fewer than 10,000 persons, if either the TTHM annual
average is
≥
0.080 mg/L or the HAA5 annual average is
≥
0.060
mg/L, the system must go to increased monitoring identified in
subsection (b)(1)(A) of this Section.
D) Systems on increased monitoring may return to routine monitoring
if the TTHM annual average is
≤
0.040 mg/L and the HAA5 annual
average is
≤
0.030 mg/L.
E) The Agency may return a system to routine monitoring.
73
2) Chlorite. Community and nontransient noncommunity water systems using
chlorine dioxide, for disinfection or oxidation, shall conduct monitoring for
chlorite.
A) Routine monitoring.
i) Daily monitoring. Systems shall take daily samples at the
entrance to the distribution system. For any daily sample
that exceeds the chlorite MCL, the system shall take
additional samples in the distribution system the following
day at the locations required by subsection (b)(2)(B) of this
Section, in addition to the sample required at the entrance to
the distribution system.
ii) Monthly monitoring. Systems shall take a three-sample set
each month in the distribution system. The system must
take one sample at each of the following locations: near the
first customer, at a location representative of average
residence time, and at a location reflecting maximum
residence time in the distribution system. Any additional
routine sampling must be conducted in the same manner (as
three-sample sets, at the specified locations). The system
may use the results of additional monitoring conducted
under subsection (b)(2)(B) of this Section to meet the
requirement for monitoring in this subsection (b) (2) (A)
(ii).
B) Additional monitoring. On each day following a routine sample
monitoring result that exceeds the chlorite MCL at the entrance to
the distribution system, the system shall take three chlorite
distribution system samples at the following locations: as close to
the first customer as possible, in a location representative of
average residence time, and as close to the end of the distribution
system as possible (reflecting maximum residence time in the
distribution system).
C) Reduced monitoring.
i) Chlorite monitoring at the entrance to the distribution
system required by subsection (b)(2)(A)(i) of this Section
may not be reduced.
ii) Chlorite monitoring in the distribution system required by
subsection (b)(2)(A)(ii) of this Section may be reduced to
74
one three-sample set per quarter after one year of
monitoring where no individual chlorite sample taken in the
distribution system under subsection (b)(2)(A)(ii) of this
Section has exceeded the chlorite MCL and the system has
not been required to conduct monitoring under subsection
(b)(2)(B) of this Section. The system may remain on the
reduced monitoring schedule until either any of the three
individual chlorite samples taken quarterly in the distribution
system under subsection (b)(2)(A)(ii) of this Section
exceeds the chlorite MCL or the system is required to
conduct monitoring under subsection (b)(2)(B) of this
Section, at which time the system shall revert to routine
monitoring.
3) Bromate.
A) Routine monitoring. Community and nontransient noncommunity
systems using ozone, for disinfection or oxidation, shall take one
sample per month for each treatment plant in the system using
ozone. Systems shall take samples monthly at the entrance to the
distribution system while the ozonation system is operating under
normal conditions.
B) Reduced monitoring. Systems required to analyze for bromate may
reduce monitoring from monthly to once per quarter, if the system
demonstrates that the average source water bromide concentration
is less than 0.05 mg/L based upon representative monthly bromide
measurements for one year. The system may remain on reduced
bromate monitoring until the running annual average source water
bromide concentration, computed quarterly, is equal to or greater
than 0.05 mg/L based upon representative monthly measurements.
If the running annual average source water bromide concentration
is equal to or greater than 0.05 mg/L, the system shall resume
routine monitoring required by subsection (b)(3)(A) of this Section.
c) Monitoring requirements for disinfectant residuals.
1) Chlorine and chloramines.
A) Routine monitoring. Community and nontransient noncommunity
water systems that use chlorine or chloramines shall measure the
residual disinfectant level at the same points in the distribution
system and at the same time as total coliforms are sampled, as
specified in Section 611.521. A Subpart B system may use the
75
results of residual disinfectant concentration sampling conducted
under Section 611.532 for unfiltered systems or Section 611.533
for systems that filter, in lieu of taking separate samples.
B) Reduced monitoring. Monitoring may not be reduced.
2) Chlorine dioxide.
A) Routine monitoring. Community, nontransient noncommunity, and
transient noncommunity water systems that use chlorine dioxide for
disinfection or oxidation shall take daily samples at the entrance to
the distribution system. For any daily sample that exceeds the
MRDL, the system shall take samples in the distribution system the
following day at the locations required by subsection (c)(2)(B) of
this Section, in addition to the sample required at the entrance to
the distribution system.
B) Additional monitoring. On each day following a routine sample
monitoring result that exceeds the MRDL, the system shall take
three chlorine dioxide distribution system samples. If chlorine
dioxide or chloramines are used to maintain a disinfectant residual
in the distribution system, or if chlorine is used to maintain a
disinfectant residual in the distribution system and there are no
disinfection addition points after the entrance to the distribution
system (i.e., no booster chlorination), the system shall take three
samples as close to the first customer as possible, at intervals of at
least six hours. If chlorine is used to maintain a disinfectant residual
in the distribution system and there are one or more disinfection
addition points after the entrance to the distribution system (i.e.,
booster chlorination), the system shall take one sample at each of
the following locations: as close to the first customer as possible,
in a location representative of average residence time, and as close
to the end of the distribution system as possible (reflecting
maximum residence time in the distribution system).
C) Reduced monitoring. Monitoring may not be reduced.
d) Monitoring requirements for disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors.
1) Routine monitoring. A Subpart B system that uses conventional filtration
treatment (as defined in Section 611.101) shall monitor each treatment
plant for TOC not past the point of combined filter effluent turbidity
monitoring and representative of the treated water. All systems required to
monitor under this subsection (d)(1) shall also monitor for TOC in the
76
source water prior to any treatment at the same time as monitoring for
TOC in the treated water. These samples (source water and treated water)
are referred to as paired samples. At the same time as the source water
sample is taken, all systems shall monitor for alkalinity in the source water
prior to any treatment. Systems shall take one paired sample and one
source water alkalinity sample per month per plant at a time representative
of normal operating conditions and influent water quality.
2) Reduced monitoring. A Subpart B system with an average treated water
TOC of less than 2.0 mg/L for two consecutive years, or less than 1.0
mg/L for one year, may reduce monitoring for both TOC and alkalinity to
one paired sample and one source water alkalinity sample per plant per
quarter. The system shall revert to routine monitoring in the month
following the quarter when the annual average treated water TOC
ò
2.0
mg/L.
e) Bromide. Systems required to analyze for bromate may reduce bromate
monitoring from monthly to once per quarter, if the system demonstrates that the
average source water bromide concentration is less than 0.05 mg/L based upon
representative monthly measurements for one year. The system shall continue
bromide monitoring to remain on reduced bromate monitoring.
f) Monitoring plans. Each system required to monitor under this Subpart shall
develop and implement a monitoring plan. The system shall maintain the plan and
make it available for inspection by the Agency and the general public no later than
30 days following the applicable compliance dates in Section 611.380(b). A
Subpart B system serving more than 3,300 persons shall submit a copy of the
monitoring plan to the Agency no later than the date of the first report required
under Section 611.384. After review, the Agency may require changes in any plan
elements. The plan must include at least the following elements:
1) Specific locations and schedules for collecting samples for any parameters
included in this Subpart;
2) How the system will calculate compliance with MCLs, MRDLs, and
treatment techniques; and
3) If approved for monitoring as a consecutive system, or if providing water
to a consecutive system, under the provisions of Section 611.500, the
sampling plan must reflect the entire distribution system.
(Source: Added at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.383 Compliance Requirements
77
a) General requirements.
1) Where compliance is based on a running annual average of monthly or
quarterly samples or averages and the system fails to monitor for TTHM,
HAA5, or bromate, this failure to monitor will be treated as a monitoring
violation for the entire period covered by the annual average. Where
compliance is based on a running annual average of monthly or quarterly
samples or averages and the system’s failure to monitor makes it impossible
to determine compliance with the MRDL for chlorine or chloramines, this
failure to monitor will be treated as a monitoring violation for the entire
period covered by the annual average.
2) All samples taken and analyzed under the provisions of this Subpart must
be included in determining compliance, even if that number is greater than
the minimum required.
3) If, during the first year of monitoring under Section 611.382, any individual
quarter’s average will cause the running annual average of that system to
exceed the MCL, the system is out of compliance at the end of that quarter.
b) Disinfection byproducts (DBPs).
1) TTHMs and HAA5.
A) For systems monitoring quarterly, compliance with MCLs in
Section 611.312 must be based on a running annual arithmetic
average, computed quarterly, of quarterly arithmetic averages of all
samples collected by the system as prescribed by Section
611.382(b)(1).
B) For systems monitoring less frequently than quarterly, systems
demonstrate MCL compliance if the average of samples taken that
year under the provisions of Section 611.382(b)(1) does not exceed
the MCLs in Section 611.312. If the average of these samples
exceed the MCL, the system shall increase monitoring to once per
quarter per treatment plant and is not in violation of the MCL until
it has completed one year of quarterly monitoring, unless the result
of fewer than four quarters of monitoring will cause the running
annual average to exceed the MCL, in which case the system is in
violation at the end of that quarter. Systems required to increase to
quarterly monitoring must calculate compliance by including the
sample which triggered the increased monitoring plus the following
three quarters of monitoring.
78
C) If the running annual arithmetic average of quarterly averages
covering any consecutive four-quarter period exceeds the MCL, the
system is in violation of the MCL and must notify the public
pursuant to Section 611.851 in addition to reporting to the Agency
pursuant to Section 611.384.
D) If a PWS fails to complete four consecutive quarter’s monitoring,
compliance with the MCL for the last four-quarter compliance
period must be based on an average of the available data.
2) Bromate. Compliance must be based on a running annual arithmetic
average, computed quarterly, of monthly samples (or, for months in which
the system takes more than one sample, the average of all samples taken
during the month) collected by the system as prescribed by Section
611382(b)(3). If the average of samples covering any consecutive
four-quarter period exceeds the MCL, the system is in violation of the
MCL and shall notify the public pursuant to Section 611.851, in addition to
reporting to the Agency pursuant to Section 611.384. If a PWS fails to
complete twelve consecutive months’ monitoring, compliance with the
MCL for the last four-quarter compliance period must be based on an
average of the available data.
3) Chlorite. Compliance must be based on an arithmetic average of each three
sample set taken in the distribution system as prescribed by Section
611.382(b)(2)(A)(ii) and Section 611.382(b)(2)(B). If the arithmetic
average of any three sample set exceeds the MCL, the system is in violation
of the MCL and shall notify the public pursuant to Section 611.851, in
addition to reporting to the Agency pursuant to Section 611.384.
c) Disinfectant residuals.
1) Chlorine and chloramines.
A) Compliance must be based on a running annual arithmetic average,
computed quarterly, of monthly averages of all samples collected by
the system under Section 611.382(c)(1). If the average of quarterly
averages covering any consecutive four-quarter period exceeds the
MRDL, the system is in violation of the MRDL and shall notify the
public pursuant to Section 611.851, in addition to reporting to the
Agency pursuant to Section 611.384.
B) In cases where systems switch between the use of chlorine and
chloramines for residual disinfection during the year, compliance
79
must be determined by including together all monitoring results of
both chlorine and chloramines in calculating compliance. Reports
submitted pursuant to Section 611.384 must clearly indicate which
residual disinfectant was analyzed for each sample.
2) Chlorine dioxide.
A) Acute violations. Compliance must be based on consecutive daily
samples collected by the system under Section 611.382(c)(2). If
any daily sample taken at the entrance to the distribution system
exceeds the MRDL, and on the following day one (or more) of the
three samples taken in the distribution system exceeds the MRDL,
the system is in violation of the MRDL and shall take immediate
corrective action to lower the level of chlorine dioxide below the
MRDL and shall notify the public pursuant to the procedures for
acute health risks in Section 611.851(a)(3) in addition to reporting
to the Agency pursuant to Section 611.384. Failure to take
samples in the distribution system the day following an exceedence
of the chlorine dioxide MRDL at the entrance to the distribution
system will also be considered an MRDL violation and the system
shall notify the public of the violation in accordance with the
provisions for acute violations under Section 611.851(a)(3) in
addition to reporting to the Agency pursuant to Section 611.384.
B) Nonacute violations. Compliance must be based on consecutive
daily samples collected by the system under Section 611.382(c)(2).
If any two consecutive daily samples taken at the entrance to the
distribution system exceed the MRDL and all distribution system
samples taken are below the MRDL, the system is in violation of
the MRDL and shall take corrective action to lower the level of
chlorine dioxide below the MRDL at the point of sampling and shall
notify the public pursuant to the procedures for nonacute health
risks in Section 611.852 in addition to reporting to the Agency
pursuant to Section 611.384. Failure to monitor at the entrance to
the distribution system the day following an exceedence of the
chlorine dioxide MRDL at the entrance to the distribution system is
also an MRDL violation and the system shall notify the public of
the violation in accordance with the provisions for nonacute
violations under Section 611.852 in addition to reporting to the
Agency pursuant to Section 611.384.
d) Disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors. Compliance must be determined as
specified by Section 611.385(c). Systems may begin monitoring to determine
whether Step 1 TOC removals can be met twelve months prior to the compliance
80
date for the system. This monitoring is not required and failure to monitor during
this period is not a violation. However, any system that does not monitor during
this period, and then determines in the first twelve months after the compliance
date that it is not able to meet the Step 1 requirements in Section 611.141(b)(2)
and must therefore apply for alternate minimum TOC removal (Step 2)
requirements, is not eligible for retroactive approval of alternate minimum TOC
removal (Step 2) requirements as allowed pursuant to Section 611.385(b)(3) and is
in violation of an NPDWR. Systems may apply for alternate minimum TOC
removal (Step 2) requirements any time after the compliance date. For systems
required to meet Step 1 TOC removals, if the value calculated under Section
611.385(c)(1)(D) is less than 1.00, the system is in violation of the treatment
technique requirements and must notify the public pursuant to Section 611.851, in
addition to reporting to the Agency pursuant to Section 611.384.
(Source: Added at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.384 Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements
a) Systems required to sample quarterly or more frequently shall report to the Agency
within ten days after the end of each quarter in which samples were collected,
notwithstanding the provisions of Section 611.840. Systems required to sample
less frequently than quarterly shall report to the Agency within ten days after the
end of each monitoring period in which samples were collected.
b) Disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Systems shall report the information specified in
the following table:
If you are a . . .
You must report...
1
System monitoring for TTHMs and
HAA5 under the requirements of
Section 611.382(b) on a quarterly or
more frequent basis.
(1) The number of samples taken during
the last quarter.
(2) The location, date, and result of
each sample taken during the last
quarter.
(3) The arithmetic average of all
samples taken in the last quarter.
(4) The annual arithmetic average of the
quarterly arithmetic averages of this
Section for the last four quarters.
(5) Whether the MCL was exceeded.
System monitoring for TTHMs and
HAA5 under the requirements of
Section 611.382(b) less frequently than
(1) The number of samples taken during
the last year.
(2) The location, date, and result of
81
quarterly (but at least annually).
each sample taken during the last
monitoring period.
(3) The arithmetic average of all
samples taken over the last year.
(4) Whether the MCL was exceeded.
System monitoring for TTHMs and
HAA5 under the requirements of
Section 611.382(b) less frequently than
annually.
(1) The location, date, and result of the
last sample taken.
(2) Whether the MCL was exceeded.
System monitoring for chlorite under
the requirements of Section 611.382(b).
(1) The number of samples taken each
month for the last three months.
(2) The location, date, and result of
each sample taken during the last
quarter.
(3) For each month in the reporting
period, the arithmetic average of all
samples taken in the month.
(4) Whether the MCL was exceeded,
and in which month it was exceeded.
System monitoring for bromate under
the requirements of Section 611.382(b).
(1) The number of samples taken during
the last quarter.
(2) The location, date, and result of
each sample taken during the last
quarter.
(3) The arithmetic average of the
monthly arithmetic averages of all
samples taken in the last year.
(4) Whether the MCL was exceeded.
1
The Agency may choose to perform calculations and determine whether the MCL
was exceeded, in lieu of having the system report that information.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.134(b) (1998).
c) Disinfectants. Systems shall report the information specified in the following table:
If you are a. . .
You must report...
1
System monitoring for chlorine or
chloramines under the requirements of
Section 611.382(c).
(1) The number of samples taken during
each month of the last quarter.
(2) The monthly arithmetic average of all
samples taken in each month for the last
82
twelve months.
(3) The arithmetic average of all monthly
averages for the last twelve months.
(4) Whether the MRDL was exceeded.
System monitoring for chlorine dioxide
under the requirements of Section
611.382(c).
(1) The dates, results, and locations of
samples taken during the last quarter.
(2) Whether the MRDL was exceeded.
(3) Whether the MRDL was exceeded in
any two consecutive daily samples and
whether the resulting violation was acute
or nonacute.
1
The Agency may choose to perform calculations and determine whether the
MRDL was exceeded, in lieu of having the system report that information.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.134(c) (1998).
d) Disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors and enhanced coagulation or enhanced
softening. Systems shall report the information specified in the following table:
If you are a . . .
You must report . . .
1
System monitoring monthly or quarterly
for TOC under the requirements of
Section 611.382(d) and required to
meet the enhanced coagulation or
enhanced softening requirements in
Section 611.385(b)(2) or (3).
(1) The number of paired (source water
and treated water, prior to continuous
disinfection) samples taken during the
last quarter.
(2) The location, date, and result of
each paired sample and associated
alkalinity taken during the last quarter.
(3) For each month in the reporting
period that paired samples were taken,
the arithmetic average of the percent
reduction of TOC for each paired
sample and the required TOC percent
removal.
(4) Calculations for determining
compliance with the TOC percent
removal requirements, as provided in
Section 611.385(c)(1).
(5) Whether the system is in compliance
with the enhanced coagulation or
enhanced softening percent removal
requirements in Section 611.385(b) for
83
the last four quarters.
System monitoring monthly or quarterly
for TOC under the requirements of
Section 611.382(d) and meeting one or
more of the alternative compliance
standards in Section 611.385(a)(2) or
(3).
(1) The alternative compliance criterion
that the system is using.
(2) The number of paired samples taken
during the last quarter.
(3) The location, date, and result of
each paired sample and associated
alkalinity taken during the last quarter.
(4) The running annual arithmetic
average based on monthly averages (or
quarterly samples) of source water TOC
for systems meeting a criterion in
Section 611.385(a)(2)(A) or (C) or of
treated water TOC for systems meeting
the criterion in Section
611.385(a)(2)(B).
(5) The running annual arithmetic
average based on monthly averages (or
quarterly samples) of source water
SUVA for systems meeting the criterion
in Section 611.385(a)(2)(E) or of
treated water SUVA for systems
meeting the criterion in Section
611.385(a)(2)(F).
(6) The running annual average of
source water alkalinity for systems
meeting the criterion in Section
611.385(a)(2)(C) and of treated water
alkalinity for systems meeting the
criterion in Section 611.385(a)(3)(A).
