~T~\

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CONSOER TOWNSEND ENVIRODYNE EN~

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‘~

February 25, 2002

Please

find

enclosed

the testimony

of

Dr.

David

R.

Zenz,

P.

E.

to

be

presented

at

the

Illinois

Pollution

Control

Board

(IPCB)

Meeting

of

March 25, 2002.

This IPCB

meeting is scheduled for

10:30 a.m.

and will

take place at the James

R. Thompson Center in Chicago.

The

testimony

will

be

in

the

matter

of

the

Illinois

Association

of

Wastewater

Agency

(IAWA)

proposal

before

the

IPCB

regarding

ammonia-nitrogen water quality standards

in

Docket Number R02-1

9.

Please note that copies of the enclosed testimony

have

been sent to

all

persons on the existing service list for R02-1 9.

If you have

any questions,

please call

me at 312-938-0300 (ext. 4221).

Very truly yours,

CONSOER TOWNSEND ENVIRODYNE

ENGINEERS,

INC.

RECEIVED

CI~ER.~.K’S

OFFTCE

MAR

4

2002

STATE OF IWNOIS

Pollution

Control Board

303

East Wacker Drive

Suite 600

Chicago,

IL 60601-5276

Phone:

(312) 938 0300

Fax:

(312)

938

1109

Illinois

Pollution Control

Board

Attn: Dorothy

Gunn, Clerk

James

R. Thompson Center

100 West Randolph Street

Suite

11-500

Chicago,

IL.

60601

Subject:

Prefiled Testimony of Dr. David Zenz,

P.E.

Docket No.

R02-1 9

David R. Zenz,

Ph.D.,

P.

E.

Senior Associate

Cc:

M.

Callahan

M. Zima

D.

-

---

RECEiVED

CL~Rç’5 OPP1r~

MAR

4

2002

TESTIMONY PRESENTED TO THE

ILLINOIS POLLUTION

IN THE

MATTER OF:

STATE OF IWNOIS

Pollution Control Board

PETITION

OF THE

WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

DOCKET NUMBER:

MARCH 25, 2002

BY

R, ZENZ,

P.E.

CONSOER TOWNSEND ENVIRODYNE

ENGINEERS, INC.

---

Introduction

The Illinois Association of Wastewater Agencies

(IAWA) has

presented

a proposal to the Illinois

Pollution

Control

Board

(IPCB)

requesting

that the

IPCB adopt

new water quality standards

for

ammonia-nitrogen

in the State

of Illinois.

The technical content of

the petition

is based upon the

United

States

Environmental

Protection

Agency’s

(USEPA’s)

1999

Update

of

Ambient

Water

Quality

Criteria for Ammonia

published

in

final

form

in

the

Federal

Register

on

December 22,

1999 (Vol. 64,

No.

245).

This update was prepared

by USEPA after an extensive

review of

the

available

literature

on

ammonia toxicity to

aquatic life.

In

the

1999 update,

USEPA

has

issued

freshwater aquatic life criteria for ammonia which supercedes

all previous criteria.

The

IPCB’s

existing water quality standards

for

un-ionized

and

total ammonia-nitrogen

in

Part

302

were issued

in

1996

Docket

Number R94-1 B.

Clearly, the

IPCB should carefully consider

the IAWA petition since the basis

of the IAWA’s Petition

is the USEPA’s 1999

update.

The

1999

update

indicates

that

the

states

should

consider

the

USEPA’s

1999

ambient

water

quality

criteria

for ammonia

in the development of water quality criteria standards which are

protective

of

aquatic

life.

Since

the

1999

update

serves

as

a

guide

to

the

states

in

developing

water

quality standards for ammonia, the IAWA petition should

be given serious consideration

by the

IPCB.

Focus of Testimony

My testimony will

focus on

the issue

of

the capabilities

of wastewater treatment technology

to

meet ammonia-nitrogen National

Pollutant Discharge

Elimination System

(NPDES) permit

limits

1

---

which would

ultimately result from

IPCB’s existing ammonia water quality standards. This

issue

was

considered by the

IPCB when

it

deliberated the existing

IPCB water quality standards

for

ammonia based upon the previous version of the national

guidance which has been superceded

by the

1999 updated guidance document for ammonia.

Credentials

I

have a

Bachelor of

Science Degree

in

Civil Engineering

and

Master of

Science

and

Doctor of

Philosophy

Degrees

in

Environmental

Engineering.

All

these

degrees

are

from

the

Illinois

Institute of Technology.

I

received

my

Illinois

Professional

Engineering

License

in

1972.

The license

number

is 062-

031137.

I

was certified through examination by the American Academy of

Environmental Engineers as a

specialist

in wastewater treatment in

1986.

The certificate number is 86-20007.

For

thirty

years,

I

was

employed

in

the

Research

and

Development

Department

of

the

Metropolitan Water

Reclamation District of

Greater Chicago (MWRDGC).

For my entire

career

at

the

MWRDGC,

I

worked

in

the

Research

and

Technical

Services

Division

which

is

responsible

for

developing

wastewater treatment

processes

for

use

by the

MWRDGC,

I

was

employed

by the

MWRDGC

from

1967 through

1997

during

which

the

MWRDGC

developed

and

implemented

biological

nitrification

(ammonia

removal)

processes

to

meet

IPCB

water

quality standards for ammonia.

2

---

Since

leaving

the MWRDGC

in

1997,

I

have

been

employed

at

Consoer Townsend

Envirodyne

Engineers,

Inc.

(CTE) where

I

have been working with

clients

who have

been struggling

to

meet

the

ammonia

water

quality standards adopted by the

IPCB

in

R94-1(B).

Most

notably

these

clients

are the Urbana and Champaign

Sanitary District

and the DeKaIb

Sanitary District.

I

have

published

and/or

presented

over

70

technical

papers

on

wastewater

treatment

and

biosolids management.

Ten of

these

technical

papers deal

with

biological

nitrification.