(7) The running annual average for both
TTHM and HAA5 for systems meeting
the criterion in Section
611.385(a)(2)(C) or (D).
(8) The running annual average of the
amount of magnesium hardness removal
(as CaCO
3
in mg/L) for systems
meeting the criterion in Section
611.385(a)(3)(B).
(9) Whether the system is in compliance
with the particular alternative
compliance criterion in Section
611.385(a)(2) or (3).
84
1
The Agency may choose to perform calculations and determine whether the
treatment technique was met, in lieu of having the system report that information.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.134(d) (1998).
(Source: Added at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.385 Treatment Technique for Control of Disinfection Byproduct (DBP)
Precursors
a) Applicability.
1) A Subpart B system using conventional filtration treatment (as defined in
Section 611.101) shall operate with enhanced coagulation or enhanced
softening to achieve the TOC percent removal levels specified in subsection
(b) of this Section unless the system meets at least one of the alternative
compliance standards listed in subsection (a)(2) or (a)(3) of this Section.
2) Alternative compliance standards for enhanced coagulation and enhanced
softening systems. A Subpart B system using conventional filtration
treatment may use the alternative compliance standards in subsections
(a)(2)(A) through (F) of this Section to comply with this Section in lieu of
complying with subsection (b). Systems shall comply with monitoring
requirements in Section 611.382(d) of this Part.
A) The system’s source water TOC level, measured according to
Section 611.381(d)(3), is less than 2.0 mg/L, calculated quarterly as
a running annual average.
B) The system’s treated water TOC level, measured according to
Section 611.381(d)(3), is less than 2.0 mg/L, calculated quarterly as
a running annual average.
C) The system’s source water TOC level, measured as required by
Section 611.381(d)(3), is less than 4.0 mg/L, calculated quarterly as
a running annual average; the source water alkalinity, measured
according to Section 611.381(d)(1), is greater than 60 mg/L (as
CaCO
3
), calculated quarterly as a running annual average; and
either the TTHM and HAA5 running annual averages are no
greater than 0.040 mg/L and 0.030 mg/L, respectively; or prior to
the effective date for compliance in Section 611.380(b), the system
has made a clear and irrevocable financial commitment, not later
than the effective date for compliance in Section 611.380(b), to use
technologies that will limit the levels of TTHMs and HAA5 to no
85
more than 0.040 mg/L and 0.030 mg/L, respectively. Systems shall
submit evidence of a clear and irrevocable financial commitment, in
addition to a schedule containing milestones and periodic progress
reports for installation and operation of appropriate technologies, to
the Agency for approval not later than the effective date for
compliance in Section 611.380(b). These technologies must be
installed and operating not later than June 30, 2005. Failure to
install and operate these technologies by the date in the approved
schedule will constitute a violation of a NPDWR.
D) The TTHM and HAA5 running annual averages are no greater than
0.040 mg/L and 0.030 mg/L, respectively, and the system uses only
chlorine for primary disinfection and maintenance of a residual in
the distribution system.
E) The system’s source water SUVA, prior to any treatment and
measured monthly according to Section 611.381(d)(4), is less than
or equal to 2.0 L/mg-m, calculated quarterly as a running annual
average.
F) The system’s finished water SUVA, measured monthly according to
Section 611.381(d)(4), is less than or equal to 2.0 L/mg-m,
calculated quarterly as a running annual average.
3) Additional alternative compliance standards for softening systems.
Systems practicing enhanced softening that cannot achieve the TOC
removals required by subsection (b)(2) of this Section may use the
alternative compliance standards in subsections (a)(3)(A) and (B) of this
Section in lieu of complying with subsection (b) of this Section. Systems
shall comply with monitoring requirements in Section 611.382(d).
A) Softening that results in lowering the treated water alkalinity to less
than 60 mg/L (as CaCO
3
), measured monthly according to Section
611.381(d)(1) and calculated quarterly as a running annual average.
B) Softening that results in removing at least 10 mg/L of magnesium
hardness (as CaCO
3
), measured monthly and calculated quarterly as
an annual running average.
b) Enhanced coagulation and enhanced softening performance requirements.
1) Systems shall achieve the percent reduction of TOC specified in subsection
(b)(2) of this Section between the source water and the combined filter
effluent, unless the Agency approves a system’s request for alternate
86
minimum TOC removal (Step 2) requirements under subsection (b)(3) of
this Section.
2) Required Step 1 TOC reductions, indicated in the following table, are
based upon specified source water parameters measured in accordance with
Section 611.381(d). Systems practicing softening shall meet the Step 1
TOC reductions in the far-right column (source water alkalinity >120
mg/L) for the specified source water TOC:
Step 1 Required Removal of TOC by Enhanced Coagulation and Enhanced
Softening for a Subpart B System Using Conventional Treatment
1,2
Source-water
TOC, mg/L
Source-water alkalinity, mg/L as CaCO
3
0-60
>60-120
>120
3
>2.0-4.0
35.0%
25.0%
15.0%
>4.0-8.0
45.0%
35.0%
25.0%
>8.0
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
1
Systems meeting at least one of the conditions in subsections (a)(2)(A)
through (F) of this Section are not required to operate with enhanced
coagulation.
2
Softening systems meeting one of the alternative compliance standards in
subsection (a)(3) of this Section are not required to operate with enhanced
softening.
3
Systems practicing softening shall meet the TOC removal requirements in
this column.
3) A Subpart B conventional treatment system that cannot achieve the Step 1
TOC removals required by subsection (b)(2) of this Section due to water
quality parameters or operational constraints must apply to the Agency,
within three months after failure to achieve the TOC removals required by
subsection (b)(2) of this Section, for approval of alternative minimum TOC
(Step 2) removal requirements submitted by the system. If the PWS cannot
achieve the Step 1 TOC removal requirement due to water quality
parameters or operational constraints, the Agency shall approve the use of
the Step 2 TOC removal requirement. If the Agency approves the
alternative minimum TOC removal (Step 2) requirements, the Agency may
make those requirements retroactive for the purposes of determining
compliance. Until the Agency approves the alternate minimum TOC
removal (Step 2) requirements, the system shall meet the Step 1 TOC
removals contained in subsection (b)(2) of this Section.
87
4) Alternate minimum TOC removal (Step 2) requirements. Applications
made to the Agency by enhanced coagulation systems for approval of
alternative minimum TOC removal (Step 2) requirements under subsection
(b)(3) of this Section must include, at a minimum, results of bench- or
pilot-scale testing conducted under subsection (b)(4)(B) of this Section and
used to determine the alternate enhanced coagulation level.
A) For the purposes of this Subpart, “Alternate enhanced coagulation
level” is defined as coagulation at a coagulant dose and pH as
determined by the method described in subsections (b)(4)(A)
through (E) of this Section such that an incremental addition of 10
mg/L of alum (or equivalent amount of ferric salt) results in a TOC
removal of
ó
0.3 mg/L. The percent removal of TOC at this point
on the “TOC removal versus coagulant dose” curve is then defined
as the minimum TOC removal required for the system. Once
approved by the Agency, this minimum requirement supersedes the
minimum TOC removal required by the table in subsection (b)(2) of
this Section. This requirement will be effective until such time as
the Agency approves a new value based on the results of a new
bench- and pilot-scale test. Failure to achieve alternative minimum
TOC removal levels is a violation of National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations.
B) Bench- or pilot-scale testing of enhanced coagulation must be
conducted by using representative water samples and adding 10
mg/L increments of alum (or equivalent amounts of ferric salt) until
the pH is reduced to a level less than or equal to the enhanced
coagulation Step 2 target pH shown in the following table:
Enhanced Coagulation Step 2 Target pH
Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO
3
)
Target pH
0-60
5.5
>60-120
6.3
>120-240
7.0
>240
7.5
C) For waters with alkalinities of less than 60 mg/L for which addition
of small amounts of alum or equivalent addition of iron coagulant
drives the pH below 5.5 before significant TOC removal occurs, the
system shall add necessary chemicals to maintain the pH between
5.3 and 5.7 in samples until the TOC removal of 0.3 mg/L per 10
88
mg/L alum added (or equivalent addition of iron coagulant) is
reached.
D) The system may operate at any coagulant dose or pH necessary
(consistent with other NPDWRs) to achieve the minimum TOC
percent removal approved under subsection (b)(3) of this Section.
E) If the TOC removal is consistently less than 0.3 mg/L of TOC per
10 mg/L of incremental alum dose at all dosages of alum (or
equivalent addition of iron coagulant), the water is deemed to
contain TOC not amenable to enhanced coagulation. The system
may then apply to the Agency for a waiver of enhanced coagulation
requirements. If the TOC removal is consistently less than 0.3
mg/L of TOC per 10 mg/L of incremental alum dose at all dosages
of alum (or equivalent addition of iron coagulant), the Agency shall
grant the waiver of enhanced coagulation requirements.
c) Compliance calculations.
1) A Subpart B system other than those identified in subsection (a)(2) or
(a)(3) of this Section shall comply with requirements contained in
subsection (b)(2) of this Section. Systems shall calculate compliance
quarterly, beginning after the system has collected 12 months of data, by
determining an annual average using the following method:
A) Determine actual monthly TOC percent removal, equal to:
1
100
−
×
treatedwaterTOC
sourcewaterTOC
B) Determine the required monthly TOC percent removal.
C) Divide the value in subsection (c)(1)(A) of this Section by the value
in subsection (c)(1)(B) of this Section.
D) Add together the results of subsection (c)(1)(C) of this Section for
the last twelve months and divide by twelve.
E) If the value calculated in subsection (c)(1)(D) of this Section is less
than 1.00, the system is not in compliance with the TOC percent
removal requirements.
2) Systems may use the provisions in subsections (c)(2)(A) through (E) of this
Section in lieu of the calculations in subsection (c)(1)(A) through (E) of
89
this Section to determine compliance with TOC percent removal
requirements.
A) In any month that the system’s treated or source water TOC level,
measured according to Section 611.381(d)(3), is less than 2.0
mg/L, the system may assign a monthly value of 1.0 (in lieu of the
value calculated in subsection (c)(1)(C) of this Section) when
calculating compliance under the provisions of subsection (c)(1) of
this Section.
B) In any month that a system practicing softening removes at least 10
mg/L of magnesium hardness (as CaCO
3
), the system may assign a
monthly value of 1.0 (in lieu of the value calculated in subsection
(c)(1(C) of this Section) when calculating compliance under the
provisions of subsection (c)(1) of this Section.
C) In any month that the system’s source water SUVA, prior to any
treatment and measured according to Section 611.381(d)(4), is
ó
2.0 L/mg-m, the system may assign a monthly value of 1.0 (in lieu
of the value calculated in subsection (c)(1)(C) of this Section) when
calculating compliance under the provisions of subsection (c)(1) of
this Section.
D) In any month that the system’s finished water SUVA, measured
according to Section 611.381(d)(4), is
ó
2.0 L/mg-m, the system
may assign a monthly value of 1.0 (in lieu of the value calculated in
subsection (c)(1)(C) of this Section) when calculating compliance
under the provisions of subsection (c)(1) of this Section.
E) In any month that a system practicing enhanced softening lowers
alkalinity below 60 mg/L (as CaCO
3
), the system may assign a
monthly value of 1.0 (in lieu of the value calculated in subsection
(c)(1)(C) of this Section) when calculating compliance under the
provisions of subsection (c)(1) of this Section.
3) A Subpart B system using conventional treatment may also comply with
the requirements of this Section by meeting the standards in subsection
(a)(2) or (3) of this Section.
d) Treatment technique requirements for disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors.
Treatment techniques to control the level of disinfection byproduct (DBP)
precursors in drinking water treatment and distribution systems, for a Subpart B
system using conventional treatment, are enhanced coagulation or enhanced
softening.
90
(Source: Added at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
SUBPART P: THM MONITORING AND ANALYTICAL REQUIREMENTS
Section 611.684
Averaging
Compliance with Section 611.310(c)
or 611.312(a)
is determined based on a running annual
average of quarterly samples collected by the
PWS,
supplier as prescribed in Section
611.680(b)(1) or (2). If the average of samples covering any 12 month period exceeds the
MCL, the
PWS
CWS supplier shall report to the Agency and notify the public pursuant to
Subpart T. Monitoring after public notification must be at a frequency designated by the
Agency and must continue until a monitoring schedule as a condition to a variance, adjusted
standard
,
or enforcement action becomes effective.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.30(d) (1994).
(Source: Added at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.685
Analytical Methods
Sampling and analyses made pursuant to this Subpart must be conducted by one of the total
trihalomethanes (TTHM) methods
,
as directed in Section 611.645 and in USEPA Technical
Notes, incorporated by reference in Section 611.102
or Section 611.381(b)
. Samples for
TTHM must be dechlorinated upon collection to prevent further production of
t
Trihalomethanes, according to the procedures described in the methods, except acidification is
not required if only THMs or TTHMs are to be determined. Samples for maximum TTHM
potential must not be dechlorinated or acidified, and should be held for seven days at 25° C
(or above) prior to analysis.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.30(e) (19958).
(Source: Added at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.688 Applicability Dates
The requirements in Sections 611.680 through 611.686 apply to a Subpart B community water
system that serves 10,000 or more persons until December 31, 2001. The requirements in
Sections 611.680 through 611.686 apply to a community water system that uses only
groundwater not under the direct influence of surface water which adds a disinfectant (oxidant) in
any part of the treatment process and serves 10,000 or more persons until December 31, 2003.
After December 31, 2003, Sections 611.680 through 611.688 are no longer applicable.
(Source: Added at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
91
SUBPART Q: RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND ANALYTICAL REQUIREMENTS
Section 611.720
Analytical Methods
a)
The methods specified below, incorporated by reference in Section 611.102, are
to be used to determine compliance with Sections 611.330 and 611.331, except
in cases where alternative methods have been approved in accordance with
Section 611.480.
1)
Gross Alpha and Beta:
A)
ASTM Method 302;
B)
Standard Methods:
i)
Method 302; or
ii)
Method 7110 B;
C)
USEPA Interim Radiochemical Methods: page 1;
D)
USEPA Radioactivity Methods: Method 900;
E)
USEPA Radiochemical Analyses: page 1;
F)
USEPA Radiochemistry Methods: Method 00-01; or
G)
USGS Methods: Method R-1120-76.
2)
Gross Alpha:
A)
Standard Methods: Method 7110 C; or
B)
USEPA Radiochemistry Methods: Method 00-02.
3)
Radium-226:
A)
ASTM Methods:
i)
Method D 2460-90; or
ii)
Method D 3454-91;
92
B)
New York Radium Method;
C)
Standard Methods:
i)
Method 304;
ii)
Method 305;
iii)
Method 7500-Ra B; or
iv)
Method 7500-Ra C;
D)
USDOE Methods: Method Ra-05;
E)
USEPA Interim Radiochemical Methods: pages 13 and 16;
F)
USEPA Radioactivity Methods: Methods 903, 903.1;
G)
USEPA Radiochemical Analyses: page 19;
H)
USEPA Radiochemistry Methods: Methods Ra-03, Ra-04; or
I)
USGS Methods:
i)
Method R-1140-76; or
ii)
Method R-1141-76.
4)
Radium-228:
A)
Standard Methods:
i)
Method 304; or
ii)
Method 7500-Ra D;
B)
New York Radium Method;
C)
USEPA Interim Radiochemical Methods: page 24;
D)
USEPA Radioactivity Methods: Method 904;
E)
USEPA Radiochemical Analyses: page 19;
93
F)
USEPA Radiochemistry Methods: Method Ra-05;
G)
USGS Methods: Method R-1142-76; or
H)
New Jersey Radium Method.
5)
Uranium:
A)
ASTM Methods:
i)
Method D-2907;
ii)
Method D-2907-91;
iii)
Method D 3972-90; or
iv)
Method D 5174-91;
B)
USEPA Radioactivity Methods: Methods 908, 908.1;
C)
USEPA Radiochemical Analyses: page 33;
D)
USEPA Radiochemistry Methods: Method 00-07; or
E)
USGS Methods:
i)
Method R-1180-76;
ii)
Method R-1181-76; or
iii)
Method R-1182-76.
6)
Cesium:
A)
ASTM Methods:
i)
Method D 2459-72; or
ii)
Method D 3649-91;
B)
Standard Methods:
i)
Method 7120 (19th ed.); or
94
ii)
Method 7500-Cs B;
C)
USDOE Methods: Method 4.5.2.3;
D)
USEPA Interim Radiochemical Methods: page 4;
E)
USEPA Radioactivity Methods: Methods 901, 901.1;
F)
USEPA Radiochemical Analyses: page 92; or
G)
USGS Methods:
i)
Method R-1110-76; or
ii)
Method R-1111-76.
7)
Iodine:
A)
ASTM Methods:
i)
D 3649-91; or
ii)
D 4785-88;
B)
Standard Methods:
i)
Method 7120 (19th ed.);
ii)
Method 7500-I B;
iii)
Method 7500-I C; or
iv)
Method 7500-I D;
C)
USDOE Methods: Method 4.5.2.3;
D)
USEPA Interim Radiochemical Methods: pages 6, 9;
E)
USEPA Radiochemical Analyses: page 92; or
F)
USEPA Radioactivity Methods: Methods 901.1, 902.
8)
Strontium-89 & 90:
95
A)
Standard Methods:
i)
Method 303; or
ii)
Method 7500-Sr B;
B)
USDOE Methods:
i)
Method Sr-01; or
ii)
Method Sr-02;
C)
USEPA Interim Radiochemical Methods: page 29;
D)
USEPA Radioactivity Methods: Method 905;
E)
USEPA Radiochemical Analyses: page 65;
F)
USEPA Radiochemistry Methods: Method Sr-04; or
G)
USGS Methods: Method R-1160-76.
9)
Tritium:
A)
ASTM Methods: Method D 4107-91;
B)
Standard Methods:
i)
Method 306; or
ii)
Method 7500-3H B;
C)
USEPA Interim Radiochemical Methods: page 34;
D)
USEPA Radioactivity Methods: Method 906;
E)
USEPA Radiochemical Analyses: page 87;
F)
USEPA Radiochemistry Methods: Method H-02; or
G)
USGS Methods: Method R-1171-76.
10)
Gamma Emitters:
96
A)
ASTM Methods:
i)
Method D 3649-91; or
ii)
Method D 4785-88;
B)
Standard Methods:
i)
Method 7120 (19th ed.);
ii)
Method 7500-Cs B; or
iii)
Method 7500-I B;
C)
USDOE Method: Method 4.5.2.3;
D)
USEPA Radioactivity Methods: Methods 901, 901.1, 902;
E)
USEPA Radiochemical Analyses: page 92; or
F)
USGS Methods: Method R-1110-76.
b)
When the identification and measurement of radionuclides other than those
listed in subsection (a) are required, the following methods, incorporated by
reference in Section 611.102, are to be used, except in cases where alternative
methods have been approved in accordance with Section 611.480:
1)
“Procedures for Radiochemical Analysis of Nuclear Reactor Aqueous
Solutions”, available from NTIS.
2)
HASL Procedure Manual, HASL 300.
c)
For the purpose of monitoring radioactivity concentrations in drinking water,
the required sensitivity of the radioanalysis is defined in terms of a detection
limit. The detection limit must be that concentration which can be counted with
a precision of plus or minus 100 percent at the 95 percent confidence level (1.96
sigma where sigma is the standard deviation of the net counting rate of the
sample).
1)
To determine compliance with Section 611.330(a) the detection limit
must not exceed 1 pCi/L. To determine compliance with Section
611.330(b) the detection limit must not exceed 3 pCi/L.
97
2)
To determine compliance with Section 611.331 the detection limits must
not exceed the concentrations listed in that Section.
3) The detection limits for man-made beta particle and photon emitters to
determine the applicability of Section 611.881 are listed in the following
table:
Radionuclide
Detection Limit
Tritium
1,000 pCi/L
Strontium-89
10 pCi/L
Strontium-90
2 pCi/L
Iodine-131
1 pCi/L
Cesium-134
10 pCi/L
Gross beta
4 pCi/L
Other radionuclides
1/10 of applicable limit
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.25(c) Table B (1998).
d)
To judge compliance with the MCLs listed in Sections 611.330 and 611.331,
averages of data must be used and must be rounded to the same number of
significant figures as the MCL for the substance in question.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.25 (19951998).
(Source: Amended at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
SUBPART R: ENHANCED FILTRATION AND DISINFECTION
Section 611.740 General Requirements
a) The requirements of this Subpart R are National Primary Drinking Water
Regulations. These regulations establish requirements for filtration and
disinfection that are in addition to standards under which filtration and disinfection
are required under Subpart B of this part. The requirements of this Subpart are
applicable to a Subpart B system serving
10,000 or more persons
, beginning
January 1
,
2002, unless otherwise specified in this Subpart. The regulations in this
Subpart establish or extend treatment technique requirements in lieu of maximum
contaminant levels (MCLs) for the following contaminants: Giardia lamblia,
viruses, heterotrophic plate count bacteria, Legionella, Cryptosporidium, and
turbidity. Each Subpart B system serving
10,000 or more persons
shall provide
treatment of its source water that complies with these treatment technique
requirements and are in addition to those identified in Section 611.220. The
treatment technique requirements consist of installing and properly operating water
treatment processes that reliably achieve:
98
1) At least 99 percent (2-log) removal of Cryptosporidium between a point
where the raw water is not subject to recontamination by surface water
runoff and a point downstream before or at the first customer for filtered
systems, or Cryptosporidium control under the watershed control plan for
unfiltered systems; and
2) Compliance with the profiling and benchmark requirements under the
provisions of Section 611.742.
b) A public water system subject to the requirements of this Subpart is considered to
be in compliance with the requirements of subsection (a) of this Section if:
1) It meets the requirements for avoiding filtration in Sections 611.232 and
611.741, and the disinfection requirements in Sections 611.240 and
611.742; or
2) It meets the applicable filtration requirements in either Section 611.250 or
Section 611.743, and the disinfection requirements in Sections 611.240 and
611.742.
c) Systems shall not begin construction of uncovered finished water storage facilities
after February 16, 1999.
(Source: Added at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.741 Standards for Avoiding Filtration
In addition to the requirements of Section 611.232, a public water system subject to the
requirements of this Subpart that does not provide filtration shall meet all of the conditions of
subsections (a) and (b) of this Section.
a) Site-specific conditions. In addition to site-specific conditions in Section 611.232,
systems shall maintain the watershed control program under Section 611.232(b) to
minimize the potential for contamination by Cryptosporidium oocysts in the source
water. The watershed control program must, for Cryptosporidium:
1) Identify watershed characteristics and activities which may have an adverse
effect on source water quality; and
2) Monitor the occurrence of activities which may have an adverse effect on
source water quality.
99
b) During the onsite inspection conducted under the provisions of Section
611.232(c), the Agency shall determine whether the watershed control program
established under Section 611.232(b) is adequate to limit potential contamination
by Cryptosporidium oocysts. The adequacy of the program must be based on the
comprehensiveness of the watershed review; the effectiveness of the system’s
program to monitor and control detrimental activities occurring in the watershed;
and the extent to which the water system has maximized land ownership or
controlled land use within the watershed.
(Source: Added at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.742 Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking
a) Determination of systems required to profile. A public water system subject to the
requirements of this Subpart shall determine its TTHM annual average using the
procedure in subsection (a)(1) of this Section and its HAA5 annual average using
the procedure in subsection (a)(2) of this Section. The annual average is the
arithmetic average of the quarterly averages of four consecutive quarters of
monitoring.
1) The TTHM annual average that is used must be the annual average during
the same period as the HAA5 annual average.
A) Those systems that collected data under the provisions of 40 CFR
141 Subpart M (Information Collection Rule) shall use the results
of the samples collected during the last four quarters of required
monitoring under Section 611.382.
B) Those systems that use “grandfathered” HAA5 occurrence data that
meet the provisions of subsection (a)(2)(B) of this Section shall use
TTHM data collected at the same time under the provisions of
Section 611.680.
C) Those systems that use HAA5 occurrence data that meet the
provisions of subsection (a)(2)(C)(i) of this Section shall use
TTHM data collected at the same time under the provisions of
Sections 611.310 and 611.680.
2) The HAA5 annual average that is used must be the annual average during
the same period as the TTHM annual average.
A) Those systems that collected data under the provisions of 40 CFR
141 Subpart M (Information Collection Rule) shall use the results
100
of the samples collected during the last four quarters of required
monitoring under Section 611.382.
B) Those systems that have collected four quarters of HAA5
occurrence data that meets the routine monitoring sample number
and location requirements for TTHM in Section 611.680 and
handling and analytical method requirements of Section 611.685
may use that data to determine whether the requirements of this
Section apply.
C) Those systems that have not collected four quarters of HAA5
occurrence data that meets the provisions of either subsection
(a)(2)(A) or (B) of this Section by March 31, 1999 shall either:
i) Conduct monitoring for HAA5 that meets the routine
monitoring sample number and location requirements for
TTHM in Section 611.680 and handling and analytical
method requirements of Section 611.685 to determine the
HAA5 annual average and whether the requirements of
subsection (b) of this Section apply. This monitoring must
be completed so that the applicability determination can be
made no later than March 31, 2000; or
ii) Comply with all other provisions of this Section as if the
HAA5 monitoring had been conducted and the results
required compliance with subsection (b) of this Section.
3) The system may request that the Agency approve a more representative
annual data set than the data set determined under subsection (a)(1) or (2)
of this Section for the purpose of determining applicability of the
requirements of this Section.
4) The Agency may require that a system use a more representative annual
data set than the data set determined under subsection (a)(1) or (2) of this
Section for the purpose of determining the applicability of the requirements
of this Section.
5) The system shall submit data to the Agency on the schedule in subsections
(a)(5)(A) through (D) of this Section.
A) Those systems that collected TTHM and HAA5 date under the
provisions of 40 CFR Subpart M (Information Collection Rule), as
required by subsection (a)(1)(A) and (a)(2)(A) of this Section, shall
submit the results of the samples collected during the last twelve
101
months of required monitoring under Section 611.685 not later than
December 31, 1999.
B) Those systems that have collected four consecutive quarters of
HAA5 occurrence data that meets the routine monitoring sample
number and location for TTHM in Section 611.382 and handling
and analytical method requirements of Section 611.685, as allowed
by subsections (a)(1)(B) and (a)(2)(B) of this Section, were
required under corresponding 40 CFR 141.172 to submit that data
to the Agency not later than April 30, 1999. Until the Agency has
approved the data, the system shall conduct monitoring for HAA5
using the monitoring requirements specified under subsection
(a)(2)(C) of this Section.
C) Those systems that conduct monitoring for HAA5 using the
monitoring requirements specified by subsections (a)(1)(C) and
(a)(2)(C)(i) of this Section, shall submit TTHM and HAA5 data not
later than March 31, 2000.
D) Those systems that elect to comply with all other provisions of this
Section as if the HAA5 monitoring had been conducted and the
results required compliance with this Section, as allowed under
subsection (a)(2)(C)(ii) of this Section, shall notify the Agency in
writing of their election not later than December 31, 1999.
E) If the system elects to request that the Agency approve a more
representative data set than the data set determined under
subsection (a)(2)(A) of this Section, the system shall submit this
request in writing not later than December 31, 1999.
6) Any system having either a TTHM annual average
≥
0.064 mg/L or an
HAA5 annual average
≥
0.048 mg/L during the period identified in
subsections (a)(1) and (2) of this Section shall comply with subsection (b)
of this Section.
b) Disinfection profiling.
1) Any system that meets the standards in subsection (a)(6) of this Section
shall develop a disinfection profile of its disinfection practice for a period of
up to three years. The Agency shall determine the period of the
disinfection profile, with a minimum period of 1 year.
2) The system shall monitor daily for a period of twelve consecutive calendar
months to determine the total logs of inactivation for each day of
102
operation, based on the CT
99.9
values in Appendix B of this Part, as
appropriate, through the entire treatment plant. The system shall begin this
monitoring not later than April 1, 2000. As a minimum, the system with a
single point of disinfectant application prior to entrance to the distribution
system shall conduct the monitoring in subsections (b)(2)(A) through (D)
of this Section. A system with more than one point of disinfectant
application shall conduct the monitoring in subsections (b)(2)(A) through
(D) of this Section for each disinfection segment. The system shall monitor
the parameters necessary to determine the total inactivation ratio, using
analytical methods in Section 611.531, as follows:
A) The temperature of the disinfected water must be measured once
per day at each residual disinfectant concentration sampling point
during peak hourly flow.
B) If the system uses chlorine, the pH of the disinfected water must be
measured once per day at each chlorine residual disinfectant
concentration sampling point during peak hourly flow.
C) The disinfectant contact time(s) (“T”) must be determined for each
day during peak hourly flow.
D) The residual disinfectant concentration(s) (“C”) of the water before
or at the first customer and prior to each additional point of
disinfection must be measured each day during peak hourly flow.
3) In lieu of the monitoring conducted under the provisions of subsection
(b)(2) of this Section to develop the disinfection profile, the system may
elect to meet the requirements of subsection (b)(3)(A) of this Section. In
addition to the monitoring conducted under the provisions of subsection
(b)(2) of this Section to develop the disinfection profile, the system may
elect to meet the requirements of subsection (b)(3)(B) of this Section.
A) A PWS that has three years of existing operational data may submit
that data, a profile generated using that data, and a request that the
Agency approve use of that data in lieu of monitoring under the
provisions of subsection (b)(2) of this Section not later than April 1,
2000. The Agency shall determine whether the operational data is
substantially equivalent to data collected under the provisions of
subsection (b)(2) of this Section. The data must also be
representative of Giardia lamblia inactivation through the entire
treatment plant and not just of certain treatment segments. If the
Agency determines that the operational data is substantially
equivalent, the Agency shall approve the request. Until the Agency
103
approves this request, the system is required to conduct monitoring
under the provisions of subsection (b)(2) of this Section.
B) In addition to the disinfection profile generated under subsection
(b)(2) of this Section, a PWS that has existing operational data may
use that data to develop a disinfection profile for additional years.
The Agency shall determine whether the operational data is
substantially equivalent to data collected under the provisions of
subsection (b)(2) of this Section. The data must also be
representative of inactivation through the entire treatment plant and
not just of certain treatment segments. If the Agency determines
that the operational data is substantially equivalent, such systems
may use these additional yearly disinfection profiles to develop a
benchmark under the provisions of subsection (c) of this Section.
4) The system shall calculate the total inactivation ratio as follows:
A) If the system uses only one point of disinfectant application, the
system may determine the total inactivation ratio for the disinfection
segment based on either of the methods in subsection (b)(4)(A)(i)
or (b)(4)(A)(ii) of this Section.
i) Determine one inactivation ratio (CTcalc/CT
99.9
) before or
at the first customer during peak hourly flow.
ii) Determine successive CTcalc/CT
99.9
values, representing
sequential inactivation ratios, between the point of
disinfectant application and a point before or at the first
customer during peak hourly flow. Under this alternative,
the system shall calculate the total inactivation ratio by
determining (CTcalc/CT
99.9
) for each sequence and then
adding the (CTcalc/CT
99.9
) values together to determine (
Σ
(CTcalc/CT
99.9
)).
B) If the system uses more than one point of disinfectant application
before the first customer, the system shall determine the CT value
of each disinfection segment immediately prior to the next point of
disinfectant application, or for the final segment, before or at the
first customer, during peak hourly flow. The (CTcalc/CT
99.9
) value
of each segment and (CTcalc/CT
99.9
) must be calculated using the
method in subsection (b)(4)(A) of this Section.
104
C) The system shall determine the total logs of inactivation by
multiplying the value calculated in subsection (b)(4)(A) or (B) of
this Section by 3.0.
5) A system that uses either chloramines or ozone for primary disinfection
shall also calculate the logs of inactivation for viruses using a method
approved by the Agency.
6) The system shall retain disinfection profile data in graphic form, as a
spreadsheet, or in some other format acceptable to the Agency for review
as part of sanitary surveys conducted by the Agency.
c) Disinfection benchmarking.
1) Any system required to develop a disinfection profile under the provisions
of subsections (a) and (b) of this Section and that decides to make a
significant change to its disinfection practice shall consult with the Agency
prior to making such change. Significant changes to disinfection practice
are:
A) Changes to the point of disinfection;
B) Changes to the disinfectant(s) used in the treatment plant;
C) Changes to the disinfection process; and
D) Any other modification identified by the Agency.
2) Any system that is modifying its disinfection practice shall calculate its
disinfection benchmark using the procedure specified in subsections
(c)(2)(A) and (B) of this Section.
A) For each year of profiling data collected and calculated under
subsection (b) of this Section, the system shall determine the lowest
average monthly Giardia lamblia inactivation in each year of
profiling data. The system shall determine the average Giardia
lamblia inactivation for each calendar month for each year of
profiling data by dividing the sum of daily Giardia lamblia of
inactivation by the number of values calculated for that month.
B) The disinfection benchmark is the lowest monthly average value
(for systems with one year of profiling data) or average of lowest
monthly average values (for systems with more than one year of
105
profiling data) of the monthly logs of Giardia lamblia inactivation in
each year of profiling data.
3) A system that uses either chloramines or ozone for primary disinfection
shall also calculate the disinfection benchmark for viruses using a method
approved by the Agency.
4) The system shall submit information in subsections (c)(4)(A) through (C)
of this Section to the Agency as part of its consultation process.
A) A description of the proposed change;
B) The disinfection profile for Giardia lamblia (and, if necessary,
viruses) under subsection (b) of this Section and benchmark as
required by subsection (c)(2) of this Section; and
C) An analysis of how the proposed change will affect the current
levels of disinfection.
(Source: Added at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.743 Filtration
A PWS subject to the requirements of this Subpart that does not meet all of the standards in this
Subpart and Subpart B of this Part for avoiding filtration shall provide treatment consisting of
both disinfection, as specified in Section 611.242, and filtration treatment which complies with the
requirements of subsection (a) or (b) of this Section or Section 611.250 (b) or (c) by December
31, 2001.
a) Conventional filtration treatment or direct filtration.
1) For systems using conventional filtration or direct filtration, the turbidity
level of representative samples of a system’s filtered water must be less
than or equal to 0.3 NTU in at least 95 percent of the measurements taken
each month, measured as specified in Sections 611.531 and 611.533.
2) The turbidity level of representative samples of a system’s filtered water
must at no time exceed 1 NTU, measured as specified in Sections 611.531
and 611.533.
3) A system that uses lime softening may acidify representative samples prior
to analysis using a protocol approved by the Agency.
106
b) Filtration technologies other than conventional filtration treatment, direct filtration,
slow sand filtration, or diatomaceous earth filtration. A PWS may use a filtration
technology not listed in subsection (a) of this Section or in Section 611.250 (b) or
(c) if it demonstrates to the Agency, using pilot plant studies or other means, that
the alternative filtration technology, in combination with disinfection treatment that
meets the requirements of Section 611.242(b), consistently achieves 99.9 percent
removal or inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts and 99.99 percent removal or
inactivation of viruses, and 99 percent removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts, and
the Agency approves the use of the filtration technology. For each approval, the
Agency shall set turbidity performance requirements that the system shall meet at
least 95 percent of the time and that the system shall not exceed at any time at a
level that consistently achieves 99.9 percent removal or inactivation of Giardia
lamblia cysts, 99.99 percent removal or inactivation of viruses, and 99 percent
removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts.
(Source: Added at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.744 Filtration Sampling Requirements
a) Monitoring requirements for systems using filtration treatment. In addition to
monitoring required by Sections 611.531 and 611.533, a PWS subject to the
requirements of this Subpart that provides conventional filtration treatment or
direct filtration shall conduct continuous monitoring of turbidity for each individual
filter using an approved method in Section 611.531(a) and shall calibrate
turbidimeters using the procedure specified by the manufacturer. Systems shall
record the results of individual filter monitoring every 15 minutes.
b) If there is a failure in the continuous turbidity monitoring equipment, the system
shall conduct grab sampling every four hours in lieu of continuous monitoring,
until the turbidimeter is back online. A system shall repair the equipment within a
maximum of five working days after failure.
(Source: Added at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.745 Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements
In addition to the reporting and recordkeeping requirements in Sections 611.261 and 611.262, a
public water system subject to the requirements of this Subpart that provides conventional
filtration treatment or direct filtration shall report monthly to the Agency the information specified
in subsections (a) and (b) of this Section beginning January 1, 2002. In addition to the reporting
and recordkeeping requirements in Sections 611.261 and 611.262, a public water system subject
to the requirements of this Subpart that provides filtration approved under Section 611.743(b)
shall report monthly to the Agency the information specified in subsection (a) of this Section
107
beginning January 1, 2002. The reporting in subsection (a) of this Section is in lieu of the
reporting specified in Section 611.262(a).
a) Turbidity measurements as required by Section 611.743 must be reported within
ten days after the end of each month the system serves water to the public.
Information that must be reported is:
1) The total number of filtered water turbidity measurements taken during the
month.
2) The number and percentage of filtered water turbidity measurements taken
during the month which are less than or equal to the turbidity limits
specified in Section 611.743 (a) or (b).
3) The date and value of any turbidity measurements taken during the month
that exceed 1 NTU for systems using conventional filtration treatment or
direct filtration, or that exceed the maximum level under Section
611.743(b).
b) Systems shall maintain the results of individual filter monitoring taken under
Section 611.744 for at least three years. Systems shall report that they have
conducted individual filter turbidity monitoring under Section 611.744 within ten
days after the end of each month the system serves water to the public. Systems
shall report individual filter turbidity measurement results taken under Section
611.744 within ten days after the end of each month the system serves water to the
public only if measurements demonstrate one or more of the conditions in
subsections (b)(1) through (4) of this Section. Systems that use lime softening
may apply to the Agency for alternative exceedence levels for the levels specified
in subsections (b)(1) through (4) of this Section if they can demonstrate that higher
turbidity levels in individual filters are due to lime carryover only and not due to
degraded filter performance.