A

full

listing

of these technical

papers are contained

in the attached resume.

I

have

received

a

number of

awards.

Most

notably,

I

received the Presidents Award from

the

Association

of

Metropolitan

Sewerage

Agencies

and

the Sidney Bedell

Award

from

the Water

Environment

Federation.

In

1998,

I

was

named

the

Alva

Todd

Professor

because

of

accomplishments

as

an

Adjunct

Professor

in

the

Department

of

Environmental

Engineering

at

the Illinois Institute

of Technology.

A complete resume giving the details of my education

and experience is attached.

Permit Limits Based upon

Existinci

IPCB Water Quality Standards for Ammonia-Nitrogen

The

IPCB

enacted

the

existing

water

quality

standards for

ammonia

in

1996.

These

water

quality

standards

(Section

302)

include

numerical

values

for

un-ionized

ammonia-nitrogen,

which

are

converted by the IEPA

into

site specific

NPDES

permit limits.

Basically,

IEPA

uses

available

receiving

stream

data

on

flow,

temperature

and

pH

to

calculate

ammonia-nitrogen

permit

limits

for

a

particular

treatment

plant.

Of

course,

permit

limits

are

highly

variable

3

---

depending

upon

the

particular

receiving

stream

and

treatment

plant

pertormance

under

compliance with

existing ammonia standards.

Compliance with

Existing IPCB

Ammonia Water Quality Standards

It is difficult to say

how

many plants

in

Illinois would

be

unable to meet the existing 1996

IPCB

water

quality standards

for

ammonia.

In

testimony

from

the

IEPA

in

R94-1

(B),

the Agency

indicated that a significant number of wastewater treatment plants would not

be able to

meet the

1996

IPCB standards.

The agency testified that

19

out

181

facilities over

1

mgd

capacity were

at

risk of

non-compliance

with the

IPCB

standards.

The Agency

indicated

that they were fairly

certain

that

most

of

these

facilities

would

have

to

be

at

least

partially

redesigned

to

meet the

standards.

The IEPA did

not study the impact of the 1996 water quality standards for ammonia-

nitrogen

on the over

600 wastewater treatment plants

with

design

flows

less

than

1

mgd.

The

Agency

also

did

not study the impact

upon

industrial

discharges of

ammonia to publicly

owned

treatment plants (POTWS).

There

are

two

municipal

agencies

in

the State

of

Illinois

which

are

definitely

impacted

by the

existing

IPCB

ammonia

water

quality

standards for which

I

have

first

hand

knowledge.

These

are the DeKaIb Sanitary District and the Urbana and Champaign Sanitary District.

The

DeKaIb

Sanitary

District (DSD)

wastewater treatment plant

processes an

annual

average

flow

of

about

6.4

mgd.

The

current

NPDES

permit for

the DSD

requires

compliance with

the

IPCB’s

1996 water

quality standards by December, 2003.

The permit

limits which take effect in

4

---

December 2003

require the DSD to

meet a monthly average ammonia-nitrogen concentration

of

1.2

mg/I from

November through March and

1.3 mg/I from April through October.

For the Urbana and Champaign Sanitary District’s (UCSD) Southwest Plant

(Design

Flow of

5.9

mgd) the IEPA has issued a NPDES permit requiring compliance with

IPCB’s 1996 water quality

standards

by November 2003.

This permit

has a

monthly average limit of 0.7 mg/I

of ammonia-

nitrogen

throughout the year.

For UCSD’s

Northeast

Plant

(design flow of

17.3

mgd)

the IEPA

also requires compliance with the 1996 IPCB ammonia water quality criteria

by November 2003.

The

monthly

average

permit

limits

are

0.9

mg/I

from

April-October

and

1 .0

mg/I,

November

through March.

Ability of

Biological

Nitrification

Systems

to Achieve Effluent Ammonia-Nitrogen

Concentrations

Less than

1.5 mg/I

Today, POTWs

in

Illinois

remove ammonia from

effluents before discharge

to receiving

streams

using biological

nitrification

systems.

These

systems are designed to contain

a

high

population

of

nitrifying

organisms

which

can

convert

(oxidize)

ammonia

(NH3)

to

nitrate

(NO3).

Unfortunately,

biological

treatment systems

for

ammonia

removal

are

notoriously

affected

by

low temperature.

During the winter

months, sewage temperatures

in

Illinois

can

be

as low

as

45°F

when

the reaction

rate of

nitrifying organisms

is

relatively

low.

It

is typical

for

effluent

ammonia concentrations to rise

during the winter months.

The

IEPA

testified

in

R92-1

(B)

(Mr.

Studer,

November

1994)

that

biological

nitrification

is

capable

of

achieving

monthly

average

ammonia

concentrations

of

1.5 mg/I

from

April

through

5

---

October and

4.0

mg/I

from

November through March.

This prompted the IEPA

to

request

that

the

IPCB

adopt

the

concept

of

effluent

modified

waters

(EMW)

for

facilities

which

could

not

consistently

meet the

monthly

averages

of

1.5

mg/l/4.0

mg/I.

The

IPCB

enacted

the

EMW

concept

advocated

by

IEPA.

This was

an

attempt to

rectify

the

disparity between

protective

water

quality

standards

and

the

technical

feasibility

of

providing

treatment

to

meet

these

standards.

The United

States

Environmental Protection

Agency (USEPA)

in

September of

1993

published

its

latest manual

on

Nitrogen

Control (EPA/625/R-93/010).

The

manual

(Page

39)

discussed

the

performance

of

various

ammonia

removal

technologies.

In

this

discussion,

the

USEPA

indicates that there

are three levels of

biological

nitrification

possible with

so called

“mechanical

plants”

using suspended and attached growth technologies.

The three levels of treatment are:

1.

Stringent:

2.5

mg/I of

effluent NH3-N

2.

High:

2.5 to 5.0 mg/I of

effluent NH3-N

3.