1) For any individual filter that has a measured turbidity level of greater than
1.0 NTU in two consecutive measurements taken 15 minutes apart, the
system shall report the filter number, the turbidity measurement, and the
date(s) on which the exceedence occurred. In addition, the system shall
either produce a filter profile for the filter within seven days of the
exceedence (if the system is not able to identify an obvious reason for the
abnormal filter performance) and report that the profile has been produced
or report the obvious reason for the exceedence.
2) For any individual filter that has a measured turbidity level of greater than
0.5 NTU in two consecutive measurements taken 15 minutes apart at the
end of the first four hours of continuous filter operation after the filter has
108
been backwashed or otherwise taken offline, the system shall report the
filter number, the turbidity, and the date(s) on which the exceedence
occurred. In addition, the system shall either produce a filter profile for the
filter within seven days after the exceedence (if the system is not able to
identify an obvious reason for the abnormal filter performance) and report
that the profile has been produced or report the obvious reason for the
exceedence.
3) For any individual filter that has a measured turbidity level of greater than
1.0 NTU in two consecutive measurements taken 15 minutes apart at any
time in each of three consecutive months, the system shall report the filter
number, the turbidity measurement, and the date(s) on which the
exceedence occurred. In addition, the system shall conduct a
self-assessment of the filter within 14 days of the exceedence and report
that the self-assessment was conducted. The self assessment must consist
of at least the following components: assessment of filter performance;
development of a filter profile; identification and prioritization of factors
limiting filter performance; assessment of the applicability of corrections;
and preparation of a filter self-assessment report.
4) For any individual filter that has a measured turbidity level of greater than
2.0 NTU in two consecutive measurements taken 15 minutes apart at any
time in each of two consecutive months, the system shall report the filter
number, the turbidity measurement, and the date(s) on which the
exceedence occurred. In addition, the system shall arrange for the conduct
of a comprehensive performance evaluation by the Agency or a third party
approved by the Agency no later than 30 days following the exceedence
and have the evaluation completed and submitted to the Agency no later
than 90 days following the exceedence.
(Source: Added at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
SUBPART T: REPORTING, PUBLIC NOTIFICATION AND RECORDKEEPING
Section 611.851
Reporting MCL
, MRDL,
and other Violations
A supplier
PWS
that fails to comply with an applicable MCL or treatment technique established
by this Part or which fails to comply with the requirements of any schedule prescribed
pursuant to a variance or adjusted standard shall notify persons served by the PWS as follows:
a)
Except as provided in subsection (c), the supplier shall give notice:
1) By publication in a daily newspaper of general circulation in the area
served by the PWS as soon as possible, but in no case later than 14 days
109
after the violation or failure. If the area served by a PWS is not served
by a daily newspaper of general circulation, notice must instead be given
by publication in a weekly newspaper of general circulation serving the
area; and
2)
By mail delivery (by direct mail or with the water bill), or by hand
delivery, not later than 45 days after the violation or failure. This is not
required if the Agency determines by SEP that the supplier in violation
has corrected the violation or failure within the 45-day period; and
3)
For violations of the MCLs of contaminants
or MRDLs of disinfectants
that pose an acute risk to human health, by furnishing a copy of the
notice to the radio and television stations serving the area served by the
PWS as soon as possible but in no case later than 72 hours after the
violation. The following violations are acute violations:
A)
Any violations posing an acute risk to human health, as specified
in this Part or as determined by the Agency on a case-by-case
basis.
B)
Violation of the MCL for nitrate or nitrite in Section 611.301.
C)
Violation of the MCL for total coliforms, when fecal coliforms
or E. Ccoli are present in the water distribution system, as
specified in Section 611.325(b).
D)
Occurrence of a waterborne disease outbreak.
E) Violation of the MRDL for chlorine dioxide as defined in Section
611.313 and determined according to Section 611.383(c)(2).
b)
Except as provided in subsection (c), following the initial notice given under
subsection (a), the supplier shall give notice at least once every three months by
mail delivery (by direct mail or with the water bill) or by hand delivery, for as
long as the violation or failure exists.
c)
Alternative methods of notice.
1)
In lieu of the requirements of subsections (a) and (b), a CWS supplier in
an area that is not served by a daily or weekly newspaper of general
circulation shall give notice by hand delivery or by continuous posting in
conspicuous places within the area served by the CWS. Notice by hand
delivery or posting must begin as soon as possible, but no later than 72
hours after the violation or failure for acute violations (as defined in
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subsection (a)(3)) or 14 days after the violation or failure (for any other
violation). Posting must continue for as long as the violation or failure
exists. Notice by hand delivery must be repeated at least every three
months for as long as the violation or failure exists.
2)
In lieu of the requirements of subsections (a) and (b), a non-CWS
supplier may give notice by hand delivery or by continuous posting in
conspicuous places within the area served by the non-CWS. Notice by
hand delivery or posting must begin as soon as possible, but no later
than 72 hours after the violation or failure for acute violations (as
defined in subsection (a)(3)), or 14 days after the violation or failure (for
any other violation). Posting must continue for as long as the violation
or failure exists. Notice by hand delivery must be repeated at least every
three months for as long as the violation or failure exists.
3)
Where allowed, pursuant to Section 611.609(d), 611.646(o)(3), or
611.648(k)(3) because it has a separable system, a supplier may issue
public notice only to persons on that portion of its system that
isits
out of
compliance.
BOARD NOTE: Generally derived from 40 CFR 141.32(a) (1993
1998
). Subsection (c)(3)
derived from 40 CFR 141.23(i)(4) & 141.24(f)(15)(iii), (g)(9) & (h)(11)(iii) (1993).
(Source: Amended at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.853
Notice to New Billing Units
A CWS supplier shall give a copy of the most recent public notice for any outstanding
violation of any MCL,
MRDL,
treatment technique requirement or variance or adjusted
standard schedule to all new billing units or new hookups prior to or at the time service
begins.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.32(c) (198998) and 40 CFR 141.32(e) (1998).
(Source: Amended at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
SUBPART U: CONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORTS
Section 611.881 Purpose and Applicability of this Subpart
a) This Subpart establishes the minimum requirements for the content of annual
reports that community water systems (CWSs) must deliver to their customers.
These reports must contain information on the quality of the water delivered by the
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systems and characterize the risks (if any) from exposure to contaminants detected
in the drinking water in an accurate and understandable manner.
b) Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 611.100(d), this Subpart only applies to
CWSs.
c) For the purpose of this Subpart, “customers” are defined as billing units or service
connections to which water is delivered by a CWS.
d) For the purpose of this Subpart, “detected” means: at or above the detection limit
levels prescribed by Section 611.600(d) for inorganic contaminants, at or above
the levels prescribed by Section 611.646 for
Phase I, II, and V VOCs,
at or
above the levels prescribed by Section 611.648(r) for
Phase II, IIB, and V SOCs
,
and at or above the levels prescribed by Section 611.720(c)(3) for radioactive
contaminants.
(Source: Added at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.882 Compliance Dates
a) Each existing CWS shall deliver its first report by October 19, 1999, its second
report by July 1, 2000, and subsequent reports by July 1 annually thereafter. The
first report must contain data collected during, or prior to, calendar year 1998 as
prescribed in Section 611.883(d)(3). Each report thereafter must contain data
collected during, or prior to, the previous calendar year.
b) A new CWS shall deliver its first report by July 1 of the year after its first full
calendar year in operation and annually thereafter.
c) A community water system that sells water to another community water system
must deliver the applicable information required in Section 611.883 to the buyer
system:
1) No later than April 1, 2000, and by April 1 annually thereafter; or
2) On a date mutually agreed upon by the seller and the purchaser, and
specifically included in a contract between the parties.
(Source: Added at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.883 Content of the Reports
a) Each CWS shall provide to its customers an annual report that contains the
information specified in this Section and Section 611.884.
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b) Information on the source of the water delivered:
1) Each report must identify the source(s) of the water delivered by the CWS
by providing information on:
A) The type of the water: e.g., surface water, groundwater; and
B) The commonly used name (if any) and location of the body (or
bodies) of water.
2) If a source water assessment has been completed, the report must notify
consumers of the availability of this information and the means to obtain it.
In addition, systems are encouraged to highlight in the report significant
sources of contamination in the source water area if they have readily
available information. Where a system has received a source water
assessment from the Agency, the report must include a brief summary of
the system’s susceptibility to potential sources of contamination, using
language provided by the Agency or written by the PWS.
c) Definitions.
1) Each report must include the following definitions:
A) Maximum Contaminant Level Goal or MCLG: The level of a
contaminant in drinking water below which there is no known or
expected risk to health. MCLGs allow for a margin of safety.
B) Maximum Contaminant Level or MCL: The highest level of a
contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as
close to the MCLGs as feasible using the best available treatment
technology.
2) A report for a CWS operating under relief from an NPDWR issued under
Sections 611.111, 611.112, 611.130, or 611.131 must include the
following definition: Variances, Adjusted Standards, and Site-specific
Rules: State permission not to meet an MCL or a treatment technique
under certain conditions.
3) A report that contains data on a contaminant for which USEPA has set a
treatment technique or an action level must include one or both of the
following definitions as applicable:
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A) Treatment Technique: A required process intended to reduce the
level of a contaminant in drinking water.
B) Action Level: The concentration of a contaminant that, if
exceeded, triggers treatment or other requirements which a water
system must follow.
d) Information on detected contaminants.
1) This subsection (d) specifies the requirements for information to be
included in each report for contaminants subject to mandatory monitoring
(except Cryptosporidium). It applies to:
A) Contaminants subject to an MCL, action level, or treatment
technique (regulated contaminants);
B) Contaminants for which monitoring is required by Section 611.510
(unregulated contaminants); and
C) Disinfection byproducts or microbial contaminants for which
monitoring is required by Section 611.382 and Subpart L, except as
provided under subsection (e)(1) of this Section, and which are
detected in the finished water.
2) The data relating to these contaminants must be displayed in one table or in
several adjacent tables. Any additional monitoring results that a CWS
chooses to include in its report must be displayed separately.
3) The data must be derived from data collected to comply with monitoring
and analytical requirements during calendar year 1998 for the first report
and subsequent calendar years thereafter, except that:
A) Where a system is allowed to monitor for regulated contaminants
less often than once a year, the table(s) must include the date and
results of the most recent sampling, and the report must include a
brief statement indicating that the data presented in the report is
from the most recent testing done in accordance with the
regulations. No data older than five years need be included.
B) Results of monitoring in compliance with Section 611.382 and
Subpart L need only be included for five years from the date of last
sample or until any of the detected contaminants becomes regulated
and subject to routine monitoring requirements, whichever comes
first.
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4) For detected regulated contaminants (listed in Appendix F of this Part), the
table(s) must contain:
A) The MCL for that contaminant expressed as a number equal to or
greater than 1.0 (as provided Appendix F of this Part);
B) The Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) for that
contaminant expressed in the same units as the MCL
C) If there is no MCL for a detected contaminant, the table must
indicate that there is a treatment technique, or specify the action
level, applicable to that contaminant, and the report must include
the definitions for treatment technique or action level, as
appropriate, specified in subsection (c)(3) of this Section;
D) For contaminants subject to an MCL, except turbidity and total
coliforms, the highest contaminant level used to determine
compliance with an NPDWR, and the range of detected levels, as
follows:
i) When compliance with the MCL is determined annually or
less frequently: The highest detected level at any sampling
point and the range of detected levels expressed in the same
units as the MCL.
ii) When compliance with the MCL is determined by
calculating a running annual average of all samples taken at
a sampling point: the highest average of any of the
sampling points and the range of all sampling points
expressed in the same units as the MCL.
iii) When compliance with the MCL is determined on a
system-wide basis by calculating a running annual average
of all samples at all sampling points: the average and range
of detection expressed in the same units as the MCL;
BOARD NOTE to subsection (d)(4)(D): When rounding of results
to determine compliance with the MCL is allowed by the
regulations, rounding should be done prior to multiplying the
results by the factor listed in Appendix F; derived from 40 CFR 153
(1998).
D) For turbidity:
115
i) When it is reported pursuant to Section 611.560: The
highest average monthly value.
ii) When it is reported pursuant to the requirements of Section
611.211(b): The highest monthly value. The report must
include an explanation of the reasons for measuring
turbidity.
iii) When it is reported pursuant to Section 611.250 or
611.743: The highest single measurement and the lowest
monthly percentage of samples meeting the turbidity limits
specified in Section 611.250 or 611.743 for the filtration
technology being used. The report must include an
explanation of the reasons for measuring turbidity;
E) For lead and copper: the 90th percentile value of the most recent
round of sampling and the number of sampling sites exceeding the
action level;
F) For total coliform:
i) The highest monthly number of positive samples for systems
collecting fewer than 40 samples per month; or
ii) The highest monthly percentage of positive samples for
systems collecting at least 40 samples per month;
G) For fecal coliform: the total number of positive samples; and
H) The likely source(s) of detected contaminants to the best of the
supplier’s knowledge. Specific information regarding contaminants
may be available in sanitary surveys and source water assessments,
and must be used when available to the supplier. If the supplier
lacks specific information on the likely source, the report must
include one or more of the typical sources for that contaminant
listed in Appendix G of this Part which are most applicable to the
CWS.
5) If a CWS distributes water to its customers from multiple hydraulically
independent distribution systems that are fed by different raw water
sources, the table must contain a separate column for each service area and
the report must identify each separate distribution system. Alternatively, a
116
CWS may produce separate reports tailored to include data for each
service area.
6) The table(s) must clearly identify any data indicating violations of MCLs or
treatment techniques and the report must contain a clear and readily
understandable explanation of the violation including: the length of the
violation, the potential adverse health effects, and actions taken by the
CWS to address the violation. To describe the potential health effects, the
CWS shall use the relevant language of Appendix H of this Part.
7) For detected unregulated contaminants for which monitoring is required
(except Cryptosporidium), the table(s) must contain the average and range
at which the contaminant was detected. The report may include a brief
explanation of the reasons for monitoring for unregulated contaminants.
e) Information on Cryptosporidium, radon, and other contaminants:
1) If the CWS has performed any monitoring for Cryptosporidium, including
monitoring performed to satisfy the requirements of Subpart L, that
indicates that Cryptosporidium may be present in the source water or the
finished water, the report must include:
A) A summary of the results of the monitoring; and
B) An explanation of the significance of the results.
2) If the CWS has performed any monitoring for radon which indicates that
radon may be present in the finished water, the report must include:
A) The results of the monitoring; and
B) An explanation of the significance of the results.
3) If the CWS has performed additional monitoring that indicates the presence
of other contaminants in the finished water, the report must include:
A) The results of the monitoring; and
B) An explanation of the significance of the results noting the existence
of any health advisory or proposed regulation.
f) Compliance with an NPDWR. In addition to the requirements of subsection (d)(6)
of this Section, the report must note any violation that occurred during the year
covered by the report of a requirement listed below, and include a clear and readily
117
understandable explanation of the violation, any potential adverse health effects,
and the steps the CWS has taken to correct the violation.
1) Monitoring and reporting of compliance data;
2) Filtration and disinfection prescribed by Subpart B of this Part. For CWSs
that have failed to install adequate filtration or disinfection equipment or
processes, or have had a failure of such equipment or processes which
constitutes a violation, the report must include the following language as
part of the explanation of potential adverse health effects: Inadequately
treated water may contain disease-causing organisms. These organisms
include bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can cause symptoms such as
nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and associated headaches.
3) Lead and copper control requirements prescribed by Subpart G of this Part.
For systems that fail to take one or more actions prescribed by Sections
611.350(d), 611.351, 611.352, 611.353, or 611.354, the report must
include the applicable language of Appendix H of this Part for lead, copper,
or both.
4) Treatment techniques for acrylamide and epichlorohydrin prescribed by
Section 611.296. For systems that violate the requirements of Section
611.296, the report must include the relevant language from 611.Appendix
H.
5) Recordkeeping of compliance data.
6) Special monitoring requirements prescribed by Sections 611.510 and
611.630; and
7) Violation of the terms of a variance, adjusted standard, site-specific rule, or
administrative or judicial order.
g) Variances, adjusted standards, and site-specific rules. If a system is operating
under the terms of a variance, adjusted standard, or site-specific rule issued under
Sections 611.111, 611.112, or 611.131, the report must contain:
1) An explanation of the reasons for the variance, adjusted standard, or site-
specific rule;
2) The date on which the variance, adjusted standard, or site-specific rule was
issued;
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3) A brief status report on the steps the CWS is taking to install treatment,
find alternative sources of water, or otherwise comply with the terms and
schedules of the variance, adjusted standard, or site-specific rule; and
4) A notice of any opportunity for public input in the review, or renewal, of
the variance, adjusted standard, or site-specific rule.
h) Additional information:
1) The report must contain a brief explanation regarding contaminants that
may reasonably be expected to be found in drinking water, including
bottled water. This explanation may include the language of subsections
(h)(1)(A) through (C) of this Section or CWSs may use their own
comparable language. The report also must include the language of
subsection (h)(1)(D) of this Section.
A) The sources of drinking water (both tap water and bottled water)
include rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, reservoirs, springs, and wells.
As water travels over the surface of the land or through the ground,
it dissolves naturally-occurring minerals and, in some cases,
radioactive material, and can pick up substances resulting from the
presence of animals or from human activity.
B) Contaminants that may be present in source water include:
i) Microbial contaminants, such as viruses and bacteria, which
may come from sewage treatment plants, septic systems,
agricultural livestock operations, and wildlife;
ii) Inorganic contaminants, such as salts and metals, which can
be naturally-occurring or result from urban stormwater
runoff, industrial or domestic wastewater discharges, oil and
gas production, mining, or farming;
iii) Pesticides and herbicides, which may come from a variety of
sources such as agriculture, urban stormwater runoff, and
residential uses;
iv) Organic chemical contaminants, including synthetic and
volatile organic chemicals, which are byproducts of
industrial processes and petroleum production, and can also
come from gas stations, urban stormwater runoff, and septic
systems; and
119
v) Radioactive contaminants, which can be naturally-occurring
or be the result of oil and gas production and mining
activities.
C) In order to ensure that tap water is safe to drink, USEPA prescribes
regulations which limit the amount of certain contaminants in water
provided by public water systems. United States Food and Drug
Administration (USFDA) regulations establish limits for
contaminants in bottled water that must provide the same
protection for public health.
D) Drinking water, including bottled water, may reasonably be
expected to contain at least small amounts of some contaminants.
The presence of contaminants does not necessarily indicate that
water poses a health risk. More information about contaminants
and potential health effects can be obtained by calling the USEPA
Safe Drinking Water Hotline (800-426-4791).
2) The report must include the telephone number of the owner, operator, or
designee of the CWS as a source of additional information concerning the
report.
3) In communities with a large proportion of non-English speaking residents,
as determined by the Agency, the report must contain information in the
appropriate language(s) regarding the importance of the report or contain a
telephone number or address where such residents may contact the system
to obtain a translated copy of the report or assistance in the appropriate
language.
4) The report must include information about opportunities for public
participation in decisions that may affect the quality of the water.
5) The CWS may include such additional information as it deems necessary
for public education consistent with, and not detracting from, the purpose
of the report.