Intermediate:

5-10

mg/I of

effluent NH3-N

Pages 68 and 69 of the USEPA manual gives design

examples to

illustrate the design principles

for

biological

nitrification

processes.

“Stringent”

effluent

limits

for

one

design

example are

as

follows:

NH3-N

NH3-N Limits, mqII

Monthly Average

Weekly Average

2

3

6

---

Given

good operation

and

adequate

capacity,

biological

nitrification

systems whether fixed

film

(trickling filter) or suspended growth

(activated

sludge) can

produce monthly

average ammonia-

nitrogen concentrations less than 2.5

mg/I.

Typically,

well operated

suspended

growth

systems

with adequate

capacity should

be

able to

produce

effluent ammonia-nitrogen concentrations of

1.5

mg/I.

However,

fixed

film

systems

typically contain

1 .0

to

3.0

mg/I

of

effluent

ammonia-

nitrogen

(Metcalf

and

Eddy,

Wastewater

Engineering,

Treatment

Disposal,

McGraw

Hill,

Inc.

New York,

N.Y.,

1991) and do not produce consistent effluent ammonia-nitrogen levels of

2 mg/I

(USEPA,

Process

Design Manual for Nitrogen Control,

1992).

The inherent variability

in

performance of

biological-nitrification

systems

is well

illustrated in the

Water

Environment Federation

Manual

of

Practice

Number 8

(Design

of

Municipal Wastewater

Treatment

Plants,

1998).

The manual

(Page

11-1 86)

discusses the

performance

of

activated

sludge

(suspended

growth)

systems

designed

for

nitrification.

Table

11 .45

of

the

manual

contains the following data on

performance of single stage nitrification plants:

Plant

A

Plant

B

Plant C

Plant D

NH3-N.

mg/I

Range:

0.06-16

0.5-1.2

0.4-3.2

Annual Average:

2.1

0.7

1.3

-

1.7

The

data

clearly

shows

that

a

suspended

growth

system

can

produce

average

effluent

ammonia-nitrogen

concentrations

of

0.7

mg/I

but

a

range

of

values

up

to

2.1

can

and

does

occur.

On

page 179 of

USEPA’s Nitrogen

Control

Manual

(EPN625R-93/01 0) the performance of fixed

film

(trickling filters)

nitrification

systems

are discussed.

The performance of

three

plants

in the

Midwest are

highlighted which had

effluent ammonia-nitrogen levels as follows:

7

---

Plant A

Plant

B

Plant C

NH3-N,

mg/I

Range:

0.8-4.8

0.3-3.0

0.2-3.0

Average:

2.0

0.5

0.2

Based upon an assessment of the data from

the Midwest plants

and those from other localities,

the USEPA manual

concludes that “The results

indicate that all

plants were achieving

less than

2.0 mg/I

of ammonia-nitrogen 50

percent of

the time with four of the plants at

less than 2.0 mg/I

90

percent

of

the

time.

The

plants

were

all

operating

with

conservative

ammonia

surface

loading

rates”.

Both

the

UCSD

and

the

DSD

employ fixed

film

nitrification

systems

to

remove

ammonia-

nitrogen.

Since

both

are

currently faced with

the imposition

of

monthly

average NPDES

permit

limits from

1.2

mg/I to

as

low

as 0.7

mg/I,

it appears obvious

that the existing 1999

IPCB

water

quality standards are

an

extremely stringent standard for these

two municipalities.

Both UCSD

and

DSD

are

faced

with

the very

real

possibility

of

not

being

able to

meet the IPCB’s

existing

water

quality standards with their existing fixed film biological

nitrification

systems.

Again this is

not an

atypical situation given the IEPA testimony

in

R92-1(B)

which predicted that

at least

19

POTWs

in

Illinois greater than

1

mgd

in

capacity would

have

to

undergo

redesign

because

of

the IPCB existing standards.

Options for

Meeting the Existing

IPCB Standards

For

some treatment plants

like those

of

the

DSD

and

UCSD,

it

will

be

necessary

to

consider

using a physical/chemical process

to consistently and

reliability reduce ammonia levels to below

8

---

1.5 mg/I.

Such physical/chemical systems would

be employed as

an add-on

process

to

remove

or “polish” the relatively small amounts of

ammonia remaining after biological nitrification.

There

is

relatively

little

experience

with

physical/chemical

systems

used

as

the

principal

ammonia

removal system

and

almost

no experience

using

such

systems

to

polish

an

effluent

from

a

biological

nitrification

system.

The

physical/chemical

systems

which

are

potential

candidates for

removing the small amounts of ammonia from nitrified

effluents are:

1)

Ammonia Stripping

2)

Ion Exchange

3)

Reverse Osmosis

4)

Breakpoint Chlorination

Ammonia

stripping

would

involve

adding

lime

to

elevate

the

pH

of the effluent

to

10.5

to

11.5

and

providing

sufficient air

to strip

out the ammonia.

The

high

pH

allows the

ammonia

to

be

easily released from

solution

as a

gas.

This system

has

little application

in

the Midwest due

to

ice

formation

in

the air

stripping equipment.

Also the large

lime dosages

to

raise

effluent

pH,

the

high capital cost of

the air stripping

equipment

and

lime scale formation

on the air stripping

equipment make the process costly and

unreliable.

Ion

exchange

involves

passing

an

effluent through

an

ion-exchange resin.

The ammonium

ion

becomes attached

to

the resin.

Ultimately the

resin becomes saturated with ammonium

ion

and

the resin

must

be

regenerated with

a

high

pH

salt solution which removes the ammonium.

The

9

---

regenerant

solution

contains

high

levels

of

ammonia

and

must

be

disposed

of

or treated

in

some way.

The capital

costs

of

the

ion

exchange

system

are

very

high.

The

system

requires

significant

maintenance

and

annual

chemical

costs

are

high.

The

biggest

difficulty

is

disposal

of

the

concentrated regenerant.

Reverse

osmosis

appears

to

offer

the

potential

of

a

viable

method

of

polishing

a

nitrified

effluent.

But

there simply

is

not

enough

experience

in

the

use

of

this

method

for

polishing

effluents.

The chief concern is excessive

plugging and/or contamination

of the reverse osmosis

membranes

and the pumping costs associated with the high pressures

needed to force effluent

through the membranes.

Breakpoint chlorination

involves adding

sufficient chlorine

to oxidize

the ammonia present

in the

effluent. The ammonia is chiefly converted to

nitrogen

gas which is released to the atmosphere

during the

breakpoint

reaction.

About

10

mg/I

of

chlorine

are

required

to

remove

1

mg/I

of

ammonia from an

effluent.

The

breakpoint

chlorination

process

can

be

readily

adapted

to

chlorination/dechlorination

systems

routinely

used

for

disinfection

at

a

municipal

plant.

The

process would

require

adding

higher amounts

of

chlorine than that

required for

coliform

kills and

the

resulting

higher chlorine

residual

would require larger amounts of

dechlorinating chemicals.

10

---

The chemical

addition

equipment

of the existing chlorination/dechlorination

system would

have

to

be

modified

but

the

contact

chamber

for

disinfection

would

not.

The

contact

time

for

disinfection

is about

15 minutes while the breakpoint reaction occurs in

15 seconds.

The

chief

drawback

with

breakpoint

chlorination

is

the

production

of

higher

amounts

of

triholomethanes than

that of

a disinfection

process.

Effect of the IAWA Petition

A

comparison

of

the

USEPA’s

1999

update

ammonia

criterion

with

the

existing

1996

IPCB

water

quality

standards

reveals

that

use

of

the

1999

update

criterion

to

develop

ammonia-

nitrogen

permit

limits

would

generally yield higher

numerical

values.

This is especially true for

plants

whose downstream

receiving

waters

have high

pH.

Therefore the adoption

of the IAWA

petition would give

some relief

to those agencies

like DSD and

UCSD whose are faced with the

very

really

possibility

of

spending

considerable

sums

to

polish

their

effluents

to

levels

of

ammonia-nitrogen less than

1.5

mg/I.

Summary and

Conclusions

1.

Because

of

the

inherent variability

of

biological

nitrification

treatment systems,

it

is not

possible

for

some

systems

to

consistently

and

reliability

achieve

monthly

average

ammonia-nitrogen permit limits

less than

1 .5 mg/I year round.

11

---

2.

In

some

cases,

existing

IPCB

water

quality

standards

for

un-ionized

ammonia

have

resulted in

monthly average effluent

limits for ammonia-nitrogen lower than

1.5 mg/I.

3.

Physical/chemical ammonia

removal systems may have to

be employed to meet monthly

average ammonia-nitrogen permit limits of less than

1.5 mg/I.

4.

There is

little experience with

physical/chemical

systems used to

remove

relatively

small

amounts

of

ammonia-nitrogen

from

effluents.

Some

of

these

systems

are

relatively

costly and/or difficult to operate and/or may have negative environmental

impacts.

5.

The

enactment

of

the

ammonia-nitrogen

permit

limits

based

upon

water

quality

standards

in

the

IAWA petition

will

provide

some

relief

to

dischargers

now faced

with

meeting

monthly average permit ammonia-nitrogen permit

limits of less than

1 .5 mg/I.

12

---

DAVID A.

ZENZ, PH~D.,PEE.

SENIOR ASSOCIATE

EDUCATION

EMPLOYMENT

HISTORY

REGISTRATIONS

PROFESSIONAL

SOCIETIES &

HONORS

WORK

EXPERIENCE:

B.S. Civil Engineering, 1965, Illinois Institute of Technology

M.S. Environmental

Engineering, 1967, Illinois Institute of Technology

Ph.D.

Environmental Engineering,

1968,

Illinois Institute of Technology

Consoer Townsend Envirodyne Engineers,

Inc., 8/25/97 to Date

Experience With Other Firms

-

30 Years in municipal sludge management and municipal

wastewater

treatment

with

the

Metropolitan

Water

Reclamation

District

of

Greater

Chicago

Professional Engineer,

Illinois,

1972

Water Environment Federation

Diplomate of the American Academy of Environmental Engineers

Chairman, Water Environment Federation Residuals Management Committe,

1979 -1982

Peer Review Committee, Standards for

the Disposal

of Sewage Sludge,

USEPA

Proposed Rule 40 CRF Part

257 and 503, 1989

President, Illinois Water Environment Association, 1990-1991

Director, Illinois Water Environment Association, 1993-1996

Chairman, Illinois Association of Wastewater Agencies, Sludge

Management Committee,

1980-Present

Chairman, Illinois Water

Environment Association, Biosolids

Committee,

1997-Present

Vice President

-

Technical, Illinois Association of Wastewater Agencies,

1996-1997

Member, Biosolids Committee, Association of Metropolitan Sewerage Agencies,

1976-Present

Co-Chairman, Air Quality Committee, Association of Metropolitan Sewerage

Agencies,

1990-1997

Illinois Association of Wastewater

Agencies,

Illinois Award, 1994

Association of Metropolitan Sewerage Agencies, President’s Award, 1997

Dr. Zenz worked for nearly 30 years in the Research and Development Department of the

Metropolitan

Water

Reclamation

District

of

Greater

Chicago

(MWRDGC)

in

various

capacities including:

Manager of Research

and Technical

Services,

1991-1997

Coordinator of

Research,

1972-1990

Head of the Wastewater

Treatment Research Section,

1970-1972

Research

Project Leader, 1968-1970

As part of the MWRDGC’s pretreatment

and

industrial

user charge program, Dr. Zenz

participated in many technical studies of food processing industries which discharge to

the MWRDGC’s treatment plants. Such studies included:

•

Pilot plant treatability studies

•

Inspection and review of food processing treatment plant performance

•

Evaluation of existing

and proposed food processing treatment technology

During

his tenure with the MWRDGC, Dr. Zenz was connected with virtually everyaspect

of the MWRDGC’s operation, including:

•

Development and operation of the MWRDGC’s 15,000 acre sludge application

to land project

in Fulton

County, Illinois

---

DAVID

R.