(Source: Added at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.884 Required Additional Health Information
a) All reports must prominently display the following language: Some people may be
more vulnerable to contaminants in drinking water than the general population.
Immuno-compromised persons such as persons with cancer undergoing
chemotherapy, persons who have undergone organ transplants, people with
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HIV/AIDS or other immune system disorders, some elderly, and infants can be
particularly at risk from infections. These people should seek advice about
drinking water from their health care providers. USEPA or Center for Disease
Control guidelines on appropriate means to lessen the risk of infection by
Cryptosporidium and other microbial contaminants are available from the USEPA
Safe Drinking Water Hotline (800-426-4791).
b) A CWS that detects arsenic at levels above 25
μ
g/L, but below the MCL:
1) Shall include in its report a short informational statement about arsenic,
using the following language: USEPA is reviewing the drinking water
standard for arsenic because of special concerns that it may not be stringent
enough. Arsenic is a naturally-occurring mineral known to cause cancer in
humans at high concentrations; or
2) May write its own educational statement, but only in consultation with the
Agency.
c) A CWS that detects nitrate at levels above 5 mg/L, but below the MCL:
1) Shall include a short informational statement about the impacts of nitrate
on children, using the following language: Nitrate in drinking water at
levels above 10 ppm is a health risk for infants of less than six months of
age. High nitrate levels in drinking water can cause blue baby syndrome.
Nitrate levels may rise quickly for short periods of time because of rainfall
or agricultural activity. If you are caring for an infant you should ask
advice from your health care provider; or
2) May write its own educational statement, but only in consultation with the
Agency.
d) A CWS that detects lead above the action level in more than 5%, and up to and
including 10%, of homes sampled:
1) Shall include a short informational statement about the special impact of
lead on children, using the following language: Infants and young children
are typically more vulnerable to lead in drinking water than the general
population. It is possible that lead levels at your home may be higher than
at other homes in the community as a result of materials used in your
home’s plumbing. If you are concerned about elevated lead levels in your
home’s water, you may wish to have your water tested and flush your tap
for 30 seconds to 2 minutes before using tap water. Additional information
is available from the USEPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline (800-426-4791);
or
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2) May write its own educational statement, but only in consultation with the
Agency.
e) A CWS that detects TTHM above 0.080 mg/L, but below the MCL in Section
611.312, as an annual average, monitored and calculated under the provisions of
Section 611.680, shall include the health effects language prescribed by Appendix
H(73).
(Source: Added at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.885 Report Delivery and Recordkeeping
a) Except as provided in subsection (g) of this Section, each CWS shall mail or
otherwise directly deliver one copy of the report to each customer.
b) The CWS shall make a good faith effort to reach consumers who do not get water
bills, using means recommended by the Agency. A good faith effort to reach
consumers includes, but is not limited to, methods such as: posting the reports on
the Internet, advertising the availability of the report in the news media, publication
in a local newspaper, or delivery to community organizations.
c) No later than the date the CWS is required to distribute the report to its
customers, each CWS shall mail a copy of the report to the Agency, followed
within three months by a certification that the report has been distributed to
customers, and that the information is correct and consistent with the compliance
monitoring data previously submitted to the Agency.
d) No later than the date the CWS is required to distribute the report to its
customers, each CWS shall deliver the report to any other agency or clearinghouse
identified by the Agency.
e) Each CWS shall make its reports available to the public upon request.
f) Each CWS serving 100,000 or more persons shall post its current year’s report to
a publicly-accessible site on the Internet.
g) The Governor or his designee may waive the requirement of subsection (a) of this
Section for a CWS serving fewer than 10,000 persons.
1) Such a CWS shall:
A) Publish the report in one or more local newspapers serving the
county in which the CWS is located;
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B) Inform the customers that the report will not be mailed, either in the
newspapers in which the report is published or by other means
approved by the Agency; and
C) Make the report available to the public upon request.
2) Systems serving fewer than 500 persons may forgo the requirements of
subsections (g)(1)(A) and (B) of this Section if they provide notice at least
once per year to their customers by mail, door-to-door delivery or by
posting in a location approved by the Agency that the report is available
upon request.
h) Any system subject to this Subpart shall retain copies of its consumer confidence
report for no less than five years.
(Source: Added at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.Appendix A
Mandatory Health Effects Information
1)
Trichloroethylene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
trichloroethylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
chemical is a common metal cleaning and dry cleaning fluid. It generally gets
into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown
to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals
are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in
laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are
exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. USEPA has set forth the
enforceable drinking water standard for trichloroethylene at 0.005 parts per
million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which
have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this
standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered
safe.
2)
Carbon tetrachloride. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that carbon
tetrachloride is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical
was once a popular household cleaning fluid. It generally gets into drinking
water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause
cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are
exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in
laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are
exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. USEPA has set the
123
enforceable drinking water standard for carbon tetrachloride at 0.005 parts per
million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which
have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this
standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered
safe.
3)
1,2-Dichloroethane. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 1,2-
dichloroethane is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical
is used as a cleaning fluid for fats, oils, waxes, and resins. It generally gets
into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown
to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals
are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in
laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are
exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. USEPA has set the
enforceable drinking water standard for 1,2-dichloroethane at 0.005 parts per
million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which
have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this
standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered
safe.
4)
Vinyl chloride. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
sets drinking water standards and has determined that vinyl chloride is a health
concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical is used in industry and is
found in drinking water as a result of the breakdown of related solvents. The
solvents are used as cleaners and degreasers of metals and generally get into
drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been associated
with significantly increased risks of cancer among certain industrial workers
who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during their
working careers. This chemical has also been shown to cause cancer in
laboratory animals when the animals are exposed at high levels over their
lifetimes. Chemicals that cause increased risk of cancer among exposed
industrial workers and in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer
in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. USEPA
has set the enforceable drinking water standard for vinyl chloride at 0.002 parts
per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects
which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets
this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be
considered safe.
5)
Benzene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that benzene is a health concern at
certain levels of exposure. This chemical is used as a solvent and degreaser of
metals. It is also a major component of gasoline. Drinking water
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contamination generally results from leaking underground gasoline and
petroleum tanks or improper waste disposal. This chemical has been associated
with significantly increased risks of leukemia among certain industrial workers
who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during their
working careers. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory
animals when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes.
Chemicals that cause increased risk of cancer among exposed industrial workers
and in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who
are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. USEPA has set the
enforceable drinking water standard for benzene at 0.005 parts per million
(ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have
been observed in humans and laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets
this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be
considered safe.
6)
1,1-Dichloroethylene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 1,1-
dichloroethylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
chemical is used in industry and is found in drinking water as a result of the
breakdown of related solvents. The solvents are used as cleaners and degreasers
of metals and generally get into drinking water by improper waste disposal.
This chemical has been shown to cause liver and kidney damage in laboratory
animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over
their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause adverse effects in laboratory animals also
may cause adverse health effects in humans who are exposed at lower levels
over long periods of time. USEPA has set the enforceable drinking water
standard for 1,1-dichloroethylene at 0.007 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the
risk of these adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory
animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to
none of this risk and should be considered safe.
7)
Para-dichlorobenzene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that para-
dichlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical
is a component of deodorizers, moth balls, and pesticides. It generally gets into
drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to
cause liver and kidney damage in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when
the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals which
cause adverse effects in laboratory animals also may cause adverse health effects
in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. USEPA
has set the enforceable drinking water standard for para-dichlorobenzene at
0.075 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of these adverse health effects
which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets
125
this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be
considered safe.
8)
1,1,1-Trichloroethane. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 1,1,1-
trichloroethane is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical
is used as a cleaner and degreaser of metals. It generally gets into drinking
water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the
liver, nervous system, and circulatory system of laboratory animals such as rats
and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes.
Some industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this
chemical during their working careers also suffered damage to the liver, nervous
system, and circulatory system. Chemicals which cause adverse effects among
exposed industrial workers and in laboratory animals also may cause adverse
health effects in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of
time. USEPA has set the enforceable drinking water standard for 1,1,1-
trichloroethane at 0.2 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these
adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals.
Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this
risk and should be considered safe.
9)
Fluoride. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency requires that we send
you this notice on the level of fluoride in your drinking water. The drinking
water in your community has a fluoride concentration of [concentration to be
provided by supplier] milligrams per liter (mg/L).
Federal regulations require that fluoride, which occurs naturally in your water
supply, not exceed a concentration of 4.0 mg/L in drinking water. This is an
enforceable standard called a Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL), and it has
been established to protect the public health. Exposure to drinking water levels
above 4.0 mg/L for many years may result in some cases of crippling skeletal
fluorosis, which is a serious bone disorder.
Federal law also requires that we notify you when monitoring indicates that the
fluoride in your drinking water exceeds 2.0 mg/L. This is intended to alert
families about dental problems that might affect children under nine years of
age. The fluoride concentration of your water exceeds this federal guideline.
Fluoride in children’s drinking water at levels of approximately 1 mg/L reduces
the number of dental cavities. However, some children exposed to levels of
fluoride greater than about 2.0 mg/L may develop dental fluorosis. Dental
fluorosis, in its moderate and severe forms, is a brown staining and/or pitting of
the permanent teeth.
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Because dental fluorosis occurs only when developing teeth (before they erupt
from the gums) are exposed to elevated fluoride levels, households without
children are not expected to be affected by this level of fluoride. Families with
children under the age of nine are encouraged to seek other sources of drinking
water for their children to avoid the possibility of staining and pitting.
Your water supplier can lower the concentration of fluoride in your water so
that you will still receive the benefits of cavity prevention while the possibility
of stained and pitted teeth is minimized. Removal of fluoride may increase your
water costs. Treatment systems are also commercially available for home use.
Information on such systems is available at the address given below. Low
fluoride bottled drinking water that would meet all standards is also
commercially available.
For further information, contact [name of contact person to be provided by
supplier] at your water system.
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.32(e)(9) and 143.5 (19958).
10)
Microbiological contaminants (for use when there is a violation of the treatment
technique requirements for filtration and disinfection in Subpart B or Subpart R
of this Part). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
sets drinking water standards and has determined that the presence of
microbiological contaminants are a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
If water is inadequately treated, microbiological contaminants in that water may
cause disease. Disease symptoms may include diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and
possibly jaundice, and any associated headaches and fatigue. These symptoms,
however, are not just associated with disease-causing organisms in drinking
water, but also may be caused by a number of factors other than your drinking
water. USEPA has set enforceable requirements for treating drinking water to
reduce the risk of these adverse health effects. Treatment such as filtering and
disinfecting the water removes or destroys microbiological contaminants.
Drinking water which is treated to meet USEPA requirements is associated with
little to none of this risk and should be considered safe.
11)
Total coliforms. (To be used when there is a violation of Section 611.325(a)
and not a violation of Section 611.325(b)). The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined
that the presence of total coliforms is a possible health concern. Total coliforms
are common in the environment and are generally not harmful themselves. The
presence of these bacteria in drinking water, however, generally is a result of a
problem with water treatment or the pipes which distribute the water and
indicates that the water may be contaminated with organisms that can cause
disease. Disease symptoms may include diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and possibly
127
jaundice, and any associated headaches and fatigue. These symptoms, however,
are not just associated with disease-causing organisms in drinking water, but
also may be caused by a number of factors other than your drinking water.
USEPA has set an enforceable drinking water standard for total coliforms to
reduce the risk of these adverse health effects. Under this standard, no more
than 5.0 percent of the samples collected during a month can contain these
bacteria, except that systems collecting fewer than 40 samples/month that have
one total coliform-positive sample per month are not violating the standard.
Drinking water which meets this standard is usually not associated with a health
risk from disease-causing bacteria and should be considered safe.
12)
Fecal Coliforms/E. coli. (To be used when there is a violation of Section
611.325(b) or both Section 611.325(a) and (b).) The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets drinking water standards and
has determined that the presence of fecal coliforms or E. coli is a serious health
concern. Fecal coliforms and E. coli are generally not harmful themselves, but
their presence in drinking water is serious because they usually are associated
with sewage or animal wastes. The presence of these bacteria in drinking water
is generally a result of a problem with water treatment or the pipes which
distribute the water and indicates that the water may be contaminated with
organisms that can cause disease. Disease symptoms may include diarrhea,
cramps, nausea, and possibly jaundice, and associated headaches and fatigue.
These symptoms, however, are not just associated with disease-causing
organisms in drinking water, but also may be caused by a number of factors
other than your drinking water. USEPA has set an enforceable drinking water
standard for fecal coliforms and E. coli to reduce the risk of these adverse
health effects. Under this standard all drinking water samples must be free of
these bacteria. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with
little or none of this risk and should be considered safe. State and local health
authorities recommend that consumers take the following precautions: [To be
inserted by the public water system, according to instruction from State or local
authorities].
13)
Lead. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that lead is a health concern at
certain exposure levels. Materials that contain lead have frequently been used
in the construction of water supply distribution systems, and plumbing systems
in private homes and other buildings. The most commonly found materials
include service lines, pipes, brass and bronze fixtures, and solders and fluxes.
Lead in these materials can contaminate drinking water as a result of the
corrosion that takes place when water comes into contact with those materials.
Lead can cause a variety of adverse health effects in humans. At relatively low
levels of exposure, these effects may include interference with red blood cell
chemistry, delays in normal physical and mental development in babies and
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young children, slight deficits in the attention span, hearing, and learning
abilities of children, and slight increases in the blood pressure of some adults.
USEPA’s national primary drinking water regulation requires all public water
systems to optimize corrosion control to minimize lead contamination resulting
from the corrosion of plumbing materials. Public water systems serving 50,000
people or fewer that have lead concentrations below 15 parts per billion (ppb) in
more than 90% of tap water samples (the USEPA “action level”) have
optimized their corrosion control treatment. Any water system that exceeds the
action level must also monitor their source water to determine whether treatment
to remove lead in source water is needed. Any water system that continues to
exceed the action level after installation of corrosion control and/or source water
treatment must eventually replace all lead service lines contributing in excess of
15 ppb of lead to drinking water. Any water system that exceeds the action
level must also undertake a public education program to inform consumers of
ways they can reduce their exposure to potentially high levels of lead in
drinking water.
14)
Copper. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that copper is a health concern at
certain exposure levels. Copper, a reddish-brown metal, is often used to plumb
residential and commercial structures that are connected to water distribution
systems. Copper contaminating drinking water as a corrosion byproduct occurs
as the result of the corrosion of copper pipes that remain in contact with water
for a prolonged period of time. Copper is an essential nutrient, but at high
doses it has been shown to cause stomach and intestinal distress, liver and
kidney damage, and anemia. Persons with Wilson’s disease may be at a higher
risk of health effects due to copper than the general public. USEPA’s national
primary drinking water regulation requires all public water systems to install
optimal corrosion control to minimize copper contamination resulting from the
corrosion of plumbing materials. Public water systems serving 50,000 people
or fewer that have copper concentrations below 1.3 parts per million (ppm) in
more than 90% of tap water samples (the USEPA “action level”) are not
required to install or improve their treatment. Any water system that exceeds
the action level must also monitor their source water to determine whether
treatment to remove copper in source water is needed.
15)
Asbestos. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that asbestos fibers greater than
10 micrometers in length are a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral. Most asbestos fibers in drinking
water are less than 10 micrometers in length and occur in drinking water from
natural sources and from corroded asbestos-cement pipes in the distribution
system. The major uses of asbestos were in the production of cements, floor
tiles, paper products, paint, and caulking; in transportation-related applications;
129
and in the production of textiles and plastics. Asbestos was once a popular
insulating and fire retardant material. Inhalation studies have shown that
various forms of asbestos have produced lung tumors in laboratory animals.
The available information on the risk of developing gastrointestinal tract cancer
associated with the ingestion of asbestos from drinking water is limited.
Ingestion of intermediate-range chrysolite asbestos fibers greater than 10
micrometers in length is associated with causing benign tumors in male rats.
Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of
cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. USEPA has set
the drinking water standard for asbestos at 7 million long fibers per liter to
reduce the potential risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have
been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets the USEPA
standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered
safe with respect to asbestos.
16)
Barium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that barium is a health concern at
certain levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical occurs naturally in some
aquifers that serve as sources of groundwater. It is also used in oil and gas
drilling muds, automotive paints, bricks, tiles, and jet fuels. It generally gets
into drinking water after dissolving from naturally occurring minerals in the
ground. This chemical may damage the heart and vascular system, and is
associated with high blood pressure in laboratory animals such as rats exposed
to high levels during their lifetimes. In humans, USEPA believes that effects
from barium on blood pressure should not occur below 2 parts per million
(ppm) in drinking water. USEPA has set the drinking water standard for
barium at 2 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse
health effects. Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard is associated
with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to barium.
17)
Cadmium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that cadmium is a health concern at
certain levels of exposure. Food and the smoking of tobacco are common
sources of general exposure. This inorganic metal is a contaminant in the
metals used to galvanize pipe. It generally gets into water by corrosion of
galvanized pipes or by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown
to damage the kidney in animals such as rats and mice when the animals are
exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Some industrial workers who were
exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during working careers also
suffered damage to the kidney. USEPA has set the drinking water standard for
cadmium at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these
adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
cadmium.
130
18)
Chromium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that chromium is a health concern
at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic metal occurs naturally in the
ground and is often used in the electroplating of metals. It generally gets into
water from runoff from old mining operations and improper waste disposal from
plating operations. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidney,
nervous system, and the circulatory system of laboratory animals such as rats
and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels. Some humans who were
exposed to high levels of this chemical suffered liver and kidney damage,
dermatitis, and respiratory problems. USEPA has set the drinking water
standard for chromium at 0.1 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk
of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard
is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
chromium.
19)
Mercury. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that mercury is a health concern at
certain levels of exposure. This inorganic metal is used in electrical equipment
and some water pumps. It usually gets into water as a result of improper waste
disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidney of laboratory
animals such as rats when the animals are exposed at high levels over their
lifetimes. USEPA has set the drinking water standard for mercury at 0.002
parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health
effects. Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard is associated with little
to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to mercury.
20)
Nitrate. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that nitrate poses an acute health
concern at certain levels of exposure. Nitrate is used in fertilizer and is found
in sewage and wastes from human and/or farm animals and generally gets into
drinking water from those activities. Excessive levels of nitrate in drinking
water have caused serious illness and sometimes death in infants under six
months of age. The serious illness in infants is caused because nitrate is
converted to nitrite in the body. Nitrite interferes with the oxygen carrying
capacity of the child’s blood. This is an acute disease in that symptoms can
develop rapidly in infants. In most cases, health deteriorates over a period of
days. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blueness of the skin. Clearly,
expert medical advice should be sought immediately if these symptoms occur.
The purpose of this notice is to encourage parents and other responsible parties
to provide infants with an alternate source of drinking water. Local and State
health authorities are the best source for information concerning alternate
sources of drinking water for infants. USEPA has set the drinking water
standard at 10 parts per million (ppm) for nitrate to protect against the risk of
131
these adverse effects. USEPA has also set a drinking water standard for nitrite
at 1 ppm. To allow for the fact that the toxicity of nitrate and nitrite are
additive, USEPA has also established a standard for the sum of nitrate and
nitrite at 10 ppm. Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard is associated
with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to nitrate.