ZENZ,

Ph.D~P.E.

•

Development and operation of the MWRDGC’s sludge give-away program in the

Greater Chicago area.

•

Development and operation

of the following sludge

processing systems currently

used at the MWRDGC, including:

-

Anaerobic Digestion

-

Centrifugal Dewatering

-

Agitation Dewatering

-

Gravity Thickening

-

Gravity Belt Thickening

-

Centrifugal Thickening

•

Development and operation of wastewater treatment operations currently used

at the MWRDGC, including:

-

Two stage biological nitrification

-

Single stage biological nitrification

-

Sand filtration

-

Chlorination-Dechlorination

-

In-stream Aeration

During his tenure at the MWRDGC,

Dr. Zenz was involved in

pilot and full testing of

both

wastewater treatment and sludge processing systems, including:

WASTEWATER TREATMENTSYSTEMS

Bio-Discs

Biological

Phosphorus Removal

Chemical

Phosphorus Removal

Biological Denitrification

Ozonation

Ion-Exchange

Multi-Media Filtration

SLUDGE PROCESSING SYSTEMS

Alkaline Stabilization

Composting

Vacuum Filtration

Belt-Filter

Dewatering

Thermophilic Digestion

High Energy Radiation

PUBLICATIONS

“Effective Phosphorus Removal by the Addition of Alum to the Activated Sludge

Process”

by

Zenz

and

Pivnicka,

Proceedings

of

the

24th

Annual

Purdue

Industrial

Waste

Conference, 1969.

“Sensors for the Analysis and Control of Biological

Processes” by Zenz, McAloon, and

Weddle,

presented to

the

Division

of

Water

and Air

Chemistry,

American

Chemical

Society,

April 1969.

‘Ozonation

of Microstrained Secondary Effluent” by Zenz and Weingarden, presented at

the Symposium on Ozonation in Sewage Treatment held in Milwaukee,

Wisconsin,

1

971.

---

DAVID

R.

ZENZ,

Ph.D., P.E.

_~—~

~

Page 3

“Chemical and Biological Quality of Municipal Sludge”

by Peterson, Lue-Hing, and Zenz.

“Recycling Treated

Municipal Wastewater and Sludge Through Forest

and Cropland”

1973.

“Metro Chicago Studies on Nitrification” presented at the Third U.S./Japan Conference

on Sewage Treatment Technology by Zenz, Lynam, Lue-Hing, and Richardson,

February

1974.

“Suspended

Solids Removal Processes Studies

at Metro-Chicago,” by Zenz,

Lynam,,

Lue-Hing, and Richardson,

Presented at the Third U.S./Japan Conference on Sewage

Treatment Technology.

February 1974.

“Digested

Sludge Recycle to Farmland

-

Effect on

Public Health,

Environmental Quality,

and

Row

Crop,”

by Zenz,

Peterson,

Brooman,

and

Lue-Hing,

presented

at the 47th

Annual WPCF Meeting in Denver, Colorado, October 1974.

“Filtration of Suspended Solids in

Secondary Effluents (A Case Study),” by Zenz, Lynam,

LueHing,

and

Richardson,

Proceedings of the

3rd

International

Pollution

Engineering

Congress, Chicago, Illinois,

September

1 974.

“USEPA Guidelines on Sludge Utilization and Disposal

-

A Review of

its

Impact Upon

Municipal Wastewater Treatment Agencies,”

by Zenz,

Lynam,

Lue-Hing,

Rimkus, and

Hinesly,

Presented

at the

48th

Annual

WPCF

Conference

in

Miami

Beach,

Florida,

October 1975.

“Studies

on

the

Inactivation

of

Viruses

During

Anaerobic

Digestion

of

Sludge,”

by

Bertucci,

Lue-Hing,

Zenz,

and

Sedita.

Paper

presented

at the

48th

Annual

Water

Pollution Control Federation Conference, Miami Beach, October 1975.

“Biological Nitrification of Sludge Supernatant by Rotating

Discs,” by Lue-Hing, Obayashi,

Zenz, Washington, and Sawyer.

JWPLF, January

1976.

“Inactivation of Viruses During Anaerobic Digestion,” by Bertucci, Lue-Hing,

Zenz, and

Sedita, JWPCF, July

1977.

“Biological Nitrification of

a High Ammonia Content Sludge Supernatant Under Ambient

Summer and Winter Conditions by Use of

Rotating Discs,” 47th Annual New York Water

Pollution Control Conference, N.Y. City, January 20-22,

1975.

Lue-Hing, Obayashi, Zenz,

Washington, and Sawyer.

“Determination

of the

Design Parameters for a 30

MGD Two-Stage Nitrification Plant,”

Presented

at the Technology Transfer National Conference on Nitrogen Control,US EPA,

Chicago, Illinois, July,

1976.

Lue-Hing, Richardson, Sawyer, and Zenz.

“Heavy Metal Uptake and Control Strategies Associated with Sewage Sludge

Fertilized

Crops,” Presented at National Conference on Disposal of Residues on Land, St.

Louis,

Missouri,

September 1976.

Lue-Hing, Hinesly,

Peterson, and Zenz.

“Evaluation

of Unit

Processes for

Dewatering Anaerobically

Digested Sludge at Metro

Chicago’s

Calumet

Sewage

Treatment

Plant,”

Presented

at

WPCF

Conference,

Minneapolis,

Minnesota,

October

1976.

Zenz,

Sawyer,

Watkins,

Lue-Hing,

and

Richardson.

---

DAVID

R. ZENZ, Ph.D.,

RE.

Page

4

“Studies on Single-Stage Nitrification at the Calumet Sewage Treatment Plant,

Illinois,”

Presented

at the Annual

Water

Pollution

Control

Federation

Meeting,

October

1 976,

Minneapolis, Minnesota, Prakasam, Lue-Hing, Bogusch, and Zenz.

“Environmental Impacts of Land Application of Sludge,” JWPCF, October 1976.

Zenz,

Peterson,

Brooman, and Lue-Hing.

Public Health aspects of Digested Sludge

Utilization, R&D Report

No. 76-15,” Presented

at

Cornell

University

8th Annual Waste

Management Conference,

“Land

as a Waste

Management Alternative,’

Rochester,

N.Y.,

April

1976.

Bertucci,

Lue-Hing,

O’Brien,

Sedita, and Zenz.

“Pilot

Plant

Studies on

Single-Stage Nitrification

at the

Calumet Sewage

Treatment

Plant,” May 1976,

Central States Water Pollution Control

Association.

Prakasam, Lue-

Hing,

Bogusch, and Zenz.

“Wastewater Disinfection: The Case Against Chlorination,”

Presented

at The Forum on

Ozone Disinfection, The International Ozone Institute, Chicago, Illinois, June 1976.

Lue-

Hing, Lynam,

and Zenz.

“New

Directions in

MSD

Research,”

Presented

at the

Technology Transfer

National

Conference

on

Nitrogen

Control,

USEPA,

Chicago,

Illinois,

July

1976,

LueHing,

Obayashi, Zénz, and

Prakasam.

“Biological Nitrogen Control Case

Example, Calumet Nitrification Study,” Presented at the

EPA Technology Transfer Conference, July 1976, Chicago, Illinois.

Lue-Hing, Bogusch,

Zenz.

“Inactivation

of

Viruses

During

Anaerobic

Digestion”

Journal

of

The Water

Pollution

Control Federation,

Bertucci, Lue-Hing, Zenz, and Sedita, July 1977.

United States Sludge Disposal Regulations

-

Impacts Upon municipal Sewage Treatment

Facilities

-

Comparison

with

Experimental

Results,”

Zenz,

Peterson,

and

Lue-Hing,

Presented

at

Sewage

Sludge

Utilization

and

Disposal

Seminar,

Toronto,

Canada,

February

1978.

“Effects of Urban Non-Point runoff

and Treated Municipal Wastewater on

a Man-Made

Channel in

Northeastern

Illinois,”

Presented

at the 26th

Annual

Meeting

of the

North

American

Benthological Society, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Polls,

Lue-Hing,

Zenz,

and Sedita, May 1978.

“A

Water

Quality

Sampling

Program

in

Support

of

a

208

Planning

Process

in

Northeastern

Illinois,”

Presented

at

AWPA

Special

Symposium

on

Establishment

of

Water Quality Monitoring Programs,” San Francisco, California. Polls, Lanyon, Lue-Hing,

Sedita, and Zenz, June 1978.

“Fish Survey of Northeastern Illinois Streams,” Presented

at the Eleventh Annual Meeting

of

the

Mississippi

River

Research

Consortium,

University

of

Wisconsin,

LaCrosse,

Wisconsin.

Dennison, Carlson,

Zenz, and Lue-Hing.

---

DAVID

R. ZENZ, Ph.D.,

P.E.

Page 5

“Bacterial Levels Resulting from the Land Application of Digested Sludge,” Presented at

the Conference of Applied

Research

and Practice

on

Municipal and

Industrial Waste,

Madison, Wisconsin.

O’Brien,

Sedita, Zenz, and Lue-Hing, September 1978.

“Evaluation

of

Dewatering

Equipment

for

Anaerobically

Digested

Sludge,”

by

Zenz,

Sawyer,

Watkins,

Lue-Hing, and

Richardson.

Journal

of the

Water

Pollution

Control

Federation,

August 1978.

“Use

of Municipal Sludge

in

Reclaiming

Soils,”

Halderson and Zenz.

Proceedings

of

Conference

on

Reclamation

of

Drastically

Disturbed

soils,

American

Society

of

Agricultural

Engineers. 1978.

“Pilot-Scale Studies of Single-Stage Nitrification,” Prakasam.,

Lue-Hing, Bogusch, and

Zenz, Journal of The Water Pollution Control

Federation, July 1979.

“Response

of Plankton

in Surface Waters After

Five Years of Incorporating

Municipal

Sludge to Soil MSDGC Land Reclamation Site

-

Fulton County, Illinois,” Presented at The

Second Annual Conference of Applied Research and Practice on municipal and Industrial

Waste,” Madison, Wisconsin.

Schmeelk, Sedita, Zenz,

Lue-Hing, September 1979.

“Monitoring

Fish

from

Lakes

Within

a Sewage

Sludge

Reclaimed

Strip-Mine Area

in

Central Illinois,” presented

at the Second Annual Conference on Applied Research and

Practice on

Municipal

and Industrial

Waste,”

Madison,

Wisconsin.

Dennison,

Sedita,

Zenz, Lue-Hing, September

1 979.

“Pilot-Scale

Studies

on

the

Nitrification

of

Primary

and

Secondary

Effluents

Using

Rotating Biological Disks at MSDGC,” Zenz, Bogusch, Krup, Prakasam, and Lue-Hing.

Proceedings

of

The

First

National

symposium

on

Rotating

Biological

Contractor

Technology,” Champion; Pennsylvania, February 1980.

“Full-Scale Combined Carbon Oxidation-Nitrification at The Metropolitan Sanitary District

of Chicago,”

Lue-Hing,

C.,

B. Washington,

D.

R.

Zenz,

A.

W.

Obayashi,

and T.

B.

S.

Prakasam,

Proceedings

International

Seminar

on

Control

of

Nutrients

in

Municipal

Wastewater Effluents, Vol.

II,

pp 43-97, September 1981.

“Impact

of

Federal,

State,

and

Local

Regulations

on

Industrial

Sludge

Management

Practices,” presented at the Water Industry

181

Conference in Brighton,

UK., June

1

981,

C. Lue-Hing,

D. Zenz, and

D.