21)
Nitrite. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that nitrite poses an acute health
concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical is used in
fertilizers and is found in sewage and wastes from humans and/or farm animals
and generally gets into drinking water as a result of those activities. While
excessive levels of nitrite in drinking water have not been observed, other
sources of nitrite have caused serious illness and sometimes death in infants
under six months of age. The serious illness in infants is caused because nitrite
interferes with the oxygen carrying capacity of the child’s blood. This is an
acute disease in that symptoms can develop rapidly. However, in most cases,
health deteriorates over a period of days. Symptoms include shortness of breath
and blueness of the skin. Clearly, expert medical advice should be sought
immediately if these symptoms occur. The purpose of this notice is to
encourage parents and other responsible parties to provide infants with an
alternate source of drinking water. Local and State health authorities are the
best source for information concerning alternate sources of drinking water for
infants. USEPA has set the drinking water standard at 1 part per million (ppm)
for nitrite to protect against the risk of these adverse effects. USEPA has also
set a drinking water standard for nitrate (converted to nitrite in humans) at
10 ppm and for the sum of nitrate and nitrite at 10 ppm. Drinking water that
meets the USEPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is
considered safe with respect to nitrite.
22)
Selenium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that selenium is a health concern at
certain high levels of exposure. Selenium is also an essential nutrient at low
levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical is found naturally in food and soils
and is used in electronics, photocopy operations, the manufacture of glass,
chemicals, drugs, and as a fungicide and a feed additive. In humans, exposure
to high levels of selenium over a long period of time has resulted in a number of
adverse health effects, including a loss of feeling and control in the arms and
legs. USEPA has set the drinking water standard for selenium at 0.05 parts per
million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects.
Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard is associated with little to none
of this risk and is considered safe with respect to selenium.
23)
Acrylamide. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
sets drinking water standards and has determined that acrylamide is a health
132
concern at certain levels of exposure. Polymers made from acrylamide are
sometimes used to treat water supplies to remove particulate contaminants.
Acrylamide has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats
and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes.
Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of
cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. Sufficiently large
doses of acrylamide are known to cause neurological injury. USEPA has set the
drinking water standard for acrylamide using a treatment technique to reduce the
risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in
laboratory animals. This treatment technique limits the amount of acrylamide in
the polymer and the amount of the polymer which may be added to drinking
water to remove particulates. Drinking water systems which comply with this
treatment technique have little to no risk and are considered safe with respect to
acrylamide.
24)
Alachlor. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that alachlor is a health concern at
certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a widely used pesticide.
When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, alachlor may get into drinking
water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into groundwater. This
chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and
mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes.
Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of
cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. USEPA has set
the drinking water standard for alachlor at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to
reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been
observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
alachlor.
25)
Aldicarb. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that aldicarb is a health concern at
certain levels of exposure. Aldicarb is a widely used pesticide. Under certain
soil and climatic conditions (e.g., sandy soil and high rainfall), aldicarb may
leach into groundwater after normal agricultural applications to crops such as
potatoes or peanuts or may enter drinking water supplies as a result of surface
runoff. This chemical has been shown to damage the nervous system in
laboratory animals such as rats and dogs exposed to high levels. USEPA has set
the drinking water standard for aldicarb at 0.003 parts per million (ppm) to
reduce the risk of adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets this
standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with
respect to aldicarb.
133
26)
Aldicarb sulfoxide. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that aldicarb
sulfoxide is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Aldicarb is a widely
used pesticide. Aldicarb sulfoxide in groundwater is primarily a breakdown
product of aldicarb. Under certain soil and climatic conditions (e.g., sandy soil
and high rainfall), aldicarb sulfoxide may leach into groundwater after normal
agricultural applications to crops such as potatoes or peanuts or may enter
drinking water supplies as a result of surface runoff. This chemical has been
shown to damage the nervous system in laboratory animals such as rats and dogs
exposed to high levels. USEPA has set the drinking water standard for aldicarb
sulfoxide at 0.004 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of adverse health
effects. Drinking water that meets this standard is associated with little to none
of this risk and is considered safe with respect to aldicarb sulfoxide.
27)
Aldicarb sulfone. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that aldicarb sulfone
is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Aldicarb is a widely used
pesticide. Aldicarb sulfone in groundwater is primarily a breakdown product of
aldicarb. Under certain soil and climatic conditions (e.g., sandy soil and high
rainfall), aldicarb sulfone may leach into groundwater after normal agricultural
applications to crops such as potatoes or peanuts or may enter drinking water
supplies as a result of surface runoff. This chemical has been shown to damage
the nervous system in laboratory animals such as rats and dogs exposed to high
levels. USEPA has set the drinking water standard for aldicarb sulfone at 0.002
parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of adverse health effects. Drinking
water that meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is
considered safe with respect to aldicarb sulfone.
28)
Atrazine. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that atrazine is a health concern at
certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a herbicide. When soil and
climatic conditions are favorable, atrazine may get into drinking water by runoff
into surface water or by leaching into groundwater. This chemical has been
shown to affect offspring of rats and the hearts of dogs. USEPA has set the
drinking water standard for atrazine at 0.003 parts per million (ppm) to protect
against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the
USEPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered
safe with respect to atrazine.
29)
Carbofuran. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that carbofuran is a health concern
at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a pesticide. When soil
and climatic conditions are favorable, carbofuran may get into drinking water
by runoff into surface water or by leaching into groundwater. This chemical
134
has been shown to damage the nervous and reproductive systems of laboratory
animals such as rats and mice exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Some
humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during
their working careers also suffered damage to the nervous system. Effects on
the nervous system are generally rapidly reversible. USEPA has set the
drinking water standard for carbofuran at 0.04 parts per million (ppm) to protect
against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the
USEPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered
safe with respect to carbofuran.
30)
Chlordane. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that chlordane is a health concern
at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a pesticide used to
control termites. Chlordane is not very mobile in soils. It usually gets into
drinking water after application near water supply intakes or wells. This
chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and
mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes.
Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of
cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. USEPA has set
the drinking water standard for chlordane at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to
reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been
observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard
is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
chlordane.
31)
Dibromochloropropane (DBCP). The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that DBCP
is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical was
once a popular pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable,
DBCP may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching
into groundwater. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory
animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over
their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may
increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of
time. USEPA has set the drinking water standard for DBCP at 0.0002 parts per
million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which
have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets the
USEPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered
safe with respect to DBCP.
32)
o-Dichlorobenzene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
o-dichlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical is used as a solvent in the production of pesticides and dyes.
135
It generally gets into water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been
shown to damage the liver, kidney, and the blood cells of laboratory animals
such as rats and mice exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. Some
industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this
chemical during working careers also suffered damage to the liver, nervous
system, and circulatory system. USEPA has set the drinking water standard for
o-dichlorobenzene at 0.6 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of
these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
o-dichlorobenzene.
33)
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) establishes drinking water standards and has determined that
cis-1,2-dichloroethylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical is used as a solvent and intermediate in chemical production.
It generally gets into water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been
shown to damage the liver, nervous system, and circulatory system of
laboratory animals such as rats and mice when exposed at high levels over their
lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this
chemical also suffered damage to the nervous system. USEPA has set the
drinking water standard for cis-1,2-dichloroethylene at 0.07 parts per million
(ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water
that meets the USEPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and
is considered safe with respect to cis-1,2-dichloroethylene.
34)
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (USEPA) establishes drinking water standards and has determined that
trans-1,2-dichloroethylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
This organic chemical is used as a solvent and intermediate in chemical
production. It generally gets into water by improper waste disposal. This
chemical has been shown to damage the liver, nervous system, and the
circulatory system of laboratory animals such as rats and mice when exposed at
high levels over their lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to relatively
large amounts of this chemical also suffered damage to the nervous system.
USEPA has set the drinking water standard for trans-1,2-dichloroethylene at 0.1
parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health
effects. Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard is associated with little
to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.
35)
1,2-Dichloropropane. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
1,2-dichloropropane is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical is used as a solvent and pesticide. When soil and climatic
136
conditions are favorable, 1,2-dichloropropane may get into drinking water by
runoff into surface water or by leaching into groundwater. It may also get into
drinking water through improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown
to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals
are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in
laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are
exposed over long periods of time. USEPA has set the drinking water standard
for 1,2-dichloropropane at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of
cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory
animals. Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard is associated with little
to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to 1,2-dichloropropane.
36)
2,4-D. This contaminant is subject to an “additional State requirement”. The
supplier shall give the following notice if the level exceeds the Section 611.311
MCL. If the level exceeds the Section 611.310 MCL, but not that of Section
611.311, the supplier shall give a general notice under Section 611.854.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that 2,4-D is a health concern at certain
levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a herbicide and to control
algae in reservoirs. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, 2,4-D may
get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into
groundwater. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver and kidney of
laboratory animals such as rats exposed at high levels during their lifetimes.
Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical
also suffered damage to the nervous system. USEPA has set the drinking water
standard for 2,4-D at 0.07 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of
these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
2,4-D.
37)
Epichlorohydrin. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that epichlorohydrin
is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Polymers made from
epichlorohydrin are sometimes used in the treatment of water supplies as a
flocculent to remove particulates. Epichlorohydrin generally gets into drinking
water by improper use of these polymers. This chemical has been shown to
cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are
exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in
laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are
exposed over long periods of time. USEPA has set the drinking water standard
for epichlorohydrin using a treatment technique to reduce the risk of cancer or
other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals.
This treatment technique limits the amount of epichlorohydrin in the polymer
137
and the amount of the polymer which may be added to drinking water as a
flocculent to remove particulates. Drinking water systems which comply with
this treatment technique have little to no risk and are considered safe with
respect to epichlorohydrin.
38)
Ethylbenzene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
sets drinking water standards and has determined ethylbenzene is a health
concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a major
component of gasoline. It generally gets into water by improper waste disposal
or leaking gasoline tanks. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidney,
liver, and nervous system of laboratory animals such as rats exposed to high
levels during their lifetimes. USEPA has set the drinking water standard for
ethylbenzene at 0.7 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these
adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
ethylbenzene.
39)
Ethylene dibromide (EDB). The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that EDB is
a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical was once
a popular pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, EDB may
get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into
groundwater. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory
animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over
their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may
increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of
time. USEPA has set the drinking water standard for EDB at 0.00005 parts per
million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which
have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this
standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with
respect to EDB.
40)
Heptachlor. This contaminant is subject to an “additional State requirement”.
The supplier shall give the following notice if the level exceeds the Section
611.311 MCL. If the level exceeds the Section 611.310 MCL, but not that of
Section 611.311, the supplier shall give a general notice under Section 611.854.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that heptachlor is a health concern at certain
levels of exposure. This organic chemical was once a popular pesticide. When
soil and climatic conditions are favorable, heptachlor may get into drinking
water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into groundwater. This
chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and
mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes.
138
Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of
cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. USEPA has set
the drinking water standards for heptachlor at 0.0004 parts per million (ppm) to
reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been
observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
heptachlor.
41)
Heptachlor epoxide. This contaminant is subject to an “additional State
requirement”. The supplier shall give the following notice if the level exceeds
the Section 611.311 MCL. If the level exceeds the Section 611.310 MCL, but
not that of Section 611.311, the supplier shall give a general notice under
Section 611.854.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets drinking
water standards and has determined that heptachlor epoxide is a health concern
at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical was once a popular
pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, heptachlor epoxide
may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into
groundwater. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory
animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over
their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may
increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of
time. USEPA has set the drinking water standards for heptachlor epoxide at
0.0002 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse
health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water
that meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is
considered safe with respect to heptachlor epoxide.
42)
Lindane. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that lindane is a health concern at
certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a pesticide. When
soil and climatic conditions are favorable, lindane may get into drinking water
by runoff into surface water or by leaching into groundwater. This chemical
has been shown to damage the liver, kidney, nervous system, and immune
system of laboratory animals such as rats, mice and dogs exposed at high levels
during their lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to relatively large
amounts of this chemical also suffered damage to the nervous system and
circulatory system. USEPA has established the drinking water standard for
lindane at 0.0002 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these
adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
lindane.
139
43)
Methoxychlor. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
sets drinking water standards and has determined that methoxychlor is a health
concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a
pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, methoxychlor may
get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into
groundwater. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidney,
nervous system, and reproductive system of laboratory animals such as rats
exposed at high levels during their lifetimes. It has also been shown to produce
growth retardation in rats. USEPA has set the drinking water standard for
methoxychlor at 0.04 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these
adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
methoxychlor.
44)
Monochlorobenzene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
monochlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical is used as a solvent. It generally gets into water by improper
waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidney, and
nervous system of laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed to high
levels during their lifetimes. USEPA has set the drinking water standard for
monochlorobenzene at 0.1 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of
these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
monochlorobenzene.
45)
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a health concern at certain levels of
exposure. These organic chemicals were once widely used in electrical
transformers and other industrial equipment. They generally get into drinking
water by improper waste disposal or leaking electrical industrial equipment.
This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats
and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes.
Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of
cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. USEPA has set
the drinking water standard for PCBs at 0.0005 parts per million (ppm) to
reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been
observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
PCBs.
46)
Pentachlorophenol. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that pentachloro-
140
phenol is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical
is widely used as a wood preservative, herbicide, disinfectant, and defoliant. It
generally gets into drinking water by runoff into surface water or leaching into
groundwater. This chemical has been shown to produce adverse reproductive
effects and to damage the liver and kidneys of laboratory animals such as rats
and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes.
Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical
also suffered damage to the liver and kidneys. This chemical has been shown to
cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are
exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in
laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are
exposed over long periods of time. USEPA has set the drinking water standard
for pentachlorophenol at 0.001 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of
adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets this standard is associated
with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to pentachloro-
phenol.
47)
Styrene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that styrene is a health concern at
certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is commonly used to make
plastics and is sometimes a component of resins used for drinking water
treatment. Styrene may get into drinking water from improper waste disposal.
This chemical has been shown to damage the liver and nervous system in
laboratory animals when exposed at high levels during their lifetimes. USEPA
has set the drinking water standard for styrene at 0.1 parts per million (ppm) to
protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that
meets the USEPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is
considered safe with respect to styrene.
48)
Tetrachloroethylene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
tetrachloroethylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical has been a popular solvent, particularly for dry cleaning. It
generally gets into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical
has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice
when the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that
cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in
humans who are exposed over long periods of time. USEPA has set the
drinking water standard for tetrachloroethylene at 0.005 parts per million (ppm)
to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been
observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
tetrachloroethylene.
141
49)
Toluene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that toluene is a health concern at
certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a solvent and in the
manufacture of gasoline for airplanes. It generally gets into water by improper
waste disposal or leaking underground storage tanks. This chemical has been
shown to damage the kidney, nervous system, and circulatory system of
laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed to high levels during their
lifetimes. Some industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large
amounts of this chemical during working careers also suffered damage to the
liver, kidney, and nervous system. USEPA has set the drinking water standard
for toluene at 1 part per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these
adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
toluene.
50)
Toxaphene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that toxaphene is a health concern
at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical was once a pesticide widely
used on cotton, corn, soybeans, pineapples, and other crops. When soil and
climatic conditions are favorable, toxaphene may get into drinking water by
runoff into surface water or by leaching into groundwater. This chemical has
been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when
the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause
cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who
are exposed over long periods of time. USEPA has set the drinking water
standard for toxaphene at 0.003 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of
cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory
animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is associated with little to none
of this risk and is considered safe with respect to toxaphene.
51)
2,4,5-TP. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that 2,4,5-TP is a health concern at
certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a herbicide. When
soil and climatic conditions are favorable, 2,4,5-TP may get into drinking water
by runoff into surface water or by leaching into groundwater. This chemical
has been shown to damage the liver and kidney of laboratory animals such as
rats and dogs exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. Some industrial
workers who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during
working careers also suffered damage to the nervous system. USEPA has set
the drinking water standard for 2,4,5-TP at 0.05 parts per million (ppm) to
protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that
meets the USEPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is
considered safe with respect to 2,4,5-TP.
142
52)
Xylenes. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that xylene is a health concern at
certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used in the manufacture of
gasoline for airplanes and as a solvent for pesticides, and as a cleaner and
degreaser of metals. It usually gets into water by improper waste disposal.
This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidney, and nervous system
of laboratory animals such as rats and dogs exposed to high levels during their
lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this
chemical also suffered damage to the nervous system. USEPA has set the
drinking water standard for xylene at 10 parts per million (ppm) to protect
against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the
USEPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered
safe with respect to xylene.
53)
Antimony. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that antimony is a health concern
at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical occurs naturally in soils,
groundwater, and surface water and is often used in the flame retardant
industry. It is also used in ceramics and glass, batteries, fireworks, and
explosives. It may get into drinking water through natural weathering of rock,
industrial production, municipal waste disposal, or manufacturing processes.
This chemical has been shown to decrease longevity, and altered blood levels of
cholesterol and glucose in laboratory animals such as rats exposed to high levels
during their lifetimes. USEPA has set the drinking water standard for antimony
at 0.006 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse
health effects. Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard is associated
with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to antimony.
54)
Beryllium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that beryllium is a health concern
at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical occurs naturally in soils,
groundwater, and surface water and is often used in electrical equipment and
electrical components. It generally gets into water from runoff from mining
operations, discharge from processing plants, and improper waste disposal.
Beryllium compounds have been associated with damage to the bones and lungs
and induction of cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the
animals are exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. There is limited
evidence to suggest that beryllium may pose a cancer risk via drinking water
exposure. Therefore, USEPA based the health assessment on noncancer effects
with and extra uncertainty factor to account for possible carcinogenicity.
Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of
cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. USEPA has set
the drinking water standard for beryllium at 0.004 parts per million (ppm) to
protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that
143
meets the USEPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is
considered safe with respect to beryllium.
55)
Cyanide. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that cyanide is a health concern at
certain levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical is used in electroplating,
steel processing, plastics, synthetic fabrics, and fertilizer products. It usually
gets into water as a result of improper waste disposal. This chemical has been
shown to damage the spleen, brain, and liver of humans fatally poisoned with
cyanide. USEPA has set the drinking water standard for cyanide at 0.2 parts
per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects.
Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard is associated with little to none
of this risk and is considered safe with respect to cyanide.
56)
Nickel. This subsection corresponds with 40 CFR 141.32(e)(56) marked
“reserved” by USEPA. This statement maintains structural consistency with
USEPA rules.
57)
Thallium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that thallium is a health concern at
certain high levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical occurs naturally in
soils, groundwater, and surface water and is used in electronics,
pharmaceuticals, and the manufacture of glass and alloys. This chemical has
been shown to damage the kidney, liver, brain, and intestines of laboratory
animals when the animals are exposed to high levels during their lifetimes.