Lordi.

“Sludge

Utilization

at

Metro

Chicago’s

Fulton

County

Site,”

presented

at the

AMSA

Conference entitled

“The Sludge Management Syndrome: Burn,

Barge, Bury, or

BUST,”

Orcas

Island, Washington, July 1981, David

R.

Zenz, James

R.

Peterson,

and Cecil Lue-

Hing.

“Municipal

Sludge

Management,”

presented

at

the

4th

Annual

Oak

Ridge

National

Laboratory Life

Science Symposium, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, October 1981,

David

R.

Zenz and Cecil Lue-Hing.

“Metropolitan Chicago’s

Fulton County Sludge Utilization

Program,” W.

E. Sopper,

E.

M.

Seaker,

and

R.

K.

Bastian

(ed.),

In

Land

Reclamation

and

Biomass

Production

with

Municipal Wastewater

and Sludge, The

Penn State

University Press,

University Park,

1982,

Peterson, J. R.,

C. Lue-Hing, J. Gschwind,

R.

I. Pietz, and

D.

R.

Zenz.

---

—

DAVID

R. ZENZ,

Ph.D.,

Page 6

Groundwater Quality

During Ten Years of Sewage

Sludge Application to

Strip-Mined

Land; Agronomy Abstracts, p.

36,

November 1982,

Peterson,

J.

R., J. Gschwind,

R.

I.

Pietz,

D.

R. Zenz, and C. Lue-Hing.

“The Efficacy of Chlorine in the Disinfection of Nitrified and Nonnitrified Activated Sludge

Effluents.”

Presented

at

the

Fifty-Sixth

Annual

Water

Pollution

Control

Federation

Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, October 1983, T. B. S.

Prakasam, Eugene Bogusch,

David

R. Zenz, and Cecil Lue-Hing.

“Ninety-Year History of the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago.”

Presented

at

the

Fifty-Sixth

Annual

Water

Pollution

Control

Federation

Conference,

Atlanta,

Georgia, October 1983, David

R. Zenz and

Cecil Lue-Hing.

“Management of Organic

Residuals

Separated from

Industrial Wastes,”

B.

B. Berger,

Editor, Control of Organic Substances in Water and Wastewater, USEPA 600/8-83-011,

p. 408,

April 1983, Lue-Hing,

C., T. B.

S. Prakasam,

and D.

Zenz.

“Exertion

of Five-Day Nitrogenous Oxygen Demand in Nitrifying

Wastewaters,” Journal

Water Pollution Control Federation,

Lue-Hing, D.

R. Zenz, K. C.

Rao, and A. Obayashi.

“Case

History:

Aeration System

Design,

Operation,

Control,

and

Maintenance at

the

Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago.”

Presented at the Georgia Water and

Pollution

Control Association

and

City of Atlanta, Aeration System

Design, Operation,

Control, and Testing Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, March

1984, C. Lue-Hing, David

R.

Zenz, and

B. Sawyer.

“Impact of

New

Illinois

Environmental

Protection

Agency Sludge

Application to

Land

Regulations.”

Presented at the Annual

Meeting

of the

Illinois

Association

of Sanitary

Districts, Rockford,

Illinois, September 1984, David

R.

Zenz.

“Reclamation of Coal

Refuse Material With

Sewage Sludge and other Amendments in

Western Illinois.”

Presented at 1984 Annual meeting of American Society of Agronomy,

Las Vegas, Nevada, November 1984,

R.

I.

Fietz, J. R.

Peterson,

D.

R.

Zenz, and C.

Lue-

Hing.

“Metal

Concentrations in

Earthworms from

Sewage

Sludge-Amended Soils at

a

Strip

Mine Reclamation Site,”

by Pietz, Peterson,

Prater, and Zenz, Journal

of Environmental

Quality, Vol.

13, pp 651-654,

1984.

“Studies of the Uptake of Heavy Metals by Activated Sludges,” Proceedings of the Purdue

Industrial Waste Conference, West

Lafayette,

Indiana, by G. Elenbogen, B. Sawyer, C.

Lue-Hing, K. C. Rao, and D.R.

Zenz, May 1985.

“Biodegradability of

Phenols

and Ammonia

During

the BOD Test,”

presented at Lake

Michigan

Water

Analysts

Meeting,

Witlowbrook,

Illinois

by

W.

Robinson,

G.

R.

Richardson, D.

R. Zenz,

D. T. Lordi,

C.

Lue-Hing, June 1987.

“Sludge Management

Plan

of

the

Metropolitan

Sanitary

District of

Greater Chicago,”

presented

at the

61st Annual

Conference

of

the

Water

Pollution

Control

Federation,

Dallas,

Texas by F.

E.

Dalton,

J.

M.

Ryan,

C.

Lue-Hing,

D.

R.

Zenz,

and

F.

Kambara,

October 1988.

---

DAVID

R. ZENZ,

Ph.D.,

P.E.

~

T~\

Page 7

“Emission

of

Volatile organic

Compounds from

the

Metropolitan

Water

Reclamation

District

of

Greater

Chicago,”

presented at the

WPCF/EPA Workshop

on

Air

Toxics,

Emissions and POTWS, Alexandria, Virginia by T. Prakasam,

D.

Zenz,

C. Lue-Hing, T.

DePaul, and B. Sawyer, July 1989.

“Improvements in Surface Water Quality associated with the operation of Chicago Tunnel

and Reservoir System,” presented at the 62nd Annual Water Pollution Control Federation

Conference, San

Francisco,

California by B. Sawyer, C.

Lue-Hing, F.

Dalton,

D.

Zenz,

and

B. Washington, October 1989.

“Application of Sewage Sludge and other Amendments to Coal Refuse Material:

I. Effects

on Chemical Composition,” by Pietz,

Carlson, Peterson,

Zenz, and Lue-Hing, Journal of

Environmental Quality, Volume

18,

pp.