USEPA has set the drinking water standard for thallium at 0.002 parts per
million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects.
Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard is associated with little to none
of this risk and is considered safe with respect to thallium.
58)
Benzo(a)pyrene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
sets drinking water standards and has determined that benzo(a)pyrene is a health
concern at certain levels of exposure. Cigarette smoke and charbroiled meats
are common sources of general exposure. The major source of benzo(a)pyrene
in drinking water is the leaching from coal tar lining and sealants in water
storage tanks. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in animals such as
rats and mice when the animals are exposed to high levels. USEPA has set the
drinking water standard for benzo(a)pyrene at 0.0002 parts per million (ppm) to
protect against the risk of cancer. Drinking water that meets the USEPA
standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with
respect to benzo(a)pyrene.
59)
Dalapon. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that dalapon is a health concern at
144
certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a widely used herbicide. It
may get into drinking water after application to control grasses in crops,
drainage ditches, and along railroads. This chemical has been associated with
damage to the kidney and liver in laboratory animals when the animals are
exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. USEPA has set the drinking water
standard for dalapon at 0.2 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of
these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
dalapon.
60)
Dichloromethane. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that dichloro-
methane (methylene chloride) is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
This organic chemical is a widely used solvent. It is used in the manufacture of
paint remover, as a metal degreaser, and as an aerosol propellant. It generally
gets into water after improper discharge of waste disposal. This chemical has
been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when
the animals are exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. Chemicals that
cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in
humans who are exposed over long periods of time. USEPA has set the
drinking water standard for dichloromethane at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to
protect against the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects. Drinking
water that meets the USEPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk
and is considered safe with respect to dichloromethane.
61)
Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that di(2-ethyl-
hexyl)adipate is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Di(2-ethyl-
hexyl)adipate is a widely used plasticizer in a variety of products, including
synthetic rubber, food packaging materials, and cosmetics. It may get into
drinking water after improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to
damage the liver and testes in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the
animals are exposed to high levels. USEPA has set the drinking water standard
for di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate at 0.4 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the
risk of adverse health effects that have been observed in laboratory animals.
Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard is associated with little to none
of this risk and is considered safe with respect to di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate.
62)
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that di(2-ethyl-
hexyl)phthalate is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Di(2-ethyl-
hexyl)phthalate is a widely used plasticizer, which is primarily used in the
production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resins. It may get into drinking water
after improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in
145
laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed to high
levels during their lifetimes. USEPA has set the drinking water standard for di-
(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate at 0.006 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the
risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been oabserved in
laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate.
63)
Dinoseb. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that dinoseb is a health concern at
certain levels of exposure. Dinoseb is a widely used pesticide and generally
gets into water after application on orchards, vineyards, and other crops. This
chemical has been shown to damage the thyroid and reproductive organs in
laboratory animals such as rats exposed to high levels. USEPA has set the
drinking water standard for dinoseb at 0.007 parts per million (ppm) to protect
against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the
USEPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered
safe with respect to dinoseb.
64)
Diquat. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that diquat is a health concern at
certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a herbicide used to control
terrestrial and aquatic weeds. It may get into drinking water by runoff into
surface water. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidney, and
gastrointestinal tract and causes cataract formation in laboratory animals such as
dogs and rats exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. USEPA has set the
drinking water standard for diquat at 0.02 parts per million (ppm) to protect
against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the
USEPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered
safe with respect to diquat.
65)
Endothall. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that endothall is a health concern at
certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a herbicide used to control
terrestrial and aquatic weeds. It may get into drinking water by runoff into
surface water. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidney,
gastrointestinal tract, and reproductive system of laboratory animals such as rats
and mice exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. USEPA has set the
drinking water standard for endothall at 0.1 parts per million (ppm) to protect
against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the
USEPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered
safe with respect to endothall.
146
66)
Endrin. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that endrin is a health concern at
certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a pesticide no longer
registered for use in the United States. However, this pesticide is persistent in
treated soils and accumulates in sediments and aquatic and terrestrial biota.
This chemical has been shown to cause damage to the liver, kidney, and heart in
laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed to high
levels during their lifetimes. USEPA has set the drinking water standard for
endrin at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these
adverse health effects that have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking
water that meets the USEPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk
and is considered safe with respect to endrin.
67)
Glyphosate. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that glyphosate is a health concern
at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a herbicide used to
control grasses and weeds. It may get into drinking water by runoff into surface
water. This chemical has been shown to cause damage to the liver and kidneys
in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed to
high levels during their lifetimes. USEPA has set the drinking water standard
for glyphosate at 0.7 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these
adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
glyphosate.
68)
Hexachlorobenzene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that hexachloro-
benzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical
is produced as an impurity in the manufacture of certain solvents and pesticides.
This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats
and mice when the animals are exposed to high levels during their lifetimes.
Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of
cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. USEPA has set
the drinking water standard for hexachlorobenzene at 0.001 parts per million
(ppm) to protect against the risk of cancer and other adverse health effects.
Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard is associated with little to none
of this risk and is considered safe with respect to hexachlorobenzene.
69)
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that hexa-
chlorocyclopentadiene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical is a used as an intermediate in the manufacture of pesticides
and flame retardants. It may get into water by discharge from production
facilities. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidney and the stomach
147
of laboratory animals when exposed to high levels during their lifetimes.
USEPA has set the drinking water standard for hexachlorocyclopentadiene at
0.05 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health
effects. Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard is associated with little
to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to hexachlorocyclopenta-
diene.
70)
Oxamyl. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that oxamyl is a health concern at
certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a pesticide for the
control of insects and other pests. It may get into drinking water by runoff into
surface water or leaching into groundwater. This chemical has been shown to
damage the kidneys of laboratory animals such as rats when exposed at high
levels during their lifetimes. USEPA has set the drinking water standard for
oxamyl at 0.2 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse
health effects. Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard is associated
with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to oxamyl.
71)
Picloram. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that picloram is a health concern at
certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a pesticide for
broadleaf weed control. It may get into drinking water by runoff into surface
water or leaching into groundwater as a result of pesticide application and
improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause damage to the
kidneys and liver in laboratory animals such as rats when the animals are
exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. USEPA has set the drinking water
standard for picloram at 0.5 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk
of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard
is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
picloram.
72)
Simazine. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets
drinking water standards and has determined that simazine is a health concern at
certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a herbicide used to control
annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. It may leach into groundwater or run off
into surface water after application. This chemical may cause cancer in
laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed to high
levels during their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals
also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long
periods of time. USEPA has set the drinking water standard for simazine at
0.004 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or adverse health
effects. Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard is associated with little
to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to simazine.
148
73)
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 1,2,4-trichloro-
benzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical
is used as a dye carrier and as a precursor in herbicide manufacture. It
generally gets into drinking water by discharges from industrial activities. This
chemical has been shown to cause damage to several organs, including the
adrenal glands. USEPA has set the drinking water standard for 1,2,4-trichloro-
benzene at 0.07 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these
adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene.
74)
1,1,2-Trichloroethane. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 1,1,2-trichloro-
ethane is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical
is an intermediate in the production of 1,1-dichloroethylene. It generally gets
into water by industrial discharge of wastes. This chemical has been shown to
damage the kidney and liver of laboratory animals such as rats exposed to high
levels during their lifetimes. USEPA has set the drinking water standard for
1,1,2-trichloroethane at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk
of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the USEPA standard
is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
1,1,2-trichloroethane.
75)
2,3,7,8-TCDD (dioxin). The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that dioxin is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is an
impurity in the production of some pesticides. It may get into drinking water
by industrial discharge of wastes. This chemical has been shown to cause
cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are
exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in
laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are
exposed over long periods of time. USEPA has set the drinking water standard
for dioxin at 0.00000003 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of
cancer or other adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the USEPA
standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with
respect to dioxin.
76) Chlorine. The USEPA sets drinking water standards and has determined that
chlorine is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Chlorine is added to
drinking water as a disinfectant to kill bacteria and other disease-causing
microorganisms and is also added to provide continuous disinfection throughout
the distribution system. Disinfection is required for surface water systems.
However, at high doses for extended periods of time, chlorine has been shown to
149
affect blood and the liver in laboratory animals. USEPA has set a drinking water
standard for chlorine to protect against the risk of these adverse effects. Drinking
water which meets this USEPA standard is associated with little to none of this
risk and should be considered safe with respect to chlorine.
77) Chloramines. The USEPA sets drinking water standards and has determined that
chloramines are a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Chloramines are
added to drinking water as a disinfectant to kill bacteria and other disease-causing
microorganisms and are also added to provide continuous disinfection throughout
the distribution system. Disinfection is required for surface water systems.
However, at high doses for extended periods of time, chloramines have been
shown to affect blood and the liver in laboratory animals. USEPA has set a
drinking water standard for chloramines to protect against the risk of these adverse
effects. Drinking water which meets this USEPA standard is associated with little
to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to chloramines.
78) Chlorine dioxide. The USEPA sets drinking water standards and has determined
that chlorine dioxide is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Chlorine
dioxide is used in water treatment to kill bacteria and other disease-causing
microorganisms and can be used to control tastes and odors. Disinfection is
required for surface water systems. However, at high doses, chlorine
dioxide-treated drinking water has been shown to affect blood in laboratory
animals. Also, high levels of chlorine dioxide given to laboratory animals in
drinking water have been shown to cause neurological effects on the developing
nervous system. These neurodevelopmental effects may occur as a result of a
short-term excessive chlorine dioxide exposure. To protect against such
potentially harmful exposures, USEPA requires chlorine dioxide monitoring at the
treatment plant, where disinfection occurs, and at representative points in the
distribution system serving water users. USEPA has set a drinking water standard
for chlorine dioxide to protect against the risk of these adverse effects.
Note: In addition to the language in this introductory text of subsection
(78), systems must include either the language in subsection (78)(a) or
(78)(b) of this Appendix. Systems with a violation at the treatment plant,
but not in the distribution system, are required to use the language in
subsection (78)(a) and treat the violation as a nonacute violation. Systems
with a violation in the distribution system are required to use the language
in subsection (78)(b) of this Appendix and treat the violation as an acute
violation.
a) The chlorine dioxide violations reported today are the result of
exceedences at the treatment facility only, and do not include violations
within the distribution system serving users of this water supply. Continued
150
compliance with chlorine dioxide levels within the distribution system
minimizes the potential risk of these violations to present consumers.
b) The chlorine dioxide violations reported today include exceedences of the
USEPA standard within the distribution system serving water users.
Violations of the chlorine dioxide standard within the distribution system
may harm human health based on short-term exposures. Certain groups,
including pregnant women, infants, and young children, may be especially
susceptible to adverse effects of excessive exposure to chlorine
dioxide-treated water. The purpose of this notice is to advise that such
persons should consider reducing their risk of adverse effects from these
chlorine dioxide violations by seeking alternate sources of water for human
consumption until such exceedences are rectified. Local and State health
authorities are the best sources for information concerning alternate
drinking water.
79) Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and treatment technique for DBPs. The USEPA
sets drinking water standards and requires the disinfection of drinking water.
However, when used in the treatment of drinking water, disinfectants react with
naturally-occurring organic and inorganic matter present in water to form
chemicals called disinfection byproducts (DBPs). USEPA has determined that a
number of DBPs are a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Certain DBPs,
including some trihalomethanes (THMs) and some haloacetic acids (HAAs), have
been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals. Other DBPs have been shown
to affect the liver and the nervous system, and cause reproductive or
developmental effects in laboratory animals. Exposure to certain DBPs may
produce similar effects in people. USEPA has set standards to limit exposure to
THMs, HAAs, and other DBPs.
80) Bromate. The USEPA sets drinking water standards and has determined that
bromate is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Bromate is formed as a
byproduct of ozone disinfection of drinking water. Ozone reacts with naturally
occurring bromide in the water to form bromate. Bromate has been shown to
produce cancer in rats. USEPA has set a drinking water standard to limit exposure
to bromate.
81) Chlorite. The USEPA sets drinking water standards and has determined that
chlorite is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Chlorite is formed from
the breakdown of chlorine dioxide, a drinking water disinfectant. Chlorite in
drinking water has been shown to affect blood and the developing nervous system.
USEPA has set a drinking water standard for chlorite to protect against these
effects. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to none
of these risks and should be considered safe with respect to chlorite.
151
BOARD NOTE: Derived from 40 CFR 141.32(e) (19958).
(Source: Amended at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.Appendix F Converting Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) Compliance
Values for Consumer Confidence Reports
Key
AL=Action Level
MCL=Maximum Contaminant Level
MCLG=Maximum Contaminant Level Goal
MFL=million fibers per liter
mrem/year=millirems per year (a measure of radiation absorbed by the body)
NTU=Nephelometric Turbidity Units
pCi/L=picocuries per liter (a measure of radioactivity)
ppm=parts per million, or milligrams per liter (mg/L)
ppb=parts per billion, or micrograms per liter (
μ
g/L)
ppt=parts per trillion, or nanograms per liter
ppq=parts per quadrillion, or picograms per liter
TT=Treatment Technique
Contaminant
MCL in
compliance
units
(mg/L)
multiply by . . .
MCL in CCR
units
MCLG
in CCR
units
Microbiological Contaminants
1. Total Coliform Bacteria
(systems that
collect 40 or
more samples
per month) 5%
of monthly
samples are
positive;
(systems that
collect fewer
than 40
samples per
month) 1
positive
monthly
sample.
0
2. Fecal coliform and E. coli
A routine
0
152
sample and a
repeat sample
are total
coliform
positive, and
one is also
fecal coliform
or E. coli
positive.
3. Turbidity
TT (NTU)
n/a
Radioactive Contaminants
4. Beta/photon emitters
4 mrem/yr
4 mrem/yr
0
5. Alpha emitters
15 pCi/L
15 pCi/L
0
6. Combined radium
5 pCi/L
5 pCi/L
0
Inorganic Contaminants
7. Antimony
0.006
1000
6 ppb
6
8. Arsenic
0.05
1000
50 ppb
n/a
9. Asbestos
7 MFL
7 MFL
7
10. Barium
2
2 ppm
2
11. Beryllium
0.004
1000
4 ppb
4
12. Cadmium
0.005
1000
5 ppb
5
13. Chromium
0.1
1000
100 ppb
100
14. Copper
AL=1.3
AL=1.3 ppm
1.3
15. Cyanide
0.2
1000
200 ppb
200
16. Fluoride
4
4 ppm
4
17. Lead
AL=.015
1000
AL=15 ppb
0
18. Mercury (inorganic)
0.002
1000
2 ppb
2
19. Nitrate (as Nitrogen)
10
10 ppm
10
20. Nitrite (as Nitrogen)
1
1 ppm
1
21. Selenium
0.05
1000
50 ppb
50
22. Thallium
0.002
1000
2 ppb
0.5
Synthetic Organic Contaminants
Including Pesticides and Herbicides
23. 2,4-D
0.07
1000
70 ppb
70
24. 2,4,5-TP [Silvex]
0.05
1000
50 ppb
50
25. Acrylamide
TT
0
26. Alachlor
0.002
1000
2 ppb
0
27. Atrazine
0.003
1000
3 ppb
3
28. Benzo(a)pyrene [PAH]
0.0002
1,000,000
200 ppt
0
29. Carbofuran
0.04
1000
40 ppb
40
30. Chlordane
0.002
1000
2 ppb
0
153
31. Dalapon
0.2
1000
200 ppb
200
32. Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate
0.4
1000
400 ppb
400
33. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
0.006
1000
6 ppb
0
34. Dibromochloropropane
0.0002
1,000,000
200 ppt
0
35. Dinoseb
0.007
1000
7 ppb
7
36. Diquat
0.02
1000
20 ppb
20
37. Dioxin [2,3,7,8-TCDD]
0.00000003
1,000,000,000
30 ppq
0
38. Endothall
0.1
1000
100 ppb
100
39. Endrin
0.002
1000
2 ppb
2
40. Epichlorohydrin
TT
0
41. Ethylene dibromide
0.00005
1,000,000
50 ppt
0
42. Glyphosate
0.7
1000
700 ppb
700
43. Heptachlor
0.0004
1,000,000
400 ppt
0
44. Heptachlor epoxide
0.0002
1,000,000
200 ppt
0
45. Hexachlorobenzene
0.001
1000
1 ppb
0
46. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
0.05
1000
50 ppb
50
47. Lindane
0.0002
1,000,000
200 ppt
200
48. Methoxychlor
0.04
1000
40 ppb
40
49. Oxamyl [Vydate]
0.2
1000
200 ppb
200
50. PCBs [Polychlorinated biphenyls]
0.0005
1,000,000
500 ppt
0
51. Pentachlorophenol
0.001
1000
1 ppb
0
52. Picloram
0.5
1000
500 ppb
500
53. Simazine
0.004
1000
4 ppb
4
54. Toxaphene
0.003
1000
3 ppb
0
Volatile Organic Contaminants
55. Benzene
0.005
1000
5 ppb
0
56. Carbon tetrachloride
0.005
1000
5 ppb
0
57. Chlorobenzene
0.1
1000
100 ppb
100
58. o-Dichlorobenzene
0.6
1000
600 ppb
600
59. p-Dichlorobenzene
0.075
1000
75 ppb
75
60. 1,2-Dichloroethane
0.005
1000
5 ppb
0
61. 1,1-Dichloroethylene
0.007
1000
7 ppb
7
62. cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene
0.07
1000
70 ppb
70
63. trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
0.1
1000
100 ppb
100
64. Dichloromethane
0.005
1000
5 ppb
0
65. 1,2-Dichloropropane
0.005
1000
5 ppb
0
66. Ethylbenzene
0.7
1000
700 ppb
700
67. Styrene
0.1
1000
100 ppb
100
68. Tetrachloroethylene
0.005
1000
5 ppb
0
69. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
0.07
1000
70 ppb
70
70. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
0.2
1000
200 ppb
200
71. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane
0.005
1000
5 ppb
3
72. Trichloroethylene
0.005
1000
5 ppb
0
154
73. TTHMs [Total trihalomethanes]
0.10
1000
100 ppb
n/a
74. Toluene
1
1 ppm
1
75. Vinyl Chloride
0.002
1000
2 ppb
0
76. Xylenes
10
10 ppm
10
BOARD NOTE: Derived from Appendix A to Subpart O, 40 CFR Subpart O (1998).
(Source: Added at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.Appendix G Regulated Contaminants
Key
AL=Action Level
MCL=Maximum Contaminant Level
MCLG=Maximum Contaminant Level Goal
MFL=million fibers per liter
mrem/year=millirems per year (a measure of radiation absorbed by the body)
NTU=Nephelometric Turbidity Units
pCi/L=picocuries per liter (a measure of radioactivity)
ppm=parts per million, or milligrams per liter (mg/L)
ppb=parts per billion, or micrograms per liter (
μ
g/L)
ppt=parts per trillion, or nanograms per liter
ppq=parts per quadrillion, or picograms per liter
TT=Treatment Technique
Contaminant (units)
MCLG
MCL
Major sources in drinking water
Microbiological Contaminants
1. Total Coliform Bacteria
0
(systems that
collect 40 or
more samples
per month) 5%
of monthly
samples are
positive;
(systems that
collect fewer
than 40
samples per
month) 1
positive sample
Naturally present in the
environment
2. Fecal coliform and E. coli
0
A routine
sample and a
repeat sample
Human and animal fecal waste
155
are fecal
coliform
positive, and
one is also
fecal coliform
or E. coli
positive
3. Turbidity
n/a
TT
Soil runoff
Radioactive Contaminants
4. Beta/photon emitters
(mrem/yr)
0
4
Decay of natural and man-made
deposits
5. Alpha emitters (pCi/L)
0
15
Erosion of natural deposits
6. Combined radium (pCi/L)
0
5
Erosion of natural deposits
Inorganic Contaminants
7. Antimony (ppb)
6
6
Discharge from petroleum
refineries; Fire retardants;
Ceramics; Electronics; Solder
8. Arsenic (ppb)
n/a
50
Erosion of natural deposits;
Runoff from orchards; Runoff
from glass and electronics
production wastes
9. Asbestos (MFL)
7
7
Decay of asbestos cement
water mains; Erosion of
natural deposits
10. Barium (ppm)
2
2
Discharge of drilling wastes;
Discharge from metal
refineries; Erosion of natural
deposits
11. Beryllium (ppb)
4
4
Discharge from metal
refineries and coal-burning
factories; Discharge from
electrical, aerospace, and
defense industries
12. Cadmium (ppb)
5
5
Corrosion of galvanized pipes;
Erosion of natural deposits;
Discharge from metal
refineries; Runoff from waste
batteries and paints
13. Chromium (ppb)
100
100
Discharge from steel and pulp
mills; Erosion of natural
deposits
14. Copper (ppm)
1.3
AL=1.3
Corrosion of household
plumbing systems; Erosion of
natural deposits; Leaching
156
from wood preservatives
15. Cyanide (ppb)
200
200
Discharge from steel/metal
factories; Discharge from
plastic and fertilizer factories
16. Fluoride (ppm)
4
4
Erosion of natural deposits;
Water additive which
promotes strong teeth;
Discharge from fertilizer and
aluminum factories
17. Lead (ppb)
0
AL=15
Corrosion of household
plumbing systems; Erosion of
natural deposits
18. Mercury [inorganic] (ppb)
2
2
Erosion of natural deposits;
Discharge from refineries and
factories; Runoff from
landfills; Runoff from cropland
19. Nitrate [as Nitrogen] (ppm)
10
10
Runoff from fertilizer use;
Leaching from septic tanks,
sewage; Erosion of natural
deposits
20. Nitrite [as Nitrogen] (ppm)
1
1
Runoff from fertilizer use;
Leaching from septic tanks,
sewage; Erosion of natural
deposits
21. Selenium (ppb)
50
50
Discharge from petroleum and
metal refineries; Erosion of
natural deposits; Discharge
from mines
22. Thallium (ppb)
0.5
2
Leaching from ore-processing
sites; Discharge from
electronics, glass, and drug
factories
Synthetic Organic Contaminants
Including Pesticides and
Herbicides
23. 2,4-D (ppb)
70
70
Runoff from herbicide used on
row crops
24. 2,4,5-TP [Silvex] (ppb)
50
50
Residue of banned herbicide
25. Acrylamide
0
TT
Added to water during
sewage/wastewater treatment
26. Alachlor (ppb)
0
2
Runoff from herbicide used on
row crops
27. Atrazine (ppb)
3
3
Runoff from herbicide used on
row crops
157
28. Benzo(a)pyrene [PAH]
(nanograms/L)
0
200
Leaching from linings of water
storage tanks and distribution
lines
29. Carbofuran (ppb)
40
40
Leaching of soil fumigant used
on rice and alfalfa
30. Chlordane (ppb)
0
2
Residue of banned termiticide
31. Dalapon (ppb)
200
200
Runoff from herbicide used on
rights of way
32. Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate
(ppb)
400
400
Discharge from chemical
factories
33. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
(ppb)
0
6
Discharge from rubber and
chemical factories
34 Dibromochloropropane (ppt)
0
200
Runoff/leaching from soil
fumigant used on soybeans,
cotton, pineapples, and
orchards
35. Dinoseb (ppb)
7
7
Runoff from herbicide used on
soybeans and vegetables
36. Diquat (ppb)
20
20
Runoff from herbicide use
37. Dioxin [2,3,7,8-TCDD]
(ppq)
0
30
Emissions from waste
incineration and other
combustion; Discharge from
chemical factories
38. Endothall (ppb)
100
100
Runoff from herbicide use
39. Endrin (ppb)
2
2
Residue of banned insecticide
40. Epichlorohydrin
0
TT
Discharge from industrial
chemical factories; An
impurity of some water
treatment chemicals
41. Ethylene dibromide (ppt)
0
50
Discharge from petroleum
refineries
42. Glyphosate (ppb)
700
700
Runoff from herbicide use
43. Heptachlor (ppt)
0
400
Residue of banned termiticide
44. Heptachlor epoxide (ppt)
0
200
Breakdown of heptachlor
45. Hexachlorobenzene (ppb)
0
1
Discharge from metal
refineries and agricultural
chemical factories
46. Hexachlorocyclo-
pentadiene (ppb)
50
50
Discharge from chemical
factories
47. Lindane (ppt)
200
200
Runoff/leaching from
insecticide used on cattle,
lumber, gardens
48. Methoxychlor (ppb)
40
40
Runoff/leaching from
insecticide used on fruits,
158
vegetables, alfalfa, livestock
49. Oxamyl [Vydate](ppb)
200
200
Runoff/leaching from
insecticide used on apples,
potatoes, and tomatoes
50. PCBs [Polychlorinated
biphenyls] (ppt)
0
500
Runoff from landfills;
Discharge of waste chemicals
51. Pentachlorophenol (ppb)
0
1
Discharge from wood
preserving factories
52. Picloram (ppb)
500
500
Herbicide runoff
53. Simazine (ppb)
4
4
Herbicide runoff
54. Toxaphene (ppb)
0
3
Runoff/leaching from
insecticide used on cotton and
cattle
Volatile Organic Contaminants
55. Benzene (ppb)
0
5
Discharge from factories;
Leaching from gas storage
tanks and landfills
56. Carbon tetrachloride (ppb)
0
5
Discharge from chemical
plants and other industrial
activities
57. Chlorobenzene (ppb)
100
100
Discharge from chemical and
agricultural chemical factories
58. o-Dichlorobenzene (ppb)
600
600
Discharge from industrial
chemical factories
59. p-Dichlorobenzene (ppb)
75
75
Discharge from industrial
chemical factories
60. 1,2-Dichloroethane (ppb)
0
5
Discharge from industrial
chemical factories
61. 1,1-Dichloroethylene (ppb)
7
7
Discharge from industrial
chemical factories
62. cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene
(ppb)
70
70
Discharge from industrial
chemical factories
63. trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
(ppb)
100
100
Discharge from industrial
chemical factories
64. Dichloromethane (ppb)
0
5
Discharge from
pharmaceutical and chemical
factories
65. 1,2-Dichloropropane (ppb)
0
5
Discharge from industrial
chemical factories
66. Ethylbenzene (ppb)
700
700
Discharge from petroleum
refineries
67. Styrene (ppb)
100
100
Discharge from rubber and
plastic factories; Leaching
from landfills
159
68. Tetrachloroethylene (ppb)
0
5
Leaching from PVC pipes;
Discharge from factories and
dry cleaners
69. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
(ppb)
70
70
Discharge from textile—
finishing factories
70. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (ppb)
200
200
Discharge from metal
degreasing sites and other
factories
71. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane (ppb)
3
5
Discharge from industrial
chemical factories
72. Trichloroethylene (ppb)
0
5
Discharge from metal
degreasing sites and other
factories
73. TTHMs [Total
trihalomethanes] (ppb)
n/a
100
Byproduct of drinking water
chlorination
74. Toluene (ppm)
1
1
Discharge from petroleum
factories
75. Vinyl Chloride (ppb)
0
2
Leaching from PVC piping;
Discharge from plastics
factories
76. Xylenes (ppm)
10
10
Discharge from petroleum
factories; Discharge from
chemical factories
BOARD NOTE: Derived from Appendix B to Subpart O, 40 CFR Subpart O (1998).
(Source: Added at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
Section 611.Appendix H Health Effects Language
Microbiological Contaminants
1) Total Coliform. Coliforms are bacteria that are naturally present in the
environment and are used as an indicator that other, potentially-harmful, bacteria
may be present. Coliforms were found in more samples than allowed and this was
a warning of potential problems.
2) Fecal coliform/E.coli. Fecal coliforms and E. coli are bacteria whose presence
indicates that the water may be contaminated with human or animal wastes.
Microbes in these wastes can cause short-term effects, such as diarrhea, cramps,
nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. They may pose a special health risk for
infants, young children, and people with severely compromised immune systems.
160
3) Turbidity. Turbidity has no health effects. However, turbidity can interfere with
disinfection and provide a medium for microbial growth. Turbidity may indicate
the presence of disease-causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria,
viruses, and parasites that can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea,
and associated headaches.
Radioactive Contaminants
4) Beta/photon emitters. Certain minerals are radioactive and may emit forms of
radiation known as photons and beta radiation. Some people who drink water
containing beta and photon emitters in excess of the MCL over many years may
have an increased risk of getting cancer.
5) Alpha emitters. Certain minerals are radioactive and may emit a form of radiation
known as alpha radiation. Some people who drink water containing alpha emitters
in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting
cancer.
6) Combined Radium 226/228. Some people who drink water containing radium 226
or 228 in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of
getting cancer.
Inorganic Contaminants
7) Antimony. Some people who drink water containing antimony well in excess of
the MCL over many years could experience increases in blood cholesterol and
decreases in blood sugar.
8) Arsenic. Some people who drink water containing arsenic in excess of the MCL
over many years could experience skin damage or problems with their circulatory
system, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
9) Asbestos. Some people who drink water containing asbestos in excess of the
MCL over many years may have an increased risk of developing benign intestinal
polyps.
10) Barium. Some people who drink water containing barium in excess of the MCL
over many years could experience an increase in their blood pressure.
11) Beryllium. Some people who drink water containing beryllium well in excess of
the MCL over many years could develop intestinal lesions.
12) Cadmium. Some people who drink water containing cadmium in excess of the
MCL over many years could experience kidney damage.
161
13) Chromium. Some people who use water containing chromium well in excess of
the MCL over many years could experience allergic dermatitis.
14) Copper. Copper is an essential nutrient, but some people who drink water
containing copper in excess of the action level over a relatively short amount of
time could experience gastrointestinal distress. Some people who drink water
containing copper in excess of the action level over many years could suffer liver
or kidney damage. People with Wilson’s Disease should consult their personal
doctor.
15) Cyanide. Some people who drink water containing cyanide well in excess of the
MCL over many years could experience nerve damage or problems with their
thyroid.
16) Fluoride. Some people who drink water containing fluoride in excess of the MCL
over many years could get bone disease, including pain and tenderness of the
bones. Children may get mottled teeth.
17) Lead. Infants and children who drink water containing lead in excess of the action
level could experience delays in their physical or mental development. Children
could show slight deficits in attention span and learning abilities. Adults who drink
this water over many years could develop kidney problems or high blood pressure.
18) Mercury (inorganic). Some people who drink water containing inorganic mercury
well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience kidney damage.
19) Nitrate. Infants below the age of six months who drink water containing nitrate in
excess of the MCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die.
Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue-baby syndrome.
20) Nitrite. Infants below the age of six months who drink water containing nitrite in
excess of the MCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die.
Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue-baby syndrome.
21) Selenium. Selenium is an essential nutrient. However, some people who drink
water containing selenium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience
hair or fingernail losses, numbness in fingers or toes, or problems with their
circulation.
22) Thallium. Some people who drink water containing thallium in excess of the MCL
over many years could experience hair loss, changes in their blood, or problems
with their kidneys, intestines, or liver.
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Synthetic Organic Contaminants Including Pesticides and Herbicides
23) 2,4-D. Some people who drink water containing the weed killer 2,4-D well in
excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys,
liver, or adrenal glands.
24) 2,4,5-TP (Silvex). Some people who drink water containing silvex in excess of the
MCL over many years could experience liver problems.
25) Acrylamide. Some people who drink water containing high levels of acrylamide
over a long period of time could have problems with their nervous system or
blood, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
26) Alachlor. Some people who drink water containing alachlor in excess of the MCL
over many years could have problems with their eyes, liver, kidneys, or spleen, or
experience anemia, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
27) Atrazine. Some people who drink water containing atrazine well in excess of the
MCL over many years could experience problems with their cardiovascular system
or reproductive difficulties.
28) Benzo(a)pyrene (PAH). Some people who drink water containing benzo(a)pyrene
in excess of the MCL over many years may experience reproductive difficulties,
and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
29) Carbofuran. Some people who drink water containing carbofuran in excess of the
MCL over many years could experience problems with their blood, or nervous or
reproductive systems.
30) Chlordane. Some people who drink water containing chlordane in excess of the
MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or nervous
system, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
31) Dalapon. Some people who drink water containing dalapon well in excess of the
MCL over many years could experience minor kidney changes.
32) Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate. Some people who drink water containing
di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate well in excess of the MCL over many years could
experience general toxic effects or reproductive difficulties.
33) Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Some people who drink water containing di
(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in excess of the MCL over many years may have problems
with their liver, or experience reproductive difficulties, and may have an increased
risk of getting cancer.
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34) Dibromochloropropane (DBCP). Some people who drink water containing DBCP
in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties,
and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
35) Dinoseb. Some people who drink water containing dinoseb well in excess of the
MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties.
36) Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD). Some people who drink water containing dioxin in
excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties, and
may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
37) Diquat. Some people who drink water containing diquat in excess of the MCL
over many years could get cataracts.
38) Endothall. Some people who drink water containing endothall in excess of the
MCL over many years could experience problems with their stomach or intestines.
39) Endrin. Some people who drink water containing endrin in excess of the MCL
over many years could experience liver problems.
40) Epichlorohydrin. Some people who drink water containing high levels of
epichlorohydrin over a long period of time could experience stomach problems,
and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
41) Ethylene dibromide. Some people who drink water containing ethylene dibromide
in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver,
stomach, reproductive system, or kidneys, and may have an increased risk of
getting cancer.
42) Glyphosate. Some people who drink water containing glyphosate in excess of the
MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or
reproductive difficulties.
43) Heptachlor. Some people who drink water containing heptachlor in excess of the
MCL over many years could experience liver damage, and may have an increased
risk of getting cancer.
44) Heptachlor epoxide. Some people who drink water containing heptachlor epoxide
in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver damage, and may
have an increased risk of getting cancer.
45) Hexachlorobenzene. Some people who drink water containing hexachlorobenzene
in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver
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or kidneys, or adverse reproductive effects, and may have an increased risk of
getting cancer.
46) Hexachlorocyclopentadiene. Some people who drink water containing
hexachlorocyclopentadiene well in excess of the MCL over many years could
experience problems with their kidneys or stomach.
47) Lindane. Some people who drink water containing lindane in excess of the MCL
over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or liver.
48) Methoxychlor. Some people who drink water containing methoxychlor in excess
of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties.
49) Oxamyl [Vydate]. Some people who drink water containing oxamyl in excess of
the MCL over many years could experience slight nervous system effects.
50) PCBs [Polychlorinated biphenyls]. Some people who drink water containing PCBs
in excess of the MCL over many years could experience changes in their skin,
problems with their thymus gland, immune deficiencies, or reproductive or nervous
system difficulties, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
51) Pentachlorophenol. Some people who drink water containing pentachlorophenol
in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver
or kidneys, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
52) Picloram. Some people who drink water containing picloram in excess of the
MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver.
53) Simazine. Some people who drink water containing simazine in excess of the
MCL over many years could experience problems with their blood.
54) Toxaphene. Some people who drink water containing toxaphene in excess of the
MCL over many years could have problems with their kidneys, liver, or thyroid,
and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
Volatile Organic Contaminants
55) Benzene. Some people who drink water containing benzene in excess of the MCL
over many years could experience anemia or a decrease in blood platelets, and may
have an increased risk of getting cancer.
56) Carbon Tetrachloride. Some people who drink water containing carbon
tetrachloride in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems
with their liver, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
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57) Chlorobenzene. Some people who drink water containing chlorobenzene in excess
of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys.
58) o-Dichlorobenzene. Some people who drink water containing o-dichlorobenzene
well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their
liver, kidneys, or circulatory systems.
59) p-Dichlorobenzene. Some people who drink water containing p-dichlorobenzene
in excess of the MCL over many years could experience anemia, damage to their
liver, kidneys, or spleen, or changes in their blood.
60) 1,2-Dichloroethane. Some people who drink water containing 1,2-dichloroethane
in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting
cancer.
61) 1,1-Dichloroethylene. Some people who drink water containing
1,1-dichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience
problems with their liver.
62) cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene. Some people who drink water containing
cis-1,2-dichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience
problems with their liver.
63) trans-1,2-Dicholoroethylene. Some people who drink water containing
trans-1,2-dichloroethylene well in excess of the MCL over many years could
experience problems with their liver.
64) Dichloromethane. Some people who drink water containing dichloromethane in
excess of the MCL over many years could have liver problems, and may have an
increased risk of getting cancer.
65) 1,2-Dichloropropane. Some people who drink water containing
1,2-dichloropropane in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased
risk of getting cancer.
66) Ethylbenzene. Some people who drink water containing ethylbenzene well in
excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or
kidneys.
67) Styrene. Some people who drink water containing styrene well in excess of the
MCL over many years could have problems with their liver, kidneys, or circulatory
system.
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68) Tetrachloroethylene. Some people who drink water containing tetrachloroethylene
in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver, and
may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
69) 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene. Some people who drink water containing
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could
experience changes in their adrenal glands.
70) 1,1,1,-Trichloroethane. Some people who drink water containing
1,1,1-trichloroethane in excess of the MCL over many years could experience
problems with their liver, nervous system, or circulatory system.
71) 1,1,2-Trichloroethane. Some people who drink water containing
1,1,2-trichloroethane well in excess of the MCL over many years could have
problems with their liver, kidneys, or immune systems.
72) Trichloroethylene. Some people who drink water containing trichloroethylene in
excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver,
and may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
73) TTHMs [Total Trihalomethanes]. Some people who drink water containing
trihalomethanes in excess of the MCL over many years may experience problems
with their liver, kidneys, or central nervous systems, and may have an increased
risk of getting cancer.
74) Toluene. Some people who drink water containing toluene well in excess of the
MCL over many years could have problems with their nervous system, kidneys, or
liver.
75) Vinyl Chloride. Some people who drink water containing vinyl chloride in excess
of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
76) Xylenes. Some people who drink water containing xylenes in excess of the MCL
over many years could experience damage to their nervous system.
(Source: Added at 23 Ill. Reg. ________, effective ______________________)