164-1 69, April-June, 1989.

“Application

of

Sewage

Sludge

and

other

Amendments to

Coal

Refuse MateriaI~II.

Effects on

Revegetation,” by Pietz, Carlson, Peterson, Zenz, and Lue-Hing, Journal

of

Environmental Quality, Volume

18,

pp.

169-173, April-June 1989.

“Application

of Sewage

Sludge

and

Other Amendments

to Coal

Refuse

Material:

Ill.

Effects on

Percolate Water Composition,” by Pietz, Carlson,

Peterson, Zenz, and

Lue-

Hing, Journal

of Environmental Quality, Volume

18,

pp.

174-1 79, April-June 1989.

“Emission of

Volatile organic

Compounds from

the Water Reclamation

Plants

of the

Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago,” by Prakasam, Zenz, Lue-

Hing, Noll,

and DePaul, Proceedings

of the 1989 EPA/AWMA International Symposium

on Measurement of Toxic and Related Pollutants, pp. 87-93, May

1 989.

“Studies

of

the

Uptake

of

heavy

metals

by

activated

Sludge,”

presented

at

the

International Symposium on Metal Speciation, Separation, and Recovery, Chicago, Illinois

by G.

Elenbogen, B. Sawyer, K.

C.

Rao, D.

R.

Zenz, and C. Lue-Hing, July 1986.

Sludge Conditioning, Water Pollution Control Federation

manual of

Practice No.

FO-14,

David R.

zenz, one of

14 contributing authors

1988.

“Sludge

Quality

Control

Program

at the

Metropolitan

Water

Reclamation

District of

Greater Chicago.”

Presented

at the InternationalAssociation of Water Pollution Research

Control 1990 Sludge Management Conference,

Los Angeles, California, January

1990,

S.

Feeney, B. Sawyer,

D.

R.

Zenz, and

C. Lue-Hing.

“Capillary

Suction

Time:

Application

for

Thickening

and

Dewatering

of

Sludges.”

Presented

at the

10th Annual

Illinois Water Pollution Control Association Meeting,

Peoria,

Illinois, March

1990, 5.

Soszynski, T. B.

S. Prakasam,

P. Anderson,

D.

R.

Zenz, and

C.

Lue-Hing.

“Virus monitoring of the Illinois Waterway from

the Chicago Metropolitan Drainage Area

to Peoria,

Illinois 1983 to 1989.” Presented

at the 90th Annual meeting of the American

Society for Microbiology, Anaheim, California, May 1990, J. J. Bertucci.

J. T. Zmuda,

S.

J. Sedita,

D.

R.

Zenz, and C.

Lue-Hing.

“Impact

of

the

Proposed

USEPA

40

CFR

Part

503

Regulations

on

Sewage

Sludge

Management

by

the

Metropolitan

Water

Reclamation

District

of

Greater

Chicago.”

Presented

at

the

Symposium

on

“Impact

of

Future

Regulations

on

the

Disposal

of

Municipal

Wastewater

Sludges,”

at

the

American

Chemical

Society

Meeting

in

---

DAVID

R. ZENZ,

Ph.D.,

Page 8

Washington,

D.

C., August

1990,

C.

Lue-Hing,

D.

R.

Zenz, T.

C.

Granato,

and

G.

R.

Richardson.

“Pilot

and

Full-Scale

Studies

on

Simultaneous

Dewatering

and

Odor

Control

of

Anaerobically Digested Sludge.” Presented at the Water

Pollution

Control

Federation

Specialty Conference Series “The State of Municipal Sludge Managementforthe 1990S,”

New Orleans, Louisiana,

December 1990,

T.

B.

S.

Prakasam,

D.

R. Zenz, and

C.

Lue-

Hing.

“Sludge management at the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago.”

Presented at the Second MWRDGC/JSWA Workshop,

Chicago, Illinois, October 1991,

D.

R.

Zenz, B. Sawyer, and

C. Lue-Hing.

Lue-Hing, C., David R.

Zenz, and Richard Kuchenrither, (eds)., Municipal SewageSludge

Mana~ementProcessing, utilization, and

Disposal, Vol.

4, Technomic Publishing Co.,

Inc., Lancaster,

Pennsylvania, 1992.

Haug,

Roger T.,

Richard

Kuchenrither,

David

Oerke,

Tata

B.

S.

Prakasam,

Stanley

Soszynski, and David Zenz, “Sludge Processing Technology,” in

C. Lue-Hing,

D.

R.

Zenz,

and

R.

Kuchenrither

(eds.),

Municipal

Sewage

Sludge

management:

Processing,

Utilization

and

Disposal,

Vol.

4.

Technomic

Publishing

Co.,

Inc.,

Lancaster,

Pennsylvania, pp. 223-295,

1992.

Griffin,

Robert A., Cecil

Lue-Hing, Ronald

B. Sieger, Warren

A. Uhte,

and David Zenz,

“Municipal Sewage Sludge Management at Dedicated Land Disposal Sites and Landfills,”

in

C.

Lue-Hing,

D.

A.

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1992.

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“Evaluation

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Presented

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March 1992,

by Parnell

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D.

R.

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St.

David,

Illinois,

Coal

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with Sewage

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other

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Presented

at

the

1992

Annual

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of

the

Association

of

Abandoned mined Land Programs,

“New Trends

-

Utilization of Recycled Materials and

Waste Protects in

Mine

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Illinois,

August 1992,

R.

I.

Pietz, T. C.

Granato, C.

R. Carlson, Jr., J. Gschwind, 0.

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---

DAVID

R.

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Ph.D.,

P.E.

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I., T. C. Granato, C.

A. Carlson, Jr., J. Gschwind,

D.

R.

Zenz, and C.

Lue-Hing,

“Reclamation of the St. David, Illinois

Coal Refuse Pile with Sewage Sludge and

Other

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Utilization of Recycled materials and Waste Products in Mine

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